Evolution of Internetworking
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Transcript of Evolution of Internetworking
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Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.ICND
Evolution of Internetworking
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Data Communication Example
Data
E-mail message
Data
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Data Communication Example
SegmentHeader Data
Data
E-mail message
Data
Segment
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Data Communication Example
SegmentHeader Data
Data
NetworkHeader
SegmentHeader Data
E-mail message
Data
Segment
Packet
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Data Communication Example
NetworkHeader
SegmentHeader
FrameTrailerData
SegmentHeader Data
Data
FrameHeader
NetworkHeader
SegmentHeader Data
E-mail message
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame(medium dependent)
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Data Communication Example
Network Header
SegmentHeader
FrameTrailerData
SegmentHeader Data
Data
FrameHeader
NetworkHeader
SegmentHeader Data
0111111010101100010101101010110001
E-mail message
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame(medium dependent)
Bits
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The Layered Model
Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc..ICND
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Peer-to-Peer Communications
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
HOST A HOST B
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Peer-to-Peer Communications
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
HOST A HOST B
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Peer-to-Peer Communications
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
HOST A HOST B
segments
packets
frames
bits
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
DataApplicationHeader
DataPresentationHeader
DataSessionHeader
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
DataApplicationHeader
DataPresentationHeader
DataSessionHeader
DataTransportHeader
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
DataApplicationHeader
DataPresentationHeader
DataSessionHeader
DataTransportHeader
DataNetworkHeader
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
DataApplicationHeader
DataPresentationHeader
DataSessionHeader
DataTransportHeader
DataNetworkHeader
DataFrameHeader
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Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
DataApplicationHeader
DataPresentationHeader
DataSessionHeader
DataTransportHeader
DataNetworkHeader
0101101010110001
DataFrameHeader
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Application, Presentation, and Session
Layers
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.ICRC_revision_11.3
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Application Layer
• Selects network application to support user’s application
ComputerApplications
Word Processing
Presentation Graphics
Spreadsheet
Database
Design/Manufacturing
Project Planning
Others
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ComputerApplications
Word Processing
Presentation Graphics
Spreadsheet
Database
Design/Manufacturing
Project Planning
Others
Application Layer
• Selects network application to support user’s application
NetworkApplications
Electronic Mail
File Transfer
Client/Server Process
Network Management
Others
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• Text• Data
ASCIIEBCDICEncrypted
Presentation Layer
• Provides code formatting and conversion for applications
login:
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• Graphics• Visual Images
PICTTIFFJPEGGIF
Presentation Layer
• Provides code formatting and conversion for applications
• Text• Data
ASCIIEBCDICEncrypted
login:
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• Graphics• Visual Images
PICTTIFFJPEGGIF
Presentation Layer
• Provides code formatting and conversion for applications
• Text• Data
ASCIIEBCDICEncrypted
• Sound• Video
MIDIMPEGQuickTime
login:
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Session Layer
Service Request
Service Reply
• Coordinates applications as they interact on different hosts
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Transport Layer
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.ICRC_revision_11.3
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Transport Layer Overview• Segments upper-layer applications• Establishes an end-to-end connection• Sends segments from one end host to another• Optionally, ensures data reliability
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Transport Layer Overview• Segments upper-layer applications• Establishes an end-to-end connection• Sends segments from one end host to another• Optionally, ensures data reliability
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Sharing a Transport Connection
• Transport segments share traffic stream
Segments
ElectronicMail
FileTransfer
ApplicationApplication
PresentationPresentation
SessionSession
TransportTransport ApplicationApplicationPortPort
ApplicationApplicationPortPort DataDataDataData
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Transport to Network Layer
Routed packetsRouted packets
End-to-end segmentsEnd-to-end segments
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Physical and Data Link Layers
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.ICRC_revision_11.3
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Physical and Data-Link Standards
• Separate physical and data link layers for LAN and WAN
Physical(bits,
signals,clocking)
Data LinkData Link(frames)(frames)
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LAN Data Link Sublayers
NetworkNetwork
Data LinkData Link
Physical
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LAN Data Link Sublayers
• MAC refers downward to lower-layer hardware functions
Media Access Control
NetworkNetwork
Data LinkData Link
Physical
MAC
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Physical and Logical Addressing
0000.0c12.3456
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Physical and Logical Addressing
0000.0c12.3456
192.168.10.0
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MAC Address
• MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card
24 bits24 bits
0000.0c12. 3456Vendor Code Serial Number
ROM
RAM
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Internetworking Basics
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Internetworking Basics
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Internetworking Basics
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Internetworking Basics
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Internetworking Basics
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Wide-Area Networks and Devices
• Operate over geography of telecommunication carriers• Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower
speeds• Control the network subject to regulated public services• Provide full-time and part-time connectivity• Connect devices separated over wide, even global, areas
WANs are designed to:
Router
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Bridge ATM SwitchEthernet
SwitchHub Router
Local-Area Networks and Devices
• Operate within a limited geographic area• Allow multiaccess to high-bandwidth media• Control the network privately under local
administration• Provide full-time connectivity to local services• Connect physically adjacent devices
LANs are designed to:
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TokenRing
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
LAN Technology Overview
FDDIDual Ring
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ETHERNET CABLE• Ethernet was developed by Robert Metcalfe in 1980.
The standard IEEE802.3 specifies the Ethernet protocol.
• There are several versions of Ethernet. • Category 5 cabling is currently the most prevalent
wiring in existing buildings.• Latest versions are Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) and
Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps), and 10 Gigabit Ethernet is coming.
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ETHERNET CABLE
• T-568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable
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ETHERNET CABLE
• T-568B Straight-Through Ethernet Cable
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ETHERNET CABLE
• RJ-45 Crossover Ethernet Cable
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ETHERNET CABLE
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Crossover cable use
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‘Straight Through' cable use
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ETHERNET CABLE
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Ethernet Cable Tips• A straight-thru cable has identical ends. • A crossover cable has different ends. • A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub
or for connecting two hubs. • A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires switched with
the Green set. • Odd numbered pins are always striped, even numbered pins are
always solid colored. • Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you, Brown is
always on the right, and pin 1 is on the left. • No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted
otherwise it will be susceptible to crosstalk.• Maximum Cable length for including connectors is 100 meters (or
about 328 feet).
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Cisco Icons and Symbols