EVS20001_Solid Waste Management
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Transcript of EVS20001_Solid Waste Management
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EVS20001
Solid Waste Management
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Leachate Storage Lagoon
Anaerobic LagoonAerobic Lagoon
Treatment Plant
Brine Evaporation Pond
Leachate Treatment Plant
Aerobic Treatment Lagoon Reverse Osmosis Treatment
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Green Bins:Compostables
Blue Bins:Recyclables
Black Bins:Trash
Three Container System inSan Francisco
All Foodfruit, vegetables, meat, poultry, seafood, shellfish,bones, rice, beans, pasta, bread, cheese, and eggshells
Food-soiled Paperwaxed cardboard, napkins, paper towels, paper plates,paper milk cartons, tea bags, coffee grounds/filters,wooden crates, and sawdust
Plantsfloral trimmings, tree trimmings, leaves, grass, brush,and weeds
Material Accepted in Green Bin
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Busier Streets are Collected at Night
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Trough of water-food slurry
The slurry flows toward a device thatpulps the food waste, separates thefood waste, and returns the slurry tothe trough.
Pulping/separation device
Yellow containerfor separatedfood waste
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Separated food waste
In one of the larger dining halls, containers were stored overnightin a walk-in cooler. At other areas they were placed outside (covered)by the back door or loading dock for morning pickup.
Morning pickup outside one of the dining halls.
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Waste composted: yard trash, horse stall cleanouts, food waste
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Screening deviceFinished product
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Lecture 10 Organic Waste
Food Waste
South Korea
Lecture 10 Organic Waste Lecture 10 Organic Waste
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Case Study – Europe
• EU Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) aims toreduce biodegradable waste going to landfillby:– 25% in 2006 (2010)
– 50% in 2009 (2013)
– 65% in 2016 (2020)
• Applies to all EU member countries
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Case Study – Europe• Despite the Landfill Directive, there are vast differences in waste
diversion (including organic) between EU countries
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Bulgaria
Latvia
Poland
Estonia
Czech R
epublic
Portugal
Greece
Spain
United K
ingdom
Germ
any
Finland
Ireland
Sw
eden
Luxembourg
MSW
Am
ount
(kg·
capi
ta-1
)
Country (presented in order from lowest to highest GDP·capita-1)
GeneratedIncineratedRecycledComposted
Source: Eurostat MSW = Residential and ICI waste streams
Case Study – Europe• Even with waste directive, diversion function of GDP
Source: Eurostat MSW = Residential and ICI waste streams
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
1,00,000
1,20,000
Was
te A
mou
nt (k
g·ca
pita
-1)
GDP (USD·capita-1)
Generated
Diverted
Comparison to CanadaWe have a lot of work to do!
Source: Statistics Canada MSW includes residential, ICI, and C&D waste Data not available for all provinces and territories
CANADA
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
MSW
Am
ount
(kg·
capi
ta-1
·yr-1
)
GDP (CDN$·capita-1·yr-1)
Generated
Diverted
Moving towards ResourceManagement
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE PREVENTION
ExtractionManufacturingExtractionManufacturing
TransportTransport DistributionDistribution PurchasingUsePurchasingUse Re-useRe-use
SeparateCollectionSeparateCollection
RecyclingRecycling
Other treatmentand recoveryOther treatmentand recovery
Reduction at source Sustainable consumption
Avoided waste flows Diverted waste flows
Waste Minimization
Preparing for Re-use
PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION END OF LIFE
Basics guidelines
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http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/circular-
economy/interactive-system-diagram
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2012/06/06/video-what-a-waste-
report-why-the-numbers-matter
Why Do We Care How Solid Waste isRegulated/Managed?
Source: Brown, Michael, “Drums of Death”, Audubon, 120 July 1980.Source: Brown, Michael, “Drums of Death”, Audubon, 120 July 1980.
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Integrated Waste Management
Waste-to-Energy
Recycling, Reusing, CompostingSource Reduction
Landfilling
Source Reduction
• Reduce material use in product manufacture
• Increase useful life through durability andreparability
• Decrease toxicity
• Material reuse (pallets, containers, etc.)
• Efficient consumer use of materials
Source Reduction
• EPA estimates that 50% of the waste quantity canbe reduced with source reduction
• Should not be a substitute of one problem foranother
• Packaging is 50% of waste volume and 1/3 ofwaste weight– Paper and plastics– Spend more on food packaging than farmers net
income– Replace w/smaller, lighter, degradable material
Recycling
• Returning raw material to market• Pros:
– Save precious resources– Lessens need for mining of virgin materials– Lowers environmental impact of
mining/processing– Stretch landfill capacity– Improve efficiency of incinerators and composting
facilities
Recycling
• Cons:– Poorly managed sites can result in Superfund sites
• Waste oil recycling, newspaper de-inking, solvent andmetal recycling
• Can result in contamination of soil, groundwater, air– Require stable market– Only works if it is convenient
• Curbside pick-up• Drop off centers• Mail back programs
Composting
• Natural decomposition of organicmaterial– Need organic, water, oxygen– Not use preserved wood, human
wastes, bones, meat, fat, certain weeds
• Individual• Municipal
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Integrated Waste Management
Waste-to-Energy
Source Reduction
Landfilling
Recycling, Reusing, Composting
Waste to Energy (Combustion)
• There are three methods in which energy canbe recovered from incineration processes;– Heat– Electricity– Cogeneration (harnessing of useful heat and
electricity from one power plant)
Waste to Energy (Combustion)
• The two most common types of combustionthat are used at these facilities are;
– Mass Burning / Preparation– Combustion of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
Waste to Energy (Combustion)
• Mass Burning / Preparation– MSW enters the facility and is inspected for the
presence of non-combustible, hazardous, andexplosive materials. These materials are separatedfrom the waste stream
– The waste stream is then fed into the combustionchamber along with forced air for “processing”.
– Some of these facilities can process 3000 tons ofMSW a day. They can however be scaled down to asmaller size if necessary
Waste to Energy (Combustion)
• Combustion of RDF;– All hazardous, iron containing or otherwise
non-combustible materials are removedfrom the waste stream.
– The remainder of the waste stream isshredded
– The material is then burned or furtherprocessed into pellets or cubes to be usedas fuel in other furnaces
– In some instanced the materials can beprocessed and packaged for re-sale toother facilities for use as fuel
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Grates
Ash Landfill Waste to Energy (Combustion)
• What are some of the pros and cons ofCombustion to Energy Operations?
• What are some of the environmental impactsof these types of facilities? (both good andbad)
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Waste to Energy (Combustion)
PROS:• Reduce volume of waste• Recover useful energy
– Steam– Waste
• Incinerator ash can be used in buildingmaterial
Waste to Energy (Combustion)
CONS:• Cost• High degree of sophistication needed to
operate safely and economically• Public perception of safety
– Stack emissions– Toxicity of ash
Integrated Waste Management
Waste-to-Energy
Source Reduction Recycling, Reusing, Composting
Landfilling
Landfilling
50-70% of municipal solid waste is landfilledModern landfill vs traditional landfillNo longer take hazardous wasteDo not receive bulk liquidsGas control systems Liners Leachate collection systemsGroundwater monitoring systemsBetter sited
Landfill Problems
• Physical amount and disposal sites• Costs to collect, handle, and dispose• Litter• Odor• Insects (flies, cockroaches) & rodents
– food– harborage
• Resource lost
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What is a Landfill?
• Concept fostered in early 20th century• An area of land that has solid waste deposited
on it in such a quantity to noticeably changethe surface elevation.
Why to use a landfill?
Potential Landfill Problems• Landfill can present problems with respect to:
– Spread of disease– Odors– Fires
– Contamination of groundwater– Gas emissions
Controlled by sanitarylandfill techniques
Controlled bymodern landfilldesign
Sanitary Landfill• Landfills may be:
– Excavated and filled– Fill existing depressions– Built up from the ground– A combination of above
• Operate landfills in acontrolled safe fashion– Use cover soil– Excavate cells– Compact the waste– Control access
Modern Landfills are EngineeredStructures
• Designed to Contain Leachate and MinimizeRelease of Pollutants from the Landfill
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Leachate
• Leachate is the liquid (or wastewater) thatforms when water (rainfall, groundwater)travels through solid waste
• Leachate can migrate into underlyinggroundwater, resulting in contamination
• Leachate can contain many differentchemicals, depending on what is in the solidwaste
Landfill Gas
• Landfill gas consists primarily of methane andcarbon dioxide
• Results from the anaerobic decomposition ofbiodegradable solid wastes
Typical Regulatory Requirements
• Location restrictions– Airports– Wetlands– Fault lines– Unstable areas– Endangered species
Typical Regulatory Requirements
• Liners -- Low permeability barrier layers– Compacted soil (clay)– Geomembranes (plastic)– Composites of both
• Liner keep leachate from migrating out of thelandfill
• Leachate must be collected and removed
Single Liner System
• One liner consisting of compacted soil orgeomembrane
Composite Liner
• A single liner consisting of compacted soil andgeomembrane in intimate contact
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Double Liner
• A liner system with low permeability barrierlayers with a leak detection system layer inbetween. The upper and lower componentsare either compacted soil, geomembrane, orcomposite.
Typical Composite Liner
2 ft compacted soilK <= 10-7 cm/sec
60 mil HDPEGeomembrane
2 ft drainage materialDesigned to maintainless than 1ft head on liner
Single Composite Liner
1 mil = 0.001 inch
3 ft compacted soilK <= 10-7 cm/sec
HDPE Geomembrane
2 ft drainage materialDesigned to maintainless than 1ft head on liner
GeonetHDPE Geomembrane
Double Liner Types of Geomembrane Materials
• HDPE• PVC• VLDPE• PP
Unloading Soil
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Grading Top - Roller
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How do you Remove Leachate fromthe Landfill?
• Drain as much as you can by gravity (linersystem and pipes)
• Pump from low points– Penetration through the liner– Pumps inside landfill
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Leachate Collection System
• If leachate flow is intercepted or impeded by aliner, then it should be removed from thelandfill by use of a leachate collection system.A leachate collection system is a high-permeability layer designed to transmitleachate from the liner.
How is Leachate Removed
Liner is sloped ~ 2-8%
DrainagePipe
What is a Geonet?
• A synthetic (HDPE) material used for drainageof liquids. It is a has transmissivity in the laterdirection.
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What is a Geotextile?
• A geosynthetic textile that is used in many civilengineering applications. It separates finegranular materials from coarse granularmaterials, plus it allows water to flow through.
Leachate is then sent to Treatmentand/or Storage Facility
Landfill
PumpStation
Gravity Drainage
LeachateStorage
Treatment
Leachate
• Can contain many compounds. The quality ofleachate is dictated by the type waste. ForMSW, leachate quality is very much dictatedby the phase of landfill stabilization.
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Waste Stabilization• Phases of Landfill Stabilization
– Previous investigators have described differentphases of landfill stabilization
– Simplified version:
PreliminaryAerobicPhase
AcidFormingPhase
MethaneFormingPhase
FinalAerobicPhase
Aerobic Aerobic
Anaerobic
Waste Stabilization• The phase of stabilization influences leachate
and gas characteristics
PreliminaryAerobic
AcidForming
MethaneForming
FinalAerobic
BOD,VFAConc
Leachate Characteristics
pH
Waste Stabilization• The phase of stabilization influences leachate
and gas characteristics
PreliminaryAerobic
AcidForming
MethaneForming
FinalAerobic
% GasVol.
N2
O2
CO2
CH4
Gas Characteristics
Lesson 3, SlideLesson 3, Slide 333333
Landfill Gas
• Gas wells are typically installed after thelandfill has been filled up
• A vacuum is pulled on these wells to extractthe gas into a pipe system
• The gas is then flared or turned to energy
Landfill Gas
• What is Landfill Gas?
+ OHOHC 25106 24 33 COCH +
Landfill Gas Contains• Methane• Carbon Dioxide• Water Vapor• Hydrogen Sulfide• NMOC (non methane organic compounds)• heavy metals??
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Why Bother with Landfill Gas?
• Odor• Toxics• Greenhouse Gas• Explosive Gas
• Potential Energy Source
How is Gas Collected?
• Typically use vertical wells.• Installed after landfill has reached final grade.• Use an auger.
MSW Landfill
Leachate collection pipe
Leachatewet well
Geomembrane cap
Geomembrane liner
Vertical gas collection wells
Horizontal gascollection wells
Landfill gaspressure
Landfill gas generation and flow Wells
• Passive Wells (wells open to atmosphere)• Active Wells (wells connected to a gas
extraction system).
Typical Landfill Gas Well
Waste
Cap
Gas Extraction Pipe
GravelPack
PerforatedPVC Pipe
WellHead
What is the Driving Force for Gas toLeave the Landfill?
• Pressure• Without any wells, gas will find way to surface
(or bottom)• Wells provide path of escape (create pressure
gradient)
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Landfill Gas is Typically Extractedto a Blower-Flare Station
Landfill
Note:Must Drain
Condensate
BlowerFlare
Station
Gas Wells
LFG Generation Curves
Year
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
Cu
bic
met
ers L
FG
0 10 20 30 40 50
Half-Life = 1.35 yr
Half-Life = 3.68 yr
Half-Life = 20 yr
What is Condensate?
• Moisture that condenses from landfill gaswhen it cools.
Gas to Energy?
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Integrated Waste Management
Waste-to-Energy
Recycling, Reusing, CompostingSource Reduction
Landfilling
QUESTIONS