Evolving Knowledge of Women and Heart Disease
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Transcript of Evolving Knowledge of Women and Heart Disease
Evolving Knowledge of Women and Heart Disease
Evolving Knowledge of Women and Heart Disease
Jo-Ann Eastwood PhD, RN, CCNS, ACNP-BC, FAHA
Magnitude of the ProblemMagnitude of the Problem
Leading cause of death, mostly due to ischemic heart disease and stroke Angina is a more common presentation of coronary heart disease
in women than in men
Ischemic heart disease in women versus men Present at older age Less likely to be diagnosed and treated Higher cardiovascular mortality
Estimated annual cost for cardiovascular disease in men and women: $400 billion
CVD & Other Causes of Death CVD & Other Causes of Death
More than More than 1 in 4 1 in 4 women will die of heart disease women will die of heart disease 1 in 30 1 in 30 women will die of breast cancerwomen will die of breast cancer
Women are getting the messageWomen are getting the message
What is the leading cause of death in women?What is the leading cause of death in women?We know the answer: Heart Disease!We know the answer: Heart Disease!
In 1997, In 1997, only 30% only 30% (less than 1 out of 3) women (less than 1 out of 3) women knew the right answer.knew the right answer.
In 2010, In 2010, 57% 57% of women knew the right answer.of women knew the right answer.This realization was shared by fewer Black &This realization was shared by fewer Black &
HispanicHispanic
Majority of women believed they couldreduce their Majority of women believed they couldreduce their risk with multivits, antioxidants or ASArisk with multivits, antioxidants or ASA
Only Only 53%53% said they would call said they would call 911 if they had 911 if they had symptomssymptomsMosca, L Circ. Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3(2):120-7Mosca, L Circ. Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3(2):120-7
Cardiovascular Disease Deathsin the United States (1980-2009)Cardiovascular Disease Deathsin the United States (1980-2009)
Dea
ths
(in t
hous
ands
Dea
ths
(in t
hous
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))
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20091980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
WomenWomen
MenMen
Go AS, et al. Go AS, et al. Circulation.Circulation. 2013;127:e6-e-245. 2013;127:e6-e-245.
Gender Differences in Sudden Cardiac Death, Symptoms, and Quality of Life
Gender Differences in Sudden Cardiac Death, Symptoms, and Quality of Life
Sudden cardiac death before arrival at a hospital Women: 42% Men: 25%
Symptomatic women versus men More often have recurrent symptoms requiring
hospitalizations Lower ratings of general well-being and limitations in
ability to perform activities of daily living
Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1561-1571.2009;54:1561-1571.
Aftermath of CHDAftermath of CHD
Survivors of ACS have 1.5 – 15 x greater risk of illness and death than general population
Within 6 years of MI: % Men % Women
Recurrent MI: 18 35 SCD 6 7 HF 22 46 Stroke 8 11
ACC National Cardiovascular Data Registry: In-Hospital Mortality
ACC National Cardiovascular Data Registry: In-Hospital Mortality
Chest PainChest Pain
In-H
osp
ital
In-H
osp
ital
Mo
rta
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Ra
te
Mo
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Ra
te (%
)(%
)
BlackBlack(n=24,998)(n=24,998)
HispanicHispanic(n=3562)(n=3562)
NativeNativeAmericanAmerican(n=1251)(n=1251)
AsianAsian(n=7823)(n=7823)
WhiteWhite(n=338,252)(n=338,252)
..
PP<0.0001<0.0001
WomenWomen
MenMen
PP=0.89=0.89
PP=0.14=0.14PP=0.23=0.23
In-hospital mortality after coronary angiography.In-hospital mortality after coronary angiography.Among patients with stable chest pain, white women with 1- to 3-vessel CAD hadAmong patients with stable chest pain, white women with 1- to 3-vessel CAD had 1.67- to 2.02-fold higher in-hospital mortality than white men (1.67- to 2.02-fold higher in-hospital mortality than white men (PP=0.013).=0.013).
SEX MATTERSSEX MATTERS
In light of these epidemiologic data, common misunderstandings and a growing awareness of potentially relevant sex differences, the AHA has updated CVD Prevention Guidelines for Women.
PresentationEvaluation and Treatment
Benefits and Risks
PresentationEvaluation and Treatment
Benefits and Risks
VIRGO Study: Gender Differences in Symptom Presentation and Perception
VIRGO Study: Gender Differences in Symptom Presentation and Perception
Younger patients with MI from 104 US hospitals, 2008-2012 (n=2990)
Age: 18 to 55 years 2:1 female to male enrollment
90% of men and 87% of women presented with chest pain, pressure, tightness, or discomfort
Women presented more additional symptoms
More women waited >1 day to seek care than men (55% versus 49%; P<0.05)
At time of hospitalization 24% of women said health care
provider did not think symptoms were heart related compared with 12% of men (P<0.001)
Symptoms atSymptoms atMI PresentationMI Presentation
Patients (%)Patients (%)
Women (n=2012)Women (n=2012)
Men (n=978)Men (n=978)
Lichtman JH, et al. Lichtman JH, et al. Circulation. Circulation. 2012;126(suppl). Abstract 17831.2012;126(suppl). Abstract 17831.
Chest Pain/Chest Pain/
DiscomfortDiscomfort
RadiatingRadiating
PainPain
Indigestion/Indigestion/
NauseaNausea
Shortness of Shortness of BreathBreath
Weakness/Weakness/
FatigueFatigue
PalpitationsPalpitations
**PP<0.05 and <0.05 and ††PP<0.01 versus men.<0.01 versus men.
††
**
††
††
††
**
Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) StudyWomen’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study
NHLBI-sponsored 4-center study Women (>18 years of age) undergoing clinically ordered coronary angiography for
suspected myocardial ischemia (n=936) Myocardial ischemia at non-invasive testing
Exclusion criteria Emergency referral, pregnancy, cardiomyopathy, NYHA class IV CHF, recent acute MI or
unstable angina, recent coronary revascularization, significant valvular or congenital heart disease, any contraindication to provocative myocardial stress testing, and any condition likely to affect study retention
Objectives Optimize symptom evaluation and diagnostic testing for ischemic heart disease Explore mechanisms for symptoms and myocardial ischemia in the absence of epicardial
coronary artery stenoses Evaluate the influence of reproductive hormones on symptoms and diagnostic test
response
Merz CN, et al. Merz CN, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1453-1461.1999;33:1453-1461.
WISE Study: Estimated Lifetime Costs for Women With AnginaWISE Study: Estimated Lifetime Costs for Women With Angina
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
Direct Cardiovascular Costs/PatientDirect Cardiovascular Costs/Patient
Pro
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Lif
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Co
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P
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ts (U
S$)
(US
$)
NonobstructiveNonobstructiveCADCAD
1 Vessel1 VesselCADCAD
2 Vessel2 VesselCADCAD
3 Vessel3 VesselCADCAD
Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. Circulation. Circulation. 2006;114:894-904.2006;114:894-904.
$767,288$767,288
$1,001,493$1,001,493$1,051,302$1,051,302
$1,008,780$1,008,780
Evolving Understanding of Angina in Women Evolving Understanding of Angina in Women
Typical versus atypical angina diagnosis by gender 3225 patients referred to Duke University for evaluation of chest pain with median of 5
episodes of chest pain weekly
Angina equivalents Fatigue Lightheadedness Weakness Diaphoresis
Coronary patients with angina rate their quality of life lower than those without angina
**PP<0.05 for comparison across gender. No angina: males (11%) and females (19%).<0.05 for comparison across gender. No angina: males (11%) and females (19%).
Male (n=2249) Female (n=967)
Typical angina (%) 55 28
Atypical angina (%) 34* 53
− Shortness of breathShortness of breath
− NauseaNausea
− IndigestionIndigestion
Abrams J.Abrams J. N Engl J Med. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2524-2533; Alexander KP, et al. 2005;352:2524-2533; Alexander KP, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1657-1664;1998;32:1657-1664;Fang JC.Fang JC. Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 9 Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 9 thth Edition Edition. 2012. Bandu I, et al. . 2012. Bandu I, et al. Chest.Chest. 1994;105:1009-1012; Stern S. 1994;105:1009-1012; Stern S.Circulation.Circulation. 2002;106:1906-1908; Marquis P, et al. 2002;106:1906-1908; Marquis P, et al. Eur Heart JEur Heart J. 1995;16:1554-1560.. 1995;16:1554-1560.
Novel Risk Factors in WomenNovel Risk Factors in Women
Traditional risk factors and the Framingham risk score may underestimate risk in women
Novel risk markers may improve risk detection Abdominal obesity Metabolic syndrome Low estrogen levels Elevated testosterone levels and polycystic ovary syndrome Elevated C-reactive protein
Postmenopause Clustering of risk factors is common (obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia)
These risk factors also predict early menopause
Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll CardiolJ Am Coll Cardiol. . 2006;47(suppl):4S-20S.2006;47(suppl):4S-20S.Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll CardiolJ Am Coll Cardiol. . 2009;54:1561-1575.2009;54:1561-1575.SWAN Study. http://www.swanstudy.org. SWAN Study. http://www.swanstudy.org. Greenland P, et al. Greenland P, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:e50-e103.2010;56:e50-e103.
Reclassification of Risk in Women Using the Reynolds Risk ScoreReclassification of Risk in Women Using the Reynolds Risk Score
Ridker PM, et al. Ridker PM, et al. JAMAJAMA. . 2007;297:611-619.2007;297:611-619.Reynolds Risk Score calculator: http://www.reynoldsriskscore.org/.Reynolds Risk Score calculator: http://www.reynoldsriskscore.org/.
Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia and Obstructive Coronary Disease in Women
Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia and Obstructive Coronary Disease in Women
Symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia Women have lower rates of obstructive CAD at angiography
Early work by Diamond and Forrester Women with typical or atypical chest pain symptoms have calculated
obstructive CAD probabilities substantially less than men Typical exertional angina in a 55-year-old man has a probability of
obstructive CAD of approximately 90% as compared with wide range from 55% to 90% for a 55-year-old woman
This does not address angina equivalents
Chest pain symptoms are less accurate and less precise predictors of obstructive CAD in women
Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(suppl):4S-20S.2006;47(suppl):4S-20S.Diamond GA, et al. Diamond GA, et al. N Engl J MedN Engl J Med. 1979;300:1350-1358.. 1979;300:1350-1358.
Gender Differences in Ischemic Heart Disease in WomenGender Differences in Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
Smaller size Increased stiffness (fibrosis,
remodeling, etc) More diffuse disease More plaque erosion versus
rupture Microemboli, rarefaction (drop
out), disarray, etc
Structural FeaturesStructural Features(macro- and microvessels)(macro- and microvessels)
Functional FeaturesFunctional Features(macro- and micro -vessels)(macro- and micro -vessels)
Wenger NK. Wenger NK. Curr Cardiol Rep. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010;12:307:314.2010;12:307:314.Kramer MC, et al. Kramer MC, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:122-132.2010;55:122-132.Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1561-1575.2009;54:1561-1575.
Endothelial dysfunctionEndothelial dysfunction
Smooth muscle dysfunction Smooth muscle dysfunction (Raynaud’s, migraine, coronary (Raynaud’s, migraine, coronary artery spasm) artery spasm)
InflammationInflammation
− Plasma markersPlasma markers
− Vasculitis (Takayasu’s, Vasculitis (Takayasu’s, rheumatoid, SLE, CNSV, rheumatoid, SLE, CNSV, giant cell, etc)giant cell, etc)
Model of Microvascular Angina in WomenModel of Microvascular Angina in Women
Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1561-1571.2009;54:1561-1571.
Overarching Working Model of Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology in Women
Overarching Working Model of Ischemic Heart Disease Pathophysiology in Women
Shaw LJ, et al. Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1561-1571.2009;54:1561-1571.
Plaque Erosion and Outward (Positive) RemodelingPlaque Erosion and Outward (Positive) Remodeling
Plaque erosion and thrombus formation 2x likely in women (men have more plaque rupture)
Outward (positive) remodeling- atherosclerotic lesion protrudes outward than impinging on the lumen
Adapted from Bellasi et al, New insights into ischemic heart disease in women. Adapted from Bellasi et al, New insights into ischemic heart disease in women. cleveland clinic journal of medicine; 74: 585cleveland clinic journal of medicine; 74: 585
Thrombus Thrombus FormationFormation
LumenLumen
What to Tell a Woman When She Doesn’t Want to be a Statistic?
What to Tell a Woman When She Doesn’t Want to be a Statistic?
AHA Impact Goal For All Americans AHA Impact Goal For All Americans
20% by 2020 : Improvement CV health Reduction in CVD/stroke deaths
Primordial prevention (at all levels of risk) CVD & associated risk factors develop early in life
Health promotion & disease prevention require all approaches: Population-level Individual high risk
Focus on WomenFocus on Women
“..defining a women’s risk status and then improving adherence to preventive lifestyle behaviors is the most effective way to lower CVD in women.”
Wenger, NK. Clin Cardilol. 2011
Targeting Education - Awareness AND. . .Targeting Education - Awareness AND. . .
Ideal Health Behaviors such as:Ideal Health Behaviors such as:
CVD Risk in Women CVD Risk in Women
Mosca, Circulation 123:1243, 2011 Mosca, Circulation 123:1243, 2011
Female – Specific IssuesFemale – Specific Issues
• Gender differences in CVD risk factors
• Tobacco• Diabetes and Met Syn• Dyslipidemia• HTN• Fitness
• Autoimmune diseases with ↑ CVD risk
• Rheumatoid Arthritis• SLE
• Female specific issues • Pregnancy induced HTN• Pre-eclampsia• Gestational diabetes• PCOS
• Other Issues for Women
• Breast cancer therapy effects,
• Chest radiation
Counseling All Women: Recommended Lifestyle ChangesCounseling All Women: Recommended Lifestyle Changes
For all women: Smoking cessation and avoidance of secondhand
smoke Physical activity
Moderate activity at least 6-7 days a week Strength training x2/week
DASH-like low-sodium diet Weight Management
2011 Guidelines: Evidence-based to Effectiveness-based
2011 Guidelines: Evidence-based to Effectiveness-based
Benefits and risks observed in clinical practice
Therapies that may have potential benefit
Ex. Screening for depression- indirectly may impact CVD risk through adherence to prevention therapies or other mechanisms.
Acknowledgement that 10 year risk is not efficacious in women
Targeting Women Throughout the LifespanTargeting Women Throughout the Lifespan
PremenopausalPremenopausal
Initial assessment: Detailed medical and pregnancy-complications hx
Pregnancy: Early “stress test”? Unique opportunity to assess
lifetime CVD risk “Metabolic syndrome of pregnancy” Preeclampsia
Postpartum referral for CVD risk assessment
Pregnancy: A Stress Test for Life Pregnancy: A Stress Test for Life
Pregnancy stresses maternal carbohydrate, lipid, inflammatory pathways, Pregnancy stresses maternal carbohydrate, lipid, inflammatory pathways, vascular function vascular function
● ● Unmasks underlying metabolic, vascular disease Unmasks underlying metabolic, vascular disease ••? Pregnancy a screen for later hypertension, diabetes ? Pregnancy a screen for later hypertension, diabetes
••? Preeclampsia induces damage to vascular endothelium; ? pathway for ? Preeclampsia induces damage to vascular endothelium; ? pathway for microvascular dysfunction microvascular dysfunction
••? Preeclampsia triggers inflammatory, autoimmune responses ? Preeclampsia triggers inflammatory, autoimmune responses
••? How can/should preeclampsia, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy ? How can/should preeclampsia, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) be incorporated into CV risk assessment for women(HDP) be incorporated into CV risk assessment for women Williams, Curr Opin Obstet Gynec 15:465, 2003 Williams, Curr Opin Obstet Gynec 15:465, 2003 Ness, Ann Epidemiol 15:726, 2005 Ness, Ann Epidemiol 15:726, 2005 Mosca, Circulation 123:1243, 2011 Mosca, Circulation 123:1243, 2011
HDP and Subsequent CV Disease HDP and Subsequent CV Disease
Compelling evidence for association HDP and future CVDCompelling evidence for association HDP and future CVD Hypertension Hypertension Ischemic heart disease Ischemic heart disease Ischemic stroke Ischemic stroke Thromboembolic disease Thromboembolic disease Heart failure Heart failure Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus Arrhythmias Arrhythmias Hypertension in adolescent life in offspring Hypertension in adolescent life in offspring Mannisto, Circulation 127:681, 2013 Mannisto, Circulation 127:681, 2013 88
Contemporary Recommendations Contemporary Recommendations
Pregnancy history integral component of CV risk evaluation Pregnancy history integral component of CV risk evaluation for women for women
Women with prior preeclampsia, hypertensive disorders Women with prior preeclampsia, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy → early, intensive coronary risk intervention of pregnancy → early, intensive coronary risk intervention Counsel re ↑ CVD risk Counsel re ↑ CVD risk Counsel re effectiveness of CV risk assessment, reduction Counsel re effectiveness of CV risk assessment, reduction in primary prevention CV disease in primary prevention CV disease ? Screen as early as 1 year postpartum ? Screen as early as 1 year postpartum
Guidelines needed for structured follow-up, CV risk Guidelines needed for structured follow-up, CV risk management after HDP management after HDP
Smith, Am J Obstet Gynecol 200:58.e1, 2009 Smith, Am J Obstet Gynecol 200:58.e1, 2009 Mosca, Circulation 123:1243, 2011 Mosca, Circulation 123:1243, 2011
PerimenopausalPerimenopausal
Decrease in exercise > decrease in calorie intake Weight gain, waist circumference, increase BP
Decreased social interaction d/t: Mood disorders Sleep disturbance Vasomotor symptomsChanges in work patterns /stress
Alterations in lipid profiles
((ESHRE Capri Workshop Group 2011)ESHRE Capri Workshop Group 2011)
PostmenopausalPostmenopausal
Dyslipidemia Hypertension Metabolic Syndrome Lack of exercise Psychosocial function
Social support Dysphorias
Higher prevalence of stroke
Dispelling Myths: Confusion Among Women RemainsDispelling Myths: Confusion Among Women Remains
Observational studies reported HRT effective for symptoms & diseases ie CV and osteoporosis for menopausal women
2 large RCTS HERS and WHI reported no benefits prevention of CVD. WHI found increases Breast CA incidence & CV events in healthy women
Million Women Study- increase in Breast CA with HRT
Dispelling Myths: Confusion Among Women RemainsDispelling Myths: Confusion Among Women Remains
Hormone therapy should not be used for primary or secondary prevention of CVD
Supplements not useful in preventing CVD Vitamins E and C Beta carotene Folic acid
Aspirin not recommended for healthy women < 65 yrs
Health DisparitiesHealth Disparities
Higher prevalence of risk factors in racial/ethnic groups HTN → Black women Diabetes →Hispanic women
Additional socio-economic factors Inadequate access to healthcare Reduced access to fresh food/easy availability
of fast food Community characteristics
Challenges: Real WorldChallenges: Real World
“I want to eat 5 fruits a day but once I dole out the fruit to the kids there is nothing left”
“It’s not safe in my neighborhood to walk besides I can’t leave the kids”
“I have to use the money I have for healthy groceries to give to the kids to pay for lunch. If they stand in the free lunch line they are teased and embarrassed all day!”
Successes!Successes!
“This is the first time my husband’s blood pressure has been down to 120/80 since the 6th grade” (N’s husband was admitted for a BP of 210/100 last November)
“My daughter (14 yo and overweight) watched me choosing good foods to eat and said I want to eat what you’re eating Mommy”
“My BP is 138/88 and my doctor says lose 20 lbs! Then I got your message about getting to goal <120/80. I am going back!”
Lessons from the FieldLessons from the Field
Women may be the key to changing health habits in minority communities A message that resonates: “Take care of
yourself so you can take care of your family” If you treat the woman, the family changes Women need social support Go where the women are:
Churches, community organizations
Online Resources Online Resources
Thank-you for your attention! Thank-you for your attention!
AHA : Clinical Research Grant Award
& to the many LA women who have committed themselves to not becoming a statistic!
Additional ReferencesAdditional References
AHA. http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1136818052118Females06.pdf.
Go AS, et al. Circulation. 2013;127:e6-e-245. Wenger NK. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2003;46:199-229. Hemingway H, et al. JAMA. 2006;295:1404-1411. Daly C, et al. Circulation. 2006;113:490-498 Merz CN, Kelsey SF, Pepine CJ, et al. The Women's Ischemia Syndrome
Evaluation (WISE) study: protocol design, methodology and feasibility report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1453-1461
Shaw LJ, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;117:1787-1801