Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally...
-
Upload
lauren-barrett -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally...
![Page 1: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evolution
![Page 2: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of
organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool
A population is a group of members of the same species in the same area.
![Page 3: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gene Pool
A gene pool consists of all of the genes in a population at one time.
Each allele has a certain frequency (percentage or fraction) which may change over time.
![Page 4: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A simplified gene pool
Individuals
Gene pool
![Page 5: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gene frequencies
In the previous example these were the alleles present
Of 20 alleles there are 12 black and 8 white
The gene frequencies are: 0.6 black and 0.4 white OR 60% black, 40% white
![Page 6: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Evolution Evolution is a change in the gene
pool of a population over many generations
While individuals are selected for and against, it is populations that evolve.
Microevolution can result in new varieties
Speciation is the evolution of new species over longer time.
![Page 7: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Evidence For Evolution
Main ones:• Fossil Record• Comparative anatomy• Molecular biology• Biogeography
![Page 8: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fossil Record Fossil = any trace left by past organisms,
e.g. preserved remains, impressions of organisms, footprints.
Fossils:• Usually in sedimentary rock• Show organisms appeared in historical
sequence• Today’s complex organisms were preceded
by simpler types (e.g. single cells first)• Transitional forms are found
![Page 9: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Archaeopteryx – a transitional form between dinosaurs and birds
![Page 10: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Geological Strata
The deeper the layer the older it is and the more primitive the life forms that existed
![Page 11: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Another view
![Page 13: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Speaking of StromatolitesThese are 500 million year old stromatolite
fossils in the Hoyt Limestone exposed at Lester Park, near Saratoga Springs, New York
![Page 14: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
These are 3.5 billion year old stromatolite fossils found in Australia
A collection of tubular microfossils found in 3.4-billion-year-old sandstone from Western Australia
![Page 15: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Stromatolites Live!at Hamelin Poole, Shark bay, 800 km north
of Perth
![Page 16: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Comparative Anatomy Comparing structures between species
suggests common ancestry E.g. Homologous structures such as the
vertebrate pentadactyl limb
![Page 20: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vestigial Organs
These are organs that have become reduced and lost their function in the course of evolution
Like our appendix
![Page 22: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Some human examples
![Page 23: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sometimes they are not so vestigial! (If you can believe these pictures?)
![Page 24: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
This one might be a fake?
![Page 26: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Then there are kiwi wings
![Page 27: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Molecular Biology
All life on Earth shares the same genetic code
The same codons code for the same 20 amino acids in all living things
The more closely two groups are related, the more similar their DNA and proteins
![Page 29: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Evolution of N.Z. Geckos based on molecular biology
![Page 30: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Relationships of New Zealand Petroica species, based on cytochrome b sequences
![Page 31: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Biogeography The geographic distribution of species
on Earth is consistent with what we know about the movements of tectonic plates and the varying abilities of species to spread out.
Major isolated land areas and island groups often evolved their own distinct plant and animal communities derived from those species that could reach these areas.
![Page 33: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
“Continental Drift” Over 200 Million years ago all of the
Earth’s landmasses were joined in a supercontinent called Pangea.
This broke into Laurasia in the North and Gondwana in the South.
![Page 34: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
“Continental Drift”
![Page 35: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
About 130 million years ago Gondwana broke up
![Page 36: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Several species of plant and animal were found on Gondwana and have evolved apart since it split.
![Page 37: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
An now a little animation
CLICK HERE
![Page 38: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
New Zealand separated from Australia about 85 million years ago
![Page 39: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Australia split from Gondwana after the appearance of marsupial mammals but before the evolution of placentals. This explains the large number of marsupials such as koalas and kangaroos
N.Z. has no native land mammals or snakes because it split off before they appeared. Our reptile, bird and plant life have evolved from what was here before the split or from those who could get here. The tuatara survived here but died out elsewhere.
![Page 40: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
New Zealand Land Mass New Zealand is part of a largely
submerged continent called Zealandia.
This formed off the coast of Gondwana and split off 80 mya.
Over this time there have been many changes to the area, sometimes only a few islands were present.
Volcanoes erupted at times and large areas of sediments formed.
![Page 41: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Here are some of the changes
![Page 42: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Evolution. Species and Populations A species is defined as a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature and share the same gene pool A species.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5697bfef1a28abf838cba1dd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Effects of these changes The varying amount of land, changes
in temperature, volcanism, erosion and mountain-building have affected the evolution of life in N.Z.
Different selection pressures at different times have produced a range of species adapted to the wide range of habitats.
Genetic bottlenecks occurred when sea levels were high.