Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on...

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Exam 2 Postponed ay, November 12 s Chapters 7-10, & 14 heet of notes with writing on one side

Transcript of Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on...

Page 1: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Exam 2 Postponed

Tuesday, November 12

Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14

One sheet of notes with writing on one side only

Page 2: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The Greenhouse Effect and climate change

Human activity is increasing the amount of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere.

Page 3: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 4: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 5: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Is warming due to carbon dioxide?

The “little” ice age (16th- 19th centuries) – lower global temperatures, lower than usual number of sunspots and presumably solar activity.

The solar wind has been getting stronger.

Page 6: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Carbon-14

Carbon-14 levels have been dropping. Carbon-14 is produced when cosmic rays hit a carbon atom in a carbon dioxide molecule. During periods of strong solar activity, the cosmic rays can be swept from the solar system, causing less C-14 to be produced.

Page 7: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

How can the increased solar wind heat the Earth?

No one knows.

Page 8: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

What’s the big deal?

Simulations indicate that the average temperature on Earth will rise 2 degrees per century. So what? I like warmer temperatures.

Page 9: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 10: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

71% of the Earth is covered with liquid water. As the temperature of the water increases more will become a vapor, which enhances the greenhouse effect and raises the temperature even more.

The run away greenhouse effect

Page 11: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Run-away greenhouse effect may be responsible for Venus

Early in Venus’s history, it probably had as much water as Earth obtained through bombardment. It may have had oceans and possibly even life.

Page 12: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Water vapor is also a greenhouse gas

If water vapor pressure exceeded 20% of Venus’s atmosphere, any oceans which might have existed would evaporate due to the added greenhouse effect. The more water that evaporates, the greater the greenhouse effect becomes.

Page 13: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Discussion

Venus has very little water vapor in its atmosphere. What might have happened to it?

Page 14: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 15: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Discussion

Why are the water molecules broken up in the atmosphere of Venus, but not in the atmosphere of the Earth?

Page 16: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Where did Venus’s water go?

Venus does not have an ozone layer to block UV light. UV light is energetic enough to dissociate water molecules. The gravity of Venus is not strong enough to hold the hydrogen and it escapes into space. The oxygen helps form sulfuric acid.

Page 17: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

How do we know?

Sheer bad luck. A drop a H2SO4 got stuck in the intake of the Pioneer Venus atmospheric probe’s mass spectrometer. As the probe descended in the atmosphere this drop slowly evaporated.

But, this allowed the measurement of the hydrogen to deuterium ratio.

Page 18: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The results

Earth’s oceans contain one deuterium atom per 6000 hydrogen atoms.

But the drop that clogged the mass spectrometer’s intake had 120 times as much deuterium.

Page 19: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Discussion

How could Venus have ended up with so much more deuterium than the Earth, if we think they both started out with the same ratio of hydrogen to deuterium?

Page 20: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Will Earth be worse than Venus?

If Earth’s oceans were to evaporate the atmosphere would be dominated by water vapor and have a pressure 400 times its current value. The added greenhouse gasses would heat the carbonate rocks and cause them to release their CO2 increasing the greenhouse effect still further and raising the pressure another 70 bar.

Page 21: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Venus is very likely telling us the fate of the Earth.

Even without humans, as the Sun builds up helium in its core, the core will contract and heat up. The future Sun will be brighter and hotter. Thus a run away greenhouse effect on Earth is inevitable.

Page 22: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The Martian Atmosphere

Carbon dioxide 95.3%

Nitrogen 2.7%

Water 0.03%

Pressure 0.007 atm.

Page 23: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect on Mars raises the surface temperature only about 6 degrees C. This keeps the average surface temperature of Mars well below the freezing point of water.

Page 24: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The Martian atmosphere, which has a surface pressure 100 times less than Earth’s, is too thin for liquid water to exist on the surface, even where the temperature gets above freezing.

Water will boil on the surface of Mars at temperatures above 0 degrees C.

Page 25: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Mars had liquid water in the past

The old, heavily cratered southern highlands have channels, valleys, and gullies which appear to have been made by flowing water.

The northern lowlands may even have been an ocean.

The Martian atmosphere must have been denser in the past.

Page 26: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 27: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 28: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Discussion

On Earth what is the difference between the crust of the ocean basins and that under the continents?

Page 29: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Crustal thickness

On Earth the oceanic crust is 30 km thinner than under the continents.

The orbit of Mars Global Surveyor indicates the crust of Mars is about 40 km thick under the northern lowlands and 70 km thick under the southern highlands. But the boundary between thin and thick crust does not correspond to the boundary between lowlands and highlands.

Page 30: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 31: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 32: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 33: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 34: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Layered deposits

Page 35: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 36: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 37: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 38: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 39: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Ma’adim Vallis

Gusev crater, the Spirit rover landing site is at the top

Page 40: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Discussion

If Mars was so much like Earth in the past, what happened to make it so cold and have such a thin atmosphere today? What happened to the gasses that made up the earlier, thicker atmosphere?

Page 41: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Carbon dioxide cycling fails

Mars is too small to retain enough heat to the present day to provide enough volcanism to return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere that is now trapped in carbonate rocks buried under the Martian regolith.

Page 42: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 43: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Once volcanism shut down on Mars, the atmosphere could escape into space. As Mars became colder, carbon dioxide froze out of the atmosphere at the poles, creating the polar ice caps.

Page 44: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Discussion

Where did all the water on Mars go?

Page 45: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Martian clouds

Page 46: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Not into the atmosphere

The Martian atmosphere contains less water than is in lake Erie.

Page 47: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The polar ice caps?

No one knows how much water may be contained in the Martian polar ice caps.

Martian polar ice caps also contain dry ice, frozen carbon dioxide.

Page 48: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 49: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 50: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Northern polar layered deposits

Page 51: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 52: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 53: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 54: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 55: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 56: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 57: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Permafrost

Most of the Martian water may be retained under the surface as a layer of permafrost.

Page 58: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 59: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Chaos and channel

Page 60: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Elysium Crater

Page 61: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 62: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Sirenum Fossae Trough

Page 63: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 64: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Subsurface hydrogen map

Page 65: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Phoenix Lander site

Page 66: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 67: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Spitsbergen Island

Page 68: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.
Page 69: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Terrestrial planet uniqueness

Page 70: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Earth

1. Has plate techtonics2. Has liquid water of the surface3. Has life4. A large Moon

Page 71: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The moons of Mars

Mars has two small moons. The Martian moons have similar properties the asteroids in the nearby asteroid belt. Thus the two small moons of Mars are speculated to be captured but may have been formed with Mars.

Page 72: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

The moons of Mars

Page 73: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Discussion

Phobos, the larger moon of Mars, orbits Mars in 7 hours 39 minutes, much faster than Mars rotates. Considering tidal friction, what does this mean for the future of Phobos?

Page 74: Exam 2 Postponed Tuesday, November 12 Covers Chapters 7-10, & 14 One sheet of notes with writing on one side only.

Phobos

Because Phobos orbits Mars faster than the planet rotates, the tidal forces from Phobos try to pull Mars into rotating faster, which causes Phobos to lose orbital speed. Thus Phobos is slowly spiraling into Mars and will crash into the planet in about 40 million years.