Evolution of ICT

Grade 11 - Stewardship

Evolution of ICT• There are four main periods in history that divide the era of

ICT, namely, the

•Premechanical period•Mechanical period •Elctromechanical period•Electronic period

Premechanical Period

The Abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system and is still used by merchants, traders and clerks in some parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, China and Africa.

Symbols is the usage of an icon, and is an ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object.

Abacus Symbols

Mechanical PeriodAnalytical Engine, generally considered the first computer, designed and partly built by the English inventor Charles Babbage in the 19th century (he worked on it until his death in 1871). While working on the Difference Engine a simpler calculating machine commissioned by the British government, Babbage began to imagine ways to improve it.

The Pascaline was the first successful mechanical calculator. The mathematician Blaise Pascal developed it in the 1640. Pascal introduced his machine to the public in 1645

Analytical Engine

Pascaline

Electromechanical Period

A telegraph is a communications system in which information is transmitted over a wire through a series of electrical current pulses, usually in the form of Morse code.

The bombe was an electromechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War developed during WWII by Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman, whilst working as codebreakers at Bletchley Park.

TelegraphBombe

Electronic Period

 ENIAC built between 1943 and 1945—the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. For a decade, until a 1955 lightning strike, ENIAC may have run more calculations than all humanity had done up to that point. ENIAC was formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania as a "Giant Brain" by the press.

Integrated circuit ( IC ) is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components.This was invented and concepted by Jack kilby and Robert Noyce.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

Integrated Circuit

PREMECHANICAL PERIOD

The Premecahnical period can be traced back thousands of years ago, around 3 000 BCE to 140 CE. During this time, humans started communicating with one another using words and programs curved in rocks. They started to write symbols as substitutes for pictures to depict ideas, objects and animals.

MECAHNICAL PERIOD• The period served as the bridge between our current

period. Started around 1450 – 1840. During this time, the interest in automating and speeding up calculations grew.

• One of these inventors was Charles Babbage, known as the title of “Father of the Computers”.

ELECTROMECHANICAL PERIOD

• Ushered in a new age in communication and information. This period started around 1840-1940. Use of electricity for information handling and transfer bloomed.

• The use of telegraph to transmit information over long distances, later the telephone was invented.

ELECTRONIC PERIOD• The last period of ICT history, started in 1940s and

continues to the present.• Focused on the advent of solid state devices. The four

main events found in this period are late vacuum tubes period, the transistors period, integrated circuit period, and the computer processors period.

ICT

• The term information and communication technology (ICT)

• collectively refers to the technologies, both hardware and software, that enables humans to communicate with one another. It is a common misconception that ICT is internet or computer alone. Basically, it is a from of technology that enables you to communicate.

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