Evolution of the World Map
description
Transcript of Evolution of the World Map
![Page 1: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evolution of the World Map
A – AntiquityB – Middle AgesC – Age of DiscoveryD – Modern Era
GEOGRAPHY 1001 – INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY
Joseph Naumann -- UMSL
![Page 2: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Antiquity
• Herodotus (circa 450 BC)– Inspired by Pythagoras (530 BC) and
his geometry.– Father of geography.– Basic physical and human geography.– Exploration and travel instead of
geometry.– Coined the terms Europe, Asia and
Africa (Libya).
![Page 3: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Herodotus (450 B.C.) (recreation)
![Page 4: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Antiquity• Aristotle (circa 350
BC)– Considered physical
elements such as the temperature and winds as factors of the human habitat.
– Division of the world in 3 climatic zones.
– Relationships between the environment (temperature) and human habitat.
– One of the first physical geographer.
EquatorTorrid
Ekumene
Frigid
![Page 5: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Antiquity
• Eratosthenes (circa 250 BC)– Formally assumed the earth was round.– Calculated the circumference of the earth.– 40,572 km versus the exact figure of
40,091 km.– Developed the concepts of parallel and
meridian.– Consequently introduced the concept of
geographical location.– Created modern cartography (cartographic
plane).
![Page 6: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Eratosthenes (194 B.C.) (reconstruction)
![Page 7: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Antiquity
• Ptolemy (circa 150 AD)– Refined the coordinate system.– Inventory of population and resources.– Describing the world.– 8,000 entries.– Relationships between the physical
and human elements.– Created map projections.
![Page 8: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ptolemy's (150 AD) Ulm edition world map, 1482
![Page 9: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Middle Ages
• Period of decline– The cartographic and regional approach
was lost in Europe.– Representation of the world was
“Christianized”.– Orthodoxy replaced objective
observation and analysis.– “T and O” Maps.– Greek and Roman knowledge kept by
the Byzantine Empire and by the Arabs.
![Page 10: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Macrobian World Map (5th Century)
![Page 11: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Redrawing of Cosmas Indicopleustes' World (6th Century)
![Page 12: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
World Map of Guido of Pisa, 1119 A.D.
![Page 13: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Jerusalem, the Center of the World
![Page 14: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Age of Discovery• Exploration and innovation
– The 15th and 16th centuries were characterized by numerous maritime explorations.
– A commercial expansion of European nations.
– Several technical innovations.• The compass, more precise maps.• Larger ships (they passed from 200 to 600 tons
during the sixteenth century), better ship structures and the rudder.
• Insure a safe, fast and therefore profitable maritime navigation.
– Creation of the first accurate world maps.
![Page 15: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Central America, 1514
![Page 16: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mappa Geographia Universalis (H Sherer 1703)
![Page 17: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Modern Era• A complete world map
– Early 20th century.– Complete and accurate view of the
world.– Coordinate systems.– National inventories of resources.
• Information technologies– Use of remote sensing (aerial
photographs and remote sensing).– G.I.S. & Digital maps.
![Page 18: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
"The Living Earth" Satellite Composite, 1995
![Page 19: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Problem of Distortion
• All maps, by their very nature contain some type of distortion.– Converting a 3-dimensional spherical
surface to a 2-dimensional “flat” surface.
![Page 20: Evolution of the World Map](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/568149c0550346895db6f517/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Essentials of a good map
• Title – view knows what to expect• Grid – allows for easy, accurate locating• Direction arrow or compass rose – to
orient the map to reality• Scale – to allow one to relate distances
on the map to the actual distances on the earth.
• Key or Legend – so the viewer can understand what the symbols and colors represent.