Evolution of Primitive Dwellings
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EVOLUTION
OF PRIMITIVE
DWELLINGS
Prof. Crisencio Paner, MSc.
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PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS Early humans are often thought of as dwelling in
caves, largely because that is where we find traces of them.
The flints they used, the bones they gnawed, even their own bones - these lurk for ever in a cave but get scattered or demolished elsewhere.
Primitive cave dwelling, Dar al Uqur Road, Jabal Shams
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PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS
Caves are winter shelter.
On a summer's day, which of us chooses to remain inside? The response of our ancestors seems to have been the same.
But living outside, with the freedom to roam widely for the purposes of hunting and gathering, suggests the need for at least a temporary shelter.
And this, even at the simplest level, means the beginning of something approaching architecture.
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PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS The modern history of the cave homes in Spain's
northern Andalucia stretches back hundreds of years.
If you wander the hills and valleys surrounding Galera you will be amazed to see just how many abandoned cave houses there are.
Just forty years ago almost all of these rather primitive dwellings were inhabited and it is only since then that they have been abandoned.
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PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS Confronted with the need for a shelter against sun
or rain, the natural instinct is to lean some form of
protective shield against a support - a leafy
branch, for example, against the trunk of a tree.
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PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS
If there is no tree trunk available, the branches
can be leant against each other, creating the
inverted V-shape of a natural tent.
The bottom of each branch will need some support
to hold it firm on the ground.
Maybe a ring of stones.
Large Yakut conical birch bark summer tent similar to ancient
Yakut Urasa
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PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS
The first reliable traces of human dwellings, found from as early as 30,000 years ago, follow precisely these logical principles.
There is often a circular or oval ring of stones, with evidence of local materials being used for a tent-like roof.
Prehistoric home unearthed in Scotland
circular or oval ring of stones
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PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS Such materials may be reeds daubed with mud in
wet areas; or, in the open plains, mammoth bones and tusks lashed together to support a covering of hides.
A good example of such an encampment, from about 25,000 years ago, has been found at Dolni Vestonice in eastern Europe.
Early encampment at Dolni Vestonice
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FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC Once human beings settle down to the business of
agriculture, instead of hunting and gathering,
permanent settlements become a factor of life.
The story of architecture can begin.
The tent-like structures of earlier times evolve
now into round houses.
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FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC Jericho is usually quoted as the earliest known town.
A small settlement here evolves in about 8000 BC into a town covering 10 acres.
And the builders of Jericho have a new technology - bricks, shaped from mud and baked hard in the sun.
In keeping with a circular tradition, each brick is curved on its outer edge.
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FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC The round tent-like house reaches a more complete form in
Khirokitia, a settlement of about 6500 BC in Cyprus.
Most of the rooms here have a dome-like roof in corbelled stone or brick.
One step up from outside, to keep out the rain, leads to several steps down into each room; seats and storage spaces are shaped into the walls; and in at least one house there is a ladder to an upper sleeping platform.
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FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC The round house has remained a traditional
shape.
Buildings very similar to those in Khirokitia are still lived in today in parts of southern Italy, where they are known as trulli.
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FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC
Whether it is a mud hut with a thatched roof in tribal Africa, or an igloo of the Eskimo, the circle remains the obvious form in which to build a roofed house from the majority of natural materials.
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STRAIGHT WALLS WITH WINDOWS: 6500 BC But straight lines and rectangles have proved of more
practical use.
One of the best preserved neolithic towns is Catal Huyuk, covering some 32 acres in southern Turkey.
Here the houses are rectangular, with windows but no doors. They adjoin each other, like cells in a honeycomb, and the entrance to each is through the roof.
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ICE AGE TENT Reconstructions of Ukrainian shelters depict a low
domical shape covered with animal skins and the tent
is restrained by heaped mammoth bones.
Later shelters are crude teepees reminiscent of those
used by present day reindeer herders in Northern
Asia.
Mousterian domical shelter comprising a wood frame
covered with skins (44,000 years old).
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ICE AGE TENT The support structure of the Keti is of particular
interest because it consists of a two-pole
foundation with two additional poles, one on
either side of the entrance, a single pole at the
back and two rings, one at bench height and
another at head height.
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ICE AGE TENT A kibitka is a tent of the nomad tribes of the
Kirghiz Tartars.
The frame consists of twelve stakes, each 6.5 feet
high, set up in a circle 12 feet in diameter on
which is laid a wheel-shaped roof-frame,
consisting also of twelve stakes, united at one
extremity but free at the other, so that the stakes
radiate like spokes.
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ICE AGE TENT The whole is covered with thick cloth made of
sheep's wool, with the exception of an aperture
in the centre for the escape of smoke.
The door is formed by the removal of a stake.
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HUT A hut is a structure of a lower quality than a
house (durable, well built dwelling) but higher
quality than a shelter (place of refuge or safety)
such as a tent and is used as temporary or
seasonal shelter or in primitive societies as a
permanent dwelling .
Early Japanese hut
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HUT Huts are vernacular architecture in that they are built
of readily available materials such as wood, snow, ice,
stone, grass, palm leaves, branches, hides, fabric,
and/or mud using techniques passed down through the
generations.
Huts exist in practically all nomadic cultures.
Some huts are transportable and can stand most
conditions of weather.
Huts may be built on the ground, underground or in-
between.
Early English hut
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TYPES OF HUTS The nipa hut also known as bahay kubo, is an
indigenous house used in the Philippines.
The native house has traditionally been
constructed with bamboo tied together and
covered with a thatched roof using nipa/anahaw
leaves.
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TYPES OF HUTS Nipa huts were the native houses of the indigenous
people of the Philippines before the Spaniards arrived.
They are still used today, especially in rural areas.
Different architectural designs are present among the different ethnolinguistic groups in the country, although
all of them conform to being stilt houses, similar to those
found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia,
Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia.
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TYPES OF HUTS A nipa hut is an icon of Philippine culture as it
represents the Filipino value of bayanihan,
which refers to a spirit of communal unity or
effort to achieve a particular objective.
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TYPES OF HUTS
Barabara - An earth sheltered winter home of
the Aleut people
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TYPES OF HUTS
Bothy - Originally a one room hut for men
farm workers in the United Kingdom, now a
mountain hut for overnight hikers.
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TYPES OF HUTS
Burdei or bordei - a dugout or pit-house with a
sod roof in Ukraine, Canada
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TYPES OF HUTS
Cabana - an open shelter
Choza also spelled chozo - Spanish for hut,
term also used in Mexico
Cabana hut
Choza hut
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TYPES OF HUTS
Clochán - A dry stone hut in Ireland
Earth lodge - Native American dwelling
Clochan Earth lodge
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TYPES OF HUTS
Hytte - A cabin or hut in Norway
Hytte hut- exterior and interior
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TYPES OF HUTS
Kolba – Afghanistan
Mitato - A small, dry stone hut in Greece
Kolba Mitato
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TYPES OF HUTS
Orri - A French dry stone and sod hut
Rondavel - Central and South Africa
Orri Rondavel
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TYPES OF HUTS
Tipi - Central North America tent
Tule hut - Coastal North America, West Coast,
Northern California
Tipi Tule hut
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TYPES OF HUTS
Quinzhee - A shelter made in a pile of snow
Yurt - Central and North Asia
Quinzhee Yurt
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THANK YOU! BACKGROUND OF PROF. CRISENCIO M. PANER: •Ph.D. in Biological Science (Candidate), UST •M.S. in Microbiology, UST •B.S. Biochemistry, UST •Italian Government Scholar •College Scholar •Certificate in Education •10th Placer Licensure Exams for Teachers •20 years of experience as a teacher (College, High School, Elementary) •Expert in Internet, Computer (Software, Hardware, and Repair) •Researcher and Blogger •Art Restorer/Conservator PLS. CHECKOUT ALSO THE FOLLOWING BLOGS OF MINE: http://allaboutweightmanagement.blogspot.com
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