Evolution of the Computer. Zeroth Generation- Mechanical 1.Blaise Pascal -1642 –Mechanical...
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Transcript of Evolution of the Computer. Zeroth Generation- Mechanical 1.Blaise Pascal -1642 –Mechanical...
Zeroth Generation- Mechanical
1. Blaise Pascal -1642 – Mechanical calculator only perform + -
2. Von Leibiniz -1672– Mechanical four function calculator
3. Charles Babage-18341. Difference engine – output is on punched card2. Analytical engine – general purpose / four
components – mill , memory , i & o / programmable (Ada- first programmer)
4. Aiken - 1940Mark 1 - Electro mechanical computer
The Pascal Automatic Calculator - observe the gears and cylinders which rotated to display the numerical result
Blaise Pascal -1642 Mechanical calculator only perform + -
Babbage's Difference Engine
Difference engine:
•Polynomial evaluation by finite differences•automatic tables•engrave plates•powered by a steam engine •15 digit numbers•he never completed it
The Analytical Engine
Designed during the 1830s Parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers.
The "store"
The "mill"
Punch cards.
Aiken - 1940Mark 1 - Electro mechanical computer
Paper tape stored data and program instructions
Paper tape stored data and program instructions
First Generation – Vacuum tubes
1 ENIAC
1. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
2. Eckert and Mauchy of University of Pennsylvania
3. Trajectory tables for weapons 4. Started 1943 and Finished 19465. Too late for war effort Used until 1955
ENIAC features
1. Decimal (not binary)2. 20 accumulators of 10 digits3. Programmed manually by switches4. 18,000 vacuum tubes5. 30 tons6. 15,000 square feet7. 140 kW power consumption8. 5,000 additions per second
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
2 IAS computer - Princeton University's Institute of Advanced Studies
(1952)
1. Von Neumann - Stored Program concept -Main memory storing both programs and data
2. ALU operating on binary data3. Control unit interpreting instructions
from memory and executing4. Input and output equipment operated by
control unit
The von Neumann model consists of five major components:
(1) input unit; (2) output unit; (3) arithmetic logic unit; (4) memory unit; (5) control unit.
IAS - details
• 1000 x 40 bit words– Binary number– 2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)– Memory Buffer Register– Memory Address Register– Instruction Register– Instruction Buffer Register– Program Counter– Accumulator– Multiplier Quotient
Commercial Computers
• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation– UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer)– US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
• IBM– Punched-card processing equipment– 701 is IBM’s first stored program
computer (1953)– Scientific calculations
The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).
The IBM 701 (1952) was IBM's first production computer.
It was designed primarily for scientific calculation
Second Generation - Transistor
Transistor was Invented 1947 at Bell LabsWilliam Shockley et al.
– Replaced vacuum tubes– Smaller– Cheaper– Less heat dissipation– Solid State device– Made from Silicon (Sand)
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
IBM 7000 series
The 7090 is a transistorized version of the IBM 709 which was a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s. The 7090 had 32Kbytes of 36-bit core memory and a hardware floating point unit. Fortran was its most popular language, but it supported many others.
Third Generation - IC
From Magnetic Memory to Semiconductor Memory
1. IBM 360 - First “family” of Computers
1.PDP 8 by DEC - First Mini computer
120 dies, 109 good 26 dies, 15 good
• IBM 360– First planned “family” of computers– Similar or identical instruction sets– Similar or identical O/S– Increasing speed– Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more
terminals)– Increased memory size – Increased cost– multiprogramming
Magnetic Memory and Semiconductor Memory
1970 FairchildSize of a single core i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storageHolds 256 bitsNon-destructive readMuch faster than coreCapacity approximately doubles each year
120 dies, 109 good 26 dies, 15 good
Fourth generation - VLSI
1. CPU in a chip - microprocessor
2. Personal computers1. IBM PC2. Apple 3. commodore
3. Intel (integrated electronics)
MITS Altair 8800
The Altair 8800, from Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS) is considered by many to be the first mass produced personal computer, although they were called micro-computers in those days.
MITS Altair 8800
Announced: March 1975
Price: US $395 as a kit
US $495 assembled
CPU: Intel 8080, 2.0 MHz
RAM: 256 bytes, 64K max
Display: front panel LEDs
Controls: front panel switches
Expansion: card-cage with 16 card slots
Storage: external Cassette or 8" floppy drive
OS: CP/M, BASIC
IBM Personal Computer
Model: 5150
Released: September 1981
Price: US $3000
CPU: Intel 8088, 4.77MHz
RAM: 16K, 640K max
Display: 80 X 24 text
Storage: optional 160KB 5.25-inch disk drives
Ports: cassette & keyboard only
internal expansion slots
OS: IBM PC-DOS Version 1.0
Intel family of Chips
1. IN 1968 ROBERT NOYCE AND GORDON MOORE started INTEL (integrated Electronics) to make memory chips.
2. 1971 - 4004 1. First microprocessor2. All CPU components on a single chip3. 4 bit
3. Followed in 1972 by 80081. 8 bit
4004
In 1971, Busicom, a Japanese company, wanted a chip for a new calculator. With incredible o verkill, Intel built the world's first general-purpose microprocessor. Then it bought back the rights for $60,000.
The 4-bit 4004 ran at 108 kHz and contained 2300 transistors
• 1974 - 8080– Intel’s first general purpose
microprocessor– Both designed for specific applications– Used in first microcomputer Altair
• At the same time– Motorola 6800– Zilog 80
• Intel 8086– 16 bit– 20 bit address bus
• Intel 8088– 16 bit but external data bus 8 bit
• IBM PC– 8088 up– 16 K memory– 5 expansion slots for I/O cards
Moore's Law
Formulated by GordonMoore of IntelCorporation, it says (roughly) that chip density doubles every eighteen months. This means that memory sizes, processor power, etc. all follow the same curve.
“the doubling of transistors every couple of years, has been maintained, and still holds true today”
Year of Introduction Transistors
4004 1971 2,250
8008 1972 2,500
8080 1974 5,000
8086 1978 29,000
286 1982 120,000
Intel386™ processor 1985 275,000
Intel486™ processor 1989 1,180,000
Intel® Pentium® processor 1993 3,100,000
Intel® Pentium® II processor 1997 7,500,000
Intel® Pentium® III processor 1999 24,000,000
Intel® Pentium® 4 processor 2000 42,000,000
Intel® Itanium® processor 2002 220,000,000
Intel® Itanium® 2 processor 2003 410,000,000