Exam 2 - Lessons 12-21 Review Slides. Lesson 12 The Interwar Years: Preparing for the Next War.
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Transcript of Exam 2 - Lessons 12-21 Review Slides. Lesson 12 The Interwar Years: Preparing for the Next War.
Treaty of Versailles
Extremely harsh conditions
• Significant territorial concessions
• Huge reparations
• Severe limitations on military
• German admission of responsibility for war
Lessons of World War I
France: Defense!
Germany: Offense!
Britain: Navies work
U.S.: Stay out of war altogether
Lessons of World War I
France: Defense!• Maginot Line: static defense
• Huge expenditure
• Repeated mistake of 1914:
• Assumed Belgian neutrality would be honored
• Had good armored forces
• Not enough funds to develop properly
• Neglected innovations in tactics
Lessons of World War I
Germany: Offense!Size of army limited by Versailles Treaty
• Not enough to defend against attack
• Strategy: “Best defense is good offense”
Capitalized on tactics under development in WW I
• Stormtrooper tactics + Armor = Blitzkreige
Lightning War!
Interwar Revolutions1920’s – ’30’s
Perfected concepts introduced in WW I
• Mechanized warfare
• Aerial warfare
• Carrier aviation
• Amphibious warfare
• Radio-based command & control
Proliferation of new organizations
• Armored divisions,
• Carrier battle groups
• Strategic bombardment wings
Events
September 8, 1926 Germany joins League of Nations
August 27, 1928 Germany signs Kellogg-Briand Pact
Hitler becomes chancellorJanuary 30, 1933
October 19, 1933 Germany withdraws from League
January 26, 1934 Germany signs 10 yr non-aggression pact with Poland
August 2, 1934 President Hindenburg dies; Hitler declares himself Führer
Events
March 16, 1935 Germany announces conscription, formation of new army units, navy ships and an air force
Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France
March 7, 1936
Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations imposes economic sanctions
October 3, 1935
Events
October 25, 1936 Germany & Italy form Berlin-Rome Axis
November 1936 Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact
Hitler renounces Versailles TreatyJanuary 17, 1937
July 7, 1937 Sino-Japanese War begins
Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum (“living space”)
November 5, 1937
March 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)
Events
September 30, 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”
Peace For Our Timehttp://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html
"My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."
Hitler’s Pre-War Expansion
Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France
March 7, 1936
Summary
March 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)
Sept 29, 1938 Munich Conference
Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”Sept 30, 1938
October 1, 1938 Germany acquires Sedetenland
March 10, 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia
Events
August 23, 1939 Hitler negotiates non-aggression pact with Soviet Union (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)
Holocaust Encyclopedia
Germany invades PolandSeptember 1, 1939
Japan’s Next StepAfter China
Two factions in Japanese government
• “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group)
• Led by Army
• Favored move north into USSR
• “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group)
• Led by Navy
• Favored move south into Dutch East Indies
Events
July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan)
• Japan abandoned northern strategy
Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol
Soviet victory
Significance:
• Turned south • Set up confrontation with US
• USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany
• Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander
Japan’s Path to War
Increase in Militarism in Japanese society
US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940)
US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940)
Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941)
US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Jul 1941)
Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940)
Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940)
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940)
Instruments of National Power
Diplomacy
Information
Military
Economic Power
Resolve
What did the Japanese miss?
Resolve
Events
September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany
“Phony war” begins
Germany invades Denmark & Norway
Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
April 9, 1940
May 10, 1940
Chamberlain resigns *Churchill becomes PM *
September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
Britain occupies Iceland *
* Not related to invasion
German Halt at Dunkirk
German army had little amphibious experience
• Looked at the Channel as a barrier
• Didn’t believe British could possibly get away
Panzer units arrived well ahead of the infantry
• Were exhausted, out of supply
• Called halt to rest, resupply, allow infantry to catch up
Luftwaffe hadn’t gotten much credit in battle
• Asked for and received permission to destroy BEF
British saw Channel as a highway - organized evacuation
Events
September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany
“Phony war” begins
Germany invades Denmark & Norway
Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
April 9, 1940
May 10, 1940
September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk
June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France
June 22, 1940 France Surrenders
Operation Sealion
* The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.
Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939
Initial criteria for success:
ClimaxSeptember 15, 1940
Massive daylight raid on London
• Largest to date
56 German aircraft lost versus 28 RAF fighters
Germans switched to night raids on cities
Considered the turning point of the battle
RAF used every fighter in 11 Group (no reserves)
Battle of Britain
Factors
British use of radar (command & control)
German underestimation of RAF strength
British “home field” advantage
German loss of focus (Change of Objective)
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats
Battle of the Atlantic
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping• Employ convoy system immediately
• Increase escort capability
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Expand US shipbuilding industry
• Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats• Improve intelligence on U-boat operations
• Close Mid-Atlantic Gap
• Develop Hunter-Killer teams
Hitler’s Rationale
Hitler regarded the Soviet Union and Bolshevism as the greatest threat to Germany
He felt that the weakness of the Red Army created the best possible opportunity to eliminate this threat
• Rejected (or ignored) the possibility of two-front war
German-Soviet War
Until June 1944
• Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army
• Stalin pressed for Second Front
Soviet Losses
The Soviet war effort was so overwhelming that impartial historians of the future are unlikely to rate the British and American contribution to the European theatre as much more than a sound supporting role.
Norman DaviesEurope at War, 1939-1945
Quoted by Benjamin Schwarz“Stalin's Gift”The Atlantic, May 2007
Significance
Operation BarbarossaGerman Invasion of the Soviet Union
The classic example of the cost of not learning the lessons of history
Summary
Japanese Situation
1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan
Goal: Make Japan preeminent in Asia
Objectives:
• Conquer China
• Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials
• Strengthen military
• Build war industry
• Improve air & sea transportation
Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War Return to Japan’s Decision
Japanese Situation
Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient
Morton: Japans Decision for War
US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s oil
(particularly in oil)
Problem:
Japanese Options
Move North: Attack Soviet Union
Move South: Invade East Indies
Reach Accommodation with US
Morton: Japans Decision for War
Timeline
1910
1921
1931
1932
1936: Nov 25
1937: Jul 7
Nov 6
Dec 12
Japan colonizes Korea
League of Nations awards Japan control of former German possessions in Micronesia
Japan invades Manchuria
Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Manchuria
Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact
Japan provokes incident with China, declares war
Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact
Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay inYangtze River
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1937: Dec 14
1938: May 17
May 28
Nov 18
1939: Jul 26
Aug
Sep
Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress
• Proposed Constitutional amendment to require popular referendum prior to entry into war
US Naval Expansion Act
• Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years
Japanese cabinet increases military presence
Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door
US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan
Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol (Manchuria)
War in Europe begins
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1940: Jul
Jul 25
Aug
Sep
Sep 26
Sep 27
Nov 11
New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit weakness of European powers in Asia
Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of petroleum & scrap iron to Japan
US analysts crack Japanese codes
Japan occupies northern French Indochina
US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to Japan
Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact
Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1941: Jul 24
Jul 26
Oct 17
Nov 20
Japan occupies all of French Indochina
US freezes all Japanese assets in US *
General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier
Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora begin talks: nations exchange final positions
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
* Key turning point
Timeline
1941: Nov 25
Nov 27
Dec 1
Dec 1
Dec 4
Dec 7
Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii
US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia
Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks
Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall
US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating attack on US assets imminent
0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins
The US and the Coming of World War II
Japan’s Decision for War
Japan’s Objective:
Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand Strategy
Major consideration in preparing for war
Key reason for going to war
, yet
“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Preeminence in Asia
Japan’s Decision for War
Japanese Strategy
• Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines
Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses
Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia
• Establish defensive perimeter
• Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely
Japan’s Decision for War
Japanese Miscalculations
Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation?
One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war
Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack
Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives
Assumed Japan could keep the war limited
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Breaks in our favor:
Two aircraft carriers at sea
Submarines, fuel stores not attacked
Repair facilities left intact
Total War
… and thus become legitimate military targets
Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory
Hugh BichenoOxford Companion to Military History
… and rules of war are ignored.
Automatic
Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific industrial targets
Targeting Philosophy
U.S.:
Together: Combined Bomber Offensive
British: Night area-bombing of cities
Strategic BombingChallenge
Selecting the most productive target setsInitially
• U-boat facilities
After June 1943
• Fighter aircraft
• Ball bearings
• Petroleum
Prior to D-Day
• Transportation
Critique of Bombing Campaign
Established a “Second Front”
Precision bombing: results disappointing
Impact on morale: ultimately telling
• German experience different from British during Blitz
"Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among unbombed people."
US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War
Critique of Bombing Campaign
Established a “Second Front”
Precision bombing: results disappointing
Impact on morale: ultimately telling
Impact on war production• German production increased through mid-1944
• Late decision to mobilization
• Fighter production displaced bombers
• 85% of US bombs were dropped after D-day
• Influenced final ground war after January 1945Phillip S. MeilingerBogus charges Against AirpowerAir Force magazine, September 2002
Dieppe Raid19 August 1942
Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port
Secondary:
• Gather intelligence and capture material
• Study German responses
• Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle
Lessons from Dieppe
Need:
• Specialized vehicles
• Increased fire support
• Specialized landing craft
• Alternative to capturing a port
Role of Airborne Forces
Protect the flanks of the of the seaborne invasion Capture and hold bridges, key road junctions
Robert Capa – National Archives
Weather
Weather was Eisenhower’s biggest concern on D-Day
Operation already had been postponed from June 5th
• Forces had been briefed, loaded, deployments begun
Logistics Challenges
Only operational ports: Cherbourg & Normandy beaches
Supply lines stretched over hundreds of miles
• Not enough trucks to fill pipeline and provide needed supplies
Units in combat required huge amounts of material• One division in combat required 700-750 tons/day
• Average of 28 divisions north of the Seine after Paris liberated
Problem: How to deliver the goods with the trucks available?
Operation Market-Garden
Combined (US-British) attempt to flank the Siegfried Line
• Operation Market: airborne assault to secure bridges
• Operation Garden: ground ops to relieve airborne within 4 days
17–25 September 1944
Market-GardenAfter Thoughts
Underlined the precarious nature of all airborne assaults
Major considerations:Airlift available for initial insertion & resupply
Likelihood of timely relief by ground forces
Intelligence
Availability of fire support (organic or air)
WEATHER
Success = Good Planning & Luck!
Battle of the BulgeSituation, December 1944Objective of German Counteroffensive
Primary Objective: Capture port of Antwerp
16 December 1944 – 26 January 1945
Dark DaysWinter – Spring 1942
Guam, Wake Island overrun
Philippines attacked, near collapse
British lost Hong Kong, Singapore
Dutch lost East Indies
Doolittle Raid
America needed something to raise national morale
Solution:
• Meld the two!
• Desired to strike at Japanese heartland
Dilemma:
• No bases close enough for land-based bombers
• Too risky for carrier-based air
Doolittle RaidSignificance
American morale soared
Japanese recalled fighter forces to protect home islands
Most important: Japanese recognized need to extend defensive perimeter
• Decided to attack Midway
Battle of the Coral Sea4-8 May 1942
Carrier Lexington lost
Carrier Yorktown damaged (Japanese thought she had sunk)
Japanese lose carrier Shoho; two others damaged
Tactical victory for Japan
• Sank more tonnage
Strategic victory for US
• Stopped Japanese advance on Australia
Battle of Midway
Losses:• Japan: 4 carriers, 1 cruiser
• US: 1 carrier (Yorktown), 1 destroyer
Significance:• High water mark for Japan
• Never recovered carrier, aircrew losses
Consequences
In the two years following Midway, Japanese shipyards managed to launch only six additional fleet carriers.
The US in that same period added 17… along with 10 light carriers and 86 escort carriers.
US Strategy
Isolate Japan
Roll back defensive perimeter
• Southwestern Pacific
• Central Pacific
Destroy industrial capability, will to fight
Invade home islands
Review
Maps.com
US Strategy
Roll back defensive perimeterRoll back defensive perimeter
Isolate JapanIsolate Japan
Destroy industrial power, willDestroy industrial power, willInvadeInvade
Submarine Campaign
Japanese Cruiser
““We shall never forget that it was our submarines that We shall never forget that it was our submarines that held the lines against the enemy while our fleets held the lines against the enemy while our fleets replaced losses and repaired woundsreplaced losses and repaired wounds””
- Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, 1947- Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, 1947
Strategy to Isolate Japan
Submarine Campaign
Impact
Japanese merchant shipping loses crippled industrial support for their war effort
Shipping and naval losses restricted Japanese abilities to support deployed forces
Submarines allowed US to attack Japanese power early in war at relatively little cost
Chief of Naval Operations, Submarine Warfare Divisionhttp://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/cno/n87/history/pac-campaign.html
Island Hopping
History Animated
May 42 – Aug 45
Nov 43 – Feb 44
Jun-Aug 44
Feb-Mar 45
= Bypassed Japanese Bases
Rabaul
Strategy to Roll Back Japanese Defenses
Iwo JimaStrategic Importance
Deny its use to Japanese interceptors
Provide base for US escort fighters
Serve as emergency field for damaged B-29s