Evolution of Mobile Communication

Networks

byDr. A. Sumaiya Begum

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The Evolution

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The Evolution

1 G - Analog cellular Telephony

2 G - Digital cellular Telephony

3 G - High speed digital cellular Telephony (

video Telephony)

4 G - IP based “anytime anywhere” voice,

data and multimedia Telephony

Cellular Network

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Base stations transmit to and receive from

mobiles at the assigned spectrum

Area served by a base station is called a Cell

Each mobile terminal is served by the closest

base station

Cellular Principles

Frequency reuse - same frequency in many

cell sites

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Cellular Principles

Cellular Expansion -easy to add new cells

Handover - moving between cells

Roaming between networks

Multiple Access Techniques

TDMA

FDMA

CDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

Time divided into slots:one mobile terminal

per slot

Guard Time:signal transmitted by mobile

terminals at different locations arrive the

base station at different instants

Frequency Division Multiple Access

One frequency slot per mobile user

Guard band to prevent adjacent channel

interference

Separate frequency bands for downlink and

uplink

Code Division Multiple Access

Use of orthogonal codes- different transmissions

Spreading: Pseudo random code

Bandwidth occupied is much larger

Same frequency band is used by all users

How it started?

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In 1880,first telephone(photophone)

First car mounted RadioTelephone-1921

How it started?

1946 - First commercial mobile radio

telephone service by Bell and AT&T in

Saint Louis, USA. (Half Duplex)

1973 - First handheld

Motorola

1978 - First Cellular Net

Bahrein

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1G

Generation 1 - “ANALOG”

Voice signals

All the systems were incompatible

No International roaming

Lesser Capacity - Unable to accommodate

masses of subscribers

Data rate upto 2.4Kbps

AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System) first

launched in US

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Drawbacks

Poor Voice quality

Poor battery life

Large Phone size

Frequent call drops

Poor hand off

No Security

2G

It is a digital cellular technology

TDMA (GSM)

CDMA (IS 95 or CDMAONE)

Started with a data rate of 9.6Kbps

2G-GSM

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile

Communication

Used for mobile and data services

It is a circuit switched system

GSM owns a market share of 70 percent

of world’s digital cellular subscribers

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Why GSM?

High quality speech

International roaming

Improved spectrum efficiency

Compatibility with Integrated Services

Digital Network and other telephony

company services

Support for new services

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GSM System Architecture

Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment (ME)

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station

Base Station Controller

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Authentication Centre (AUC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

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Mobile Station (MS)

The Mobile Station consists of

Mobile Equipment (ME)-The Handset

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

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System Architecture -Mobile Station

Mobile Equipment

Portable, hand held device

Uniquely identified by IMEI (Internatinal Mobile

Equipment Identity)

Voice and Data transmission

Monitors the power and signal quality

of surrounding cells for optimum handover

Power level : 0.8W-20W

160 character long SMS

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System Architechture-Mobile Station

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Smart card contains the International Mobile

Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Allows user to send and receive calls and

receive other subscribed services

Can be moved from phone

to phone

Protected by a password

or PIN

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System Architecture

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Communicate across the standard Abris

interface

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System Architecture

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Houses Transceivers and antennas

needed to serve each cell

Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes, modulates

and feeds RF signals to the antenna

Several BTS are controlled

by one BSC

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System Architecture

Base Station Controllers (BSC)

High capacity switch

Physical links between MSC and BTS

Controls the functions between MSC and

BTS

Provides functions such as

Hand over, Cell configuration

data and control RF power

levels in BTS

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Network Switching Subsystem

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC):

Manages Communication between GSM and other networks

Call setup and basic switching

Call routing

Billing information

Mobility Management

Registration

Location Updating

Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff

MSC does gateway function when its

customer roams from one network to

another by using HLR/VLR.

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Network Switching Subsystem

Home Location Register (HLR)

permanent database about mobile subscribers

database contains IMSI,MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid,roaming

restrictions,

supplementary services

Visitor Location Register

Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters

its area

Controls those mobiles roaming in

its area

Database contains IMSI,MSISDN,

MSRN,Location area, authentication key

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Network Switching Subsystem

Authentication Centre(AUC)

Protects against intruders in air interface

Maintains authentication keys and algorithms

Equipment Identity Register (EI)

Database that is used track handsets using the

IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity)

Made up of three classes: White

List,Black List and Gray List

Only one EIR per PLMN

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GSM Services

Voice calls

Short Message Services

FAX

Supplementary services

Call Forwarding

Call barring

Call waiting

Call hold

Multiparty Communication- closed user group

Advice of charge

2.5G (GSM-GPRS)

General Packet Radio Service

It is a packet switching Technology

Used over GSM to enable faster and

higher data rates

Provides data rate of 56-114 KBPS in 2G

“2G + GPRS = 2.5 G”

GPRS Characteristics

Resources allocated only when data is to

be sent/received

available resources shared by active users

Uplink and downlink channels reserved

separately

Simultaneous data packet transmissions

GPRS Architecture

GSM +GSN (GPRS SUPPORT NODES)

GPRS SUPPORT NODES:

Servicing GPRS Support Node(SGSN)

Routing the packet switched data to

and from MSC

Gateway GPRS Support Node(GGSN)

Provides a gateway betweenGPRS &

PSTN

SIM

ME

BTS

BTS

BSC

BSC

HLR HLR

HLR HLR

MSC SGSN GGSN

PSTN,ISDN,PSPDNCSPDN

BSS NSS

Applications of GSM-GPRS

Chat

Information services(weather reports,News

reports,share prices,

sports scores)

MMS

Web browsing

Corporate email

vehicle positioning

File transfer(downloading sizeable data)

EDGE(Enhanced Data GSM Environment)

Faster version of GSM

Data rates upto 384 Kbps

Also called 2.75 G

8-PSK instead of GMSK

Evolutionary path to 3G

Applications of EDGE

Streaming applications

Very high speed downloads

Quicker MMS

Video phone

Video Conference

Remote presentations

3G

Designed for multimedia communication

Provides high data transfer rates:2Mbps

Objective:IPTV,Video calling,live

streaming,mobile internet access

Based on WCDMA,UMTS,TD-SCDMA

radio interface,WLAN.etc.,

3G Services

For the consumer:

video seamless roaming, TV broadcast

video calls

enhanced gaming,chat

location services

For business:

High speed teleworking

Video conferencing

Real time financial information

sales force automation

UMTS Architecture

UMTS Architecture

UE - User Equipment

UTRAN - UMTS Radio Access Network

Node B - same as BTS in GSM.

RNC - Radio Network Controller

Controls the operations of multiple nodeB’s

Manages resources such as allocating capacity for data

calls

provides call set-up,switching,traffic routing

HSDPA Network

High Speed Packet Downlink Packet Access is an advancement to

3G

Usually classified as 3.5G

Provides a speed of 7.2Mbps

Practically provides 3Mbps

Mobile TV streaming & High end transmission

HSUPA-High speed packet uplink packet

access(HSPA=HSDPA+HSUPA)

HSPA+

High Speed Packet Access is an evolution of HSPA

Provides faster speed to

browse internet

Downloading

Uploading

Sending/receiving mails

Instant Messaging

Speed upto 168Mbps

Practically provides 21Mbps

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Introduction to LTE

Long Term Evolution (LTE)- The next

generation wireless cellular technology

“beyond 3G“.

Intiative taken by 3rd Generation

Partnership Project in 2004.

Introduced in release 8 of 3GPP

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WHY LTE?

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Advantages of LTE

High Throughput

Low Latency

Increased data transfer speed

Cost effective

Improvement over 3G network

Simple Architecture

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LTE TARGETS

Packet domain services only(eg. VOIP).

Higher Throughput : 100Mbps DL

50MbpsUL@20MHz.

Reduced delay/latency : user-plane latency

less than 5ms.

Improved spectrum efficiency : up to 200

active users in a cell @5MHz bandwidth.

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Mobility : optimized for low-mobility (up

to 15Km/h), supported with high

performance for medium mobility (up to

120 Km/h), supported for high mobility

(up to 500 Km/h).

Multimedia broadcast & multicast

services.

Spectrum flexibility.

Multi-antennas configuration.

Coverage up to 30 Km.

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LTE TechnologiesUses Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink.

Uses Single Carrier Frequency DivisionMultiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink

Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) forenhanced throughput

Reduced power consumption

Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (lessbattery power used by handsets)

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OFDM

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MIMO

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LTE Network Architecture

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E-UTRAN (The access network)

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E-UTRAN (The access network)

Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network

eNB

X2

S1

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The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network)

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The Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Home Subscriber Server

Packet Data Nw (PDN) Gateway (P-GW)

Serving Gateway (S-GW)

Mobility Management Entity(MME)

Policy Control and Charging Rules

Function (PCRF)

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Functional split between the E-UTRAN and the EPC

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LTE(4G) →→→LTE A(5G)

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LTE A Key Features

Increased peak data rate, DL 3 Gbps, UL

1.5 Gbps

Higher spectral efficiency

Increased number of simultaneously active

subscribers

Improved performance at cell edges

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The Evolution

1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G

THANK YOU