Evolution of Automotive Technology and Fuel …...Evolution of Automotive Technology and Fuel...

JARI China Round Table 2008JARI China Round Table 2008Environment and Environment and Energy Energy Issues at City LevelIssues at City LevelJan 19th Saturday Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3FJan 19th Saturday Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3FJan.19th Saturday, Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3FJan.19th Saturday, Shanghai Galaxy Hotel 3F

Evolution of Automotive TechnologyEvolution of Automotive Technologyand Fuel Qualityand Fuel Qualityand Fuel Qualityand Fuel Quality

for Environmental Improvementfor Environmental Improvement

TakashiTakashi NAGASHIMANAGASHIMA

Japan Automobile Manufactures AssociationJapan Automobile Manufactures AssociationFuels & Lubricants SubcommitteeFuels & Lubricants Subcommittee

1

Japan Automobile Manufactures AssociationJapan Automobile Manufactures Association

Automobiles and the EnvironmentAutomobiles and the Environment

Urban EnvironmentUrban EnvironmentGlobal EnvironmentGlobal Environment

EmissionsEmissions

COCOVOC,NOx,PMVOC,NOx,PM

COCO22

EconomEconomEnergEnerg

Alternative FuelsAlternative Fuels RecycleRecycle

EconomyEconomy

C iC i

Energy Energy SecuritySecurity

SafetySafety

2ConvenienceConvenience S yS y

Relations between Fuel Improvement and Relations between Fuel Improvement and Vehicle TechnologyVehicle TechnologyVehicle TechnologyVehicle Technology

Fuel Improvement Emission RegulationCombinedCombined

V hi l Low EmissionFuel QualityFuel Quality

Vehicle Technology

Low EmissionReliabilityFuel Economy

Bio Fuelsy

Air quality Air quality improvementimprovement

Energy SecurityEnergy SecurityCOCO22 ReductionReduction

3Sustainable FutureSustainable Future

Content

１ Emission Regulation Fuel Quality１．Emission Regulation, Fuel Qualityand Vehicle Technology

２．Fuel Quality Regulations in Japan

３．Bio Fuels and Fuel Quality in JapanQ y p

４ Quality of Chinese Fuels４．Quality of Chinese Fuels

4

Content





5

PROGRESS IN JAPAN'S MOTORIZATION

Automobile-related environmental issues present since '70s

80Number of Vehicles in Use

since 70s

60

70

funi

ts

Di l hi l

LPG vehicles

40

50

llion

s of

Diesel vehicles

Environmental issues emerging

20

30

In m

il

Gasoline vehiclesRapid growth of

vehicle fleet

0

10

‘75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘90 ‘95 ‘01‘70

6

75 80 85 90 95 0170Year

AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ISSUESAUTOMOTIVE EMISSION ISSUES

COCO22 (greenhouse gas) (greenhouse gas) Evapo emissionEvapo emission CHCH44

NOx (nitrogen oxides)NOx (nitrogen oxides)

Evapo emission Evapo emission NN22OO

→→OO33 generationgeneration

Gas emissionGas emission

HC (hydrocarbon)HC (hydrocarbon)CO (carbon monoxide)CO (carbon monoxide)SOSO22 (sulfur dioxide) (sulfur dioxide)

→→OO33 generation generation

NONO22 (nitrogen dioxide) (nitrogen dioxide) →→Secondary Secondary

particle particle generationgeneration

Unregulated emissions Unregulated emissions (benzene, 1,3 butadiene)(benzene, 1,3 butadiene)

7PM = carbon, organic, sulfate (SOPM = carbon, organic, sulfate (SO44))

GASOLINE:GASOLINE: EMISSION/FUEL REGULATIONS OF CHINA, JAPAN, U.S. AND EMISSION/FUEL REGULATIONS OF CHINA, JAPAN, U.S. AND EUROPEEUROPE

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88China

Emission regulations 国Ⅱ 国Ⅲ 国Ⅳ

国Ⅰ 国Ⅱ 国Ⅲ

(Beijing)

No lead&S1500No lead&S1500 S1000S1000 S500S500 S150S150

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

N Sh t T New Long Term Post NewJapan

1978 R

Fuel qualityS500S500 S150S150 S50S50(Beijing)

New Short-TermEmission regulations

New Long-Term

S100, Vapor pressure (T50:75S100, Vapor pressure (T50:75--110)110) S50S50

Post New Long-Term

S10S101973 Reg

1975-77 Reg

1978 Reg

Euro3Emission Euro4Euro2Euro1

EuropeS50 S10Fuel quality

Euro5

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

(Implemented)

regulations

S150 S150 S50S50

S10 IncentiveS10S10

S50Fuel quality

All Model All Model

S500S500(Implemented)

LEV1

Emission regulations

U.S.A.From 1968 Clean Air Act

1966MY

Tier1 NLEV Reg Tier2

LEV2(California)

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

8

LEV1

S1000S1000 S300S300Fuel quality

S80S80

1966MY LEV2(California)

S80S80 S60S60 S30S30(California)

DIESEL:DIESEL: EMISSION/FUEL REGULATIONS OF CHINA, JAPAN, U.S. AND EMISSION/FUEL REGULATIONS OF CHINA, JAPAN, U.S. AND EUROPEEUROPE

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88ChinaEmission regulations

S2000S2000

国Ⅰ 国Ⅱ

S500S500

国Ⅱ(Beijing) 国Ⅲ

S350S350

国Ⅲ

国Ⅳ

Japan ‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

Fuel qualityS2000S2000

S500S500(Beijing)

S500S500

S350S350 S50S50

S350S350

New Short-Term

Emission regulations New Long-Term

S500 S500 S50S50

Post NewLong-Term

Fuel quality S5000 S5000 From 1974 S10S10

1974 Reg

1986 Reg 1990 Reg (NOx) 1994 Reg (PM)

97 Reg(NOx, PM)

S2000 S2000

Euro3Emission Euro4Euro2Euro1

EuropeS50

q y

S10

Euro5

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

S2000(Implemented)

Euro3regulations

Euro4

S350S350 S50S50

S10 Incentive

S10S10

S50Fuel quality

Euro2Euro1All Model All Model

S2000 S2000 S500 S500

Euro5

S2000(Implemented) S10 IncentiveS50

Emission regulations

U.S.A.From 1968 Clean Air Act Tier1 NLEV Reg Tier2

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

S2000(Implemented)

9LEV1

g

S500S500 S15S15Fuel quality

1966MY LEV2(California)

S500S500(California) S15S15

HISTORY OF JAPAN'S EMISSION REGULATIONS(Gasoline Passenger Cars)( g )

100

60%Mode change

(10→10-15)

COCO0

5050%

60%

45%5%

(10→10 15)

1.6% (0.8%)

HCHC

100

59%75% Mode change

(10→10-15)50HCHC

0

100

48%8%

* IW ≤ 1 000k

50

2.6% (1.3%)

NOxNOx

100Mode change(10→10-15)

39%

70%27%

* IW ≤ 1,000kg

IW > 1,000kg

50

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

39%8%20% 2.6%

2005

(1.3%)

10* 100% = Emission volume without regulations * IW = Equivalent inertia mass

HISTORY OF JAPAN'S EMISSION REGULATIONS(Diesel Trucks)(Diesel Trucks)

COCO 100%

Mode 6 concentration reg Mode 10-15 mass reg

(Unregulated)

COCO1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Initial value 30%

Mode 6 concentration Mode 10-15 mass reg

HCHC1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

100%

Initial value 30% 6%

Mode 6 concentration reg

Mode 10-15 mass reg(Unregulated)

NOxNOx80%

68%49%

Mode 6 concentration reg Mode 10-15 mass reg

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005100%

(Unregulated)

NOxNOx

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

19%

2005

56%49%

40% 100%Initial value

54% 38%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

PMPM100%Initial

Mode 10-15 mass reg

36%

Black smoke concentration reg

11* Direct-injection diesel trucks, medium-duty (over 1.7t, up to 2.5t)

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

PMPM Initial value 30%36%

6%

SULFUR REDUCTION EFFORT IN JAPAN

400 0

◎Diesel Regulation12,000ppm(1953～)5 000ppm(1976～)

◎Diesel Regulation12,000ppm(1953～)5 000ppm(1976～)

◎Gasoline Regulation100ppm(1996～)

50ppm(2005～)

◎Gasoline Regulation100ppm(1996～)

50ppm(2005～)

Gasoline Fuel

350.0

400.0

100 0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

200.0

Ave-M

in

ppm

t)

5,000ppm(1976～)2,000ppm(1992～)

500ppm(1997～)50ppm(2004～)10ppm(2007～)

5,000ppm(1976～)2,000ppm(1992～)

500ppm(1997～)50ppm(2004～)10ppm(2007～)

50ppm(2005～)10 ppm(2008～)50ppm(2005～)10 ppm(2008～)

250.0

300.0

e p

pmt)

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

er er er er er er er er er er er er er er er

Sul

fur

(Max-

A10ppm(2007～)10ppm(2007～)

150.0

200.0

fur

(Ave

rage

99-0

0Win

ter

00Sum

mer

00-0

1Win

ter

01Sum

mer

01-0

2Win

ter

02Sum

mer

02-0

3Win

ter

03Sum

mer

03-0

4Win

ter

04Sum

mer

04-0

5Win

ter

05Sum

mer

05-0

6Win

ter

06Sum

mer

06-0

7Win

ter

Year

Fuel Quality Regulation’96

50 0

100.0

Sulf ’96～

0.0

50.0

1971

1973

1975

1984

1995

1997

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

12

19 19 19 198

199

199

199

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

Year

RG ave. PR ave.

Emission Control Systems for Achieving Lower Emission Control Systems for Achieving Lower Emission RegulationEmission RegulationEmission RegulationEmission Regulation

Combustion Air Fuel Ratio ControlAir Fuel Ratio ControlFiner spray atomization InjectorLean combustion

Timing retardVariable valve Timing

Combustion Air Fuel Ratio ControlAir Fuel Ratio Control

Electronic throttle(In)（Ex)Heat Insurance Ex.manifold

Secondary Air

Variable valve TimingExhaust System

Electronic throttle

Intake Air Control ValveQuick light-off A/F SensorTWC

Secondary Air

TWC

Crankshaft Position Sensor

CatalystCatalystQuick Warm-up

TWCThermal resistance

Quick Warm-up Quick Light-off

13Oxygen SensorHigh Cell DensityLow heat mass substrate

Sulfur Poisoning of CatalystSulfur Poisoning of Catalyst

Poisoning of Precious MetalHC, CO, NOx

SO2

HC, CO, NOx

Precious Metal

Poisoning of Washcoat Lower O2 Storage Ability

CeO2 ⇒ Ce（SO4)2Cerium

O2SO2 SO3

O2

Lower O2 Storage Ability

Al2O3 ⇒ Al2（SO4)3

CeO2 Ce（SO4)2Alumina

O2

Precious Metal

14

)

Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Exhaust EmissionsExhaust EmissionsExhaust EmissionsExhaust Emissions

150 LEV1-LEVLEV1-LEV 150 LEV1-LEV

LEV1-LEV

ive

THC

100LEV2 ULEVSULEV

SULEV

e N

Ox 100

LEV1-LEVLEV2 ULEVSULEVSULEV

Rel

ati

0

50

LEV,ULEV Rel

ativ

e

0

50LEV,ULEV

-50

0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600-50

0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw) Sulfur (ppmw)

SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle

15SAE 2000-01-2019SAE 2000-01-2019

Diesel Emission Control Systems for Achieving Lower Emission RegulationEmission Regulation

Supply pump

Common触媒 Intercooler

CommonRail

IntakeEngine

ParticulateFilter

OxidationCatalyst

EGR CoolerTurbo charger

Ex Gas

FilterCatalyst Electric controlEGR valve

16

Ex. Gas

Effect of Sulfur on DPFEffect of Sulfur on DPF

PM Emissions from Diesel Vehicle0.100

Drysoot+H2O 100ppm

0.060

0.080

kWh）

Drysoot H2OSulfateSOF

50ppm

100ppm

0 020

0.040

PM（g/ Sulfur

10ppm

pp

0.000

0.020

0 30000 0 30000 0 300000 30000 0 30000 0 30000走行距離, km

JARI Engine test cycleDistance traveled accumulation（km）

17

JARI Engine test cycle

Metal Additives / Experience in the MarketMetal Additives / Experience in the Market

Manganese

18

Metal Additives / Experience in the MarketMetal Additives / Experience in the MarketFerrocene

EntranceEntranceMelting

ExitExitExpansion

19

Fuel Requirements from AutomobileFuel Requirements from Automobilefor Air Quality Improvementfor Air Quality Improvement

In order to improve air quality, it is important tointroduce high quality fuel and low emission vehicles. g q y

Low sulfur fuel is required according to stringent i i l lemission level.

Metal additive must not be containedMetal additive must not be contained.

JAMA recommends WWFC, at least comply with EU p yregulation.

20

Content





21

Why fuel quality regulations?y q y g

• Car protection (safety)– Cars are designed assuming a certain fuel quality

• Environment protection• Environment protection– Inappropriate fuel deteriorates exhaust emission

• Consumer protectionp– Consumers cannot distinguish fuel qualities

＋

I ti t ll l lit f l• Incentive to sell low quality fuels– Fuel dilution can also “dilute” high tax on fuels

↓↓

Fuel quality should be regulated and monitored

22Source ：Jan. 27, 2005 @ JakartaMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan

Regulations outlineRegulations outline

• “La for Q alit Control of Gasoline etc ”• “Law for Quality Control of Gasoline etc.”– Gas stations (GSs) are required to register to METI

Ab t 50 000 GS• About 50,000 GSs

– Quality standards (mandatory and voluntary) for gasoline, diesel oil and kerosenediesel oil, and kerosene

– GSs are required to check quality of gasoline once in:• 10 days10 days• a year (if supply chain is approved by METI)

– Check work can be outsourced to the 4 registered testing g gorganizations, including NPA


Quality standard itemsfor gasoline and diesel oil

GasolineGasoline

Item

Lead ○

Sulfur ○

○

Level

No detection

<0.01%(100ppm)

<

<0.001%(10ppm)

Diesel Oil

Item Level

Sulfur <0.05% ○

Cetane index >45 ○

<0.001%(10ppm)

ＭＴＢＥ ○

Oxygen Content ○

Benzene ○

Kerosene ○

<1.3%

<7%

<1%

<4%

Distillation temperature 90% <360℃ ○

Flash point >45℃

Pour pointdepends on regions andmonth

Methanol ○

Ethanol ○

Gum ○

Color ○

<3%

No detection

<5㎎／100ml

Orange

Carbon residue of 10% bottom<0.1%

Kinematic viscosity >1.7㎜2/S

CFPPdepends on regions andmonth

Co o ○

Density

Distill

Octane

g

Regular >89

Premium >96

<0.783ｇ/㎝3

* Circled items are mandatory

Distill

Copper corrosion

RVP

Oxidation stability

１以下

44～78kPa(㎏f/㎝2)

240min以上


Fuel Quality InspectionsFuel Quality Inspections

• National Petroleum Association (non-profit org.)– visits each of the 50,000 GSs nationwide.– obtains samples of fuels– inspects fuels and report violation cases to METI

• Economy and Industry Bureaus (EIBs)i l b h f METI– regional branches of METI.

– visit GSs, according to the NPA report, and inspect the fuel qualityquality,

– cooperate with METI HQ, police dept., and fire dept.


Content





26

The status of introduction of bio fuels

Europe (material: rapeseed, sunflower)•EU: Biofuels Directive •Germany: B5, B100 commercially available

United States (material: soybean, waste cooking oil)•Mandatory biofuel addition 28.5 million kl (2012)•In some areas, B25-fueld cars and B100-fueld cars are commercially available

Europe (material: rapeseed, sunflower)•EU: Biofuels Directive •Germany: B5, B100 commercially available

United States (material: soybean, waste cooking oil)•Mandatory biofuel addition 28.5 million kl (2012)•In some areas, B25-fueld cars and B100-fueld cars are commercially available

•France:B5, B30, Some official cars are B30-fueled.•Italy : B5, B30, B30-fueld cars commercially available

Japan•Up to B5 addition possible•B5 provisions in Quality Assurance Regulation, Neat FAME spec in JASOIndia (material : jatropha)

•65 processing plants in operation in 2006, Production amount : 350k kl (2006)

•France:B5, B30, Some official cars are B30-fueled.•Italy : B5, B30, B30-fueld cars commercially available

Japan•Up to B5 addition possible•B5 provisions in Quality Assurance Regulation, Neat FAME spec in JASOIndia (material : jatropha)

•65 processing plants in operation in 2006, Production amount : 350k kl (2006)

g p•B5 trials from 2005 to 2007, market development from 2007 to 2010, and the national enforcement of B5 targeted for 2012 Thailand (material : palm)

•Target is B2 enforcement by 2006 and B3 enforcement by 2011

Philippines ( material :coconuts)•B1-fueld cars mandatory for official government cars

g p•B5 trials from 2005 to 2007, market development from 2007 to 2010, and the national enforcement of B5 targeted for 2012 Thailand (material : palm)

•Target is B2 enforcement by 2006 and B3 enforcement by 2011

Philippines ( material :coconuts)•B1-fueld cars mandatory for official government cars

Ethanol Blended Gasoline

Malaysia (material :palm)•National biofuel policy studied since 2005

Indonesia ( material : palm)•BDF target : 4.70 million kl by 2025

Brazil (material: soybean)•BDF addition to diesel oil mandatory ( B2 by 2008, B5 by 2013)

B1-B5 : Diesel containing 1% to 5% FAME B20, B30: Diesel containing 20%, 30% FAMEB100: Neat FAME FAME : Fat Acid Methyl Ester

Malaysia (material :palm)•National biofuel policy studied since 2005

Indonesia ( material : palm)•BDF target : 4.70 million kl by 2025

Brazil (material: soybean)•BDF addition to diesel oil mandatory ( B2 by 2008, B5 by 2013)

B1-B5 : Diesel containing 1% to 5% FAME B20, B30: Diesel containing 20%, 30% FAMEB100: Neat FAME FAME : Fat Acid Methyl Ester

Europe (material: beets, wheat, barley)•EU: Biofuels Directive •E5, E10:Sweden, Poland•ETBE: Germany, France, Spain•Production amount: 0 9 million kl (EU 2005)

China (material: maize, rice)•E10 trials in 9 provinces•Production amount: 3.9 million kl (2006)

Canada (material: cereal)•E5 mandatory by 2010

Europe (material: beets, wheat, barley)•EU: Biofuels Directive •E5, E10:Sweden, Poland•ETBE: Germany, France, Spain•Production amount: 0 9 million kl (EU 2005)

China (material: maize, rice)•E10 trials in 9 provinces•Production amount: 3.9 million kl (2006)

Canada (material: cereal)•E5 mandatory by 2010

yy

FAME Blended Diesel Fuel Production amount: 0,9 million kl (EU, 2005)

India (material: molasses)•E10 mandatory in 9 states by 2010(currently on trial) J ( t i l l

United States (material: maize)•Compulsory addition of biofuel 28.5

million kl (2012)

•Production amount: 19.2 million kl (2006)•Import amount : 2.5 million kl (2006)

Alternative fuel usage target of 35 billion gallon (132 million kl) by 2017 stated in the State of the Nation Address in January 2007

Production amount: 0,9 million kl (EU, 2005)

India (material: molasses)•E10 mandatory in 9 states by 2010(currently on trial) J ( t i l l

United States (material: maize)•Compulsory addition of biofuel 28.5

million kl (2012)

•Production amount: 19.2 million kl (2006)•Import amount : 2.5 million kl (2006)

Alternative fuel usage target of 35 billion gallon (132 million kl) by 2017 stated in the State of the Nation Address in January 20072010(currently on trial) Japan (material: molasses,

wheat, etc.)•Up to E3 possible.•Addition of ETBE: 840k kl in 2010 (ethanol 360k kl)

Nation Address in January 2007

Thailand (material: cassava, molasses)•Decision to make E10 mandatory in 2007

Philippines (material : molasses)•Decision to make E5 mandatory by 2009

2010(currently on trial) Japan (material: molasses, wheat, etc.)•Up to E3 possible.•Addition of ETBE: 840k kl in 2010 (ethanol 360k kl)

Nation Address in January 2007

Thailand (material: cassava, molasses)•Decision to make E10 mandatory in 2007

Philippines (material : molasses)•Decision to make E5 mandatory by 2009

27Source ：Mar. 28, 2007

MITSUI & CO.,LTDBrazil (material: sugar cane)•Nationally, E20 to E25, E100 (for EFV) •Production amount: 16.7 million kl(2006)•Export amount : 3.0 million kl (2006)

y y•Phased legislation of E10 enforcement

E3, E5 : Gasoline containing 3% (5%) ethanol E10, E20-E25: Gasoline containing 10% ( 20-25%) ethanol ETBE : Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether

Brazil (material: sugar cane)•Nationally, E20 to E25, E100 (for EFV) •Production amount: 16.7 million kl(2006)•Export amount : 3.0 million kl (2006)

y y•Phased legislation of E10 enforcement

E3, E5 : Gasoline containing 3% (5%) ethanol E10, E20-E25: Gasoline containing 10% ( 20-25%) ethanol ETBE : Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether

Japan：Outline of new national energy strategy

●Reduce the petrol dependency from 50% to 40% by 2030■Improve energy efficiency by 30％■Improve energy efficiency by 30％

■Replace 20% of transport fuel with alternative fuel■Introduce new energy source, such as solar system■40% of electric power from nuclear generation■40% of electric power from nuclear generation

Ethanol introduction target2010 Target

■Target ethanol usage：Equivalent of 210k kl of petroleum・0.3% of 60 million kl total gasoline consumption g p

・Convert to ETBE and blend it to 20% of the total gasoline usage at 7% content percentage

2030 Target2030 Target■ Target ethanol usage：Equivalent of 6million kl of petroleum

・10% of 60 million kl total gasoline consumption ・Ethanol demand 100% sourced in Japan

28

・Ethanol demand 100% sourced in Japan ・Innovation in cellulosic ethanol processing technology

Example of Safety Issues in Alcohol FuelExample of Safety Issues in Alcohol Fuel

Trouble caused by high content alcohol fuel in Japan

Fuel leakage caused by corrosion of aluminum parts happened in short term after being fueled.This kind of trouble may happen during vehicle life ifThis kind of trouble may happen during vehicle life if inadequate fuel or fuels that is not adapted was used.

29

Ethanol Blended Gasoline in JapanEthanol Blended Gasoline in JapanConformity tests were conducted for vehicles that has already been released in the market.

-- Conformity Tests -- Key Issues

Metal Corrosion,D d ti f R bb d Pl ti

Safety Materials Compatibility

Degradation of Rubbers and Plastics

Environment

（High Water Absorbent）

Effect for EmissionEnvironment

（Increase of Vapor Pressure ）Exhaust Emission, Evaporative Emission

Effect for Emission

Performance

（Increase of Vapor Pressure ）

Effect for Performance

30Drivability, Fuel Economy

Fuel Regulation of GasolineFuel Regulation of Gasolinet i i Eth l i Jt i i Eth l i Jcontaining Ethanol in Japancontaining Ethanol in Japan

For vehicle safety and environment, fuel regulationof gasoline containing ethanol is enforced at 2003.The maximum content of ethanol is 3% (oxygen content 1.3%) in order to protect the vehicles on the market.Japan has now started to discuss E10 for gasoline.

Some vehicles in the market are not applicable for E10E10. JAMA requires the lead time and/or labeling for E10 vehicles and pumps.

31

Raw Material And Refining Processes OF BDF

＜Refining process＞＜Raw material＞＜Commercialization＞

Easily idi bl

Residual glyceride

Diesel Fuel

Methyl

Prone to

oxidizable. 100%FAME

BDF products

yesterification

o e toproduce sludge.

Residual Residual farm

p odu sex) B5

Prone to produce wax.

Residual methanol,

water, metal, etc.

Residual farm crop chemical

compound Properties of BDF product are determined by the quality of FAME and base diesel Fuel befo e blendingbefore blending.

FeaturesEffects from material：Easily oxidizable, prone to produce sludge,

32prone to be waxy

Effects from refining ：Impurity mixture

Examples of Problems by Bio Diesel

33Ford presentation in World Fuels Conference, Sydney @Oct. 27, 2003

FAME Blended Diesel Fuel in JapanFAME Blended Diesel Fuel in Japan

Conformity tests were also conducted for vehicles that has already b l d i th k t

FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters)

been released in the market.

-- Conformity Tests -- Key Issues

Metal CorrosionSafety Materials Compatibility

（Oxidation Stability）

Key Issues

Metal Corrosion,Degradation of Rubbers and Plastics

（Oxidation Stability）

Fuel System Durability

Environment Effect for Emission（Sludge Formation）Wear in Injectors

PerformanceExhaust Emission

Effect for Performance34

Performance Effect for PerformanceDrivability,Startability

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

Through the tests of FAME blended diesel fuel, some important matter are reviewed.p

FAME shows low oxidation stability, because it has double bonds in its moleculedouble bonds in its molecule.Base diesel fuels affect oxidation stability of the FAME.These properties cause troubles in Fuel Tank and Fuel Injection System.

Specification of oxidation stability must be added.Quality of diesel fuels after blending FAME must b l t d d it d

35be regulated and monitored.

Specification of Diesel Fuel in JapanSpecification of Diesel Fuel in Japan

Items LevelSulfurCetane Index

10 ppm max 45 min

T90FAME content FAME content (1)(1)

360 deg.C max5 mass% max5 mass% max

Methanol Methanol (1)(1)

Trigriceride Trigriceride (1)(1)

0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max0.01 mass% max

TAN TAN (1)(1)

Individual Organic Acid Individual Organic Acid (1)(1)

0.13 mgKOH/g max0.13 mgKOH/g max30 ppm max 30 ppm max (2)(2)

Oxi. Stability (Acid) Oxi. Stability (Acid) (1)(1) 0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase0.12 mgKOH/g max Increase

Note (1) Added by amended regulation

36

Note (1) Added by amended regulation(2) Total of Formic, Acetic and Propionic acids

Requirement from AutomobileRequirement from Automobilefor Bio Fuels infor Bio Fuels in ChinaChina

Bio fuel quality is important for vehicle safety and

for Bio Fuels infor Bio Fuels in ChinaChina

Bio fuel quality is important for vehicle safety and environment.When bio fuels are introduced, JAMA requires the qfollowing conditions are met:

Adequate specifications•Adequate specificationsfor bio fuel blended gasoline / diesel and for the bio fuel (ethanol / FAME) as blending stockfor the bio fuel (ethanol / FAME) as blending stock

•Good house keepingquality control in distribution system is importantquality control in distribution system is important(Ethanol easily adsorbs water, FAME easily oxidize)

•Fuel Quality Monitoring System37

to ensure the quality of the fuel at pump

The 4th Edition of WWFCThe 4th Edition of WWFC

WWFCWWFC Th bj tiTh bj ti

（WWFC: World Wide Fuel Charter）

WWFC WWFC --The objectiveThe objectiveThe objective of the global fuels harmonization effort is to develop common world-wideeffort is to develop common, world wide recommendations for ‘quality fuels’, taking into consideration customer requirements and vehicle emission technologies.

The 4th edition WWFC is The 4th edition WWFC is

g

available in following sites.available in following sites.www.autoalliance.org

bwww.acea.be

www.jama-english.jpwww.enginemanufacturers.org

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Outline of the Categories in WWFCOutline of the Categories in WWFC

Category 5?Category 5?Fuels needed to achieve future emission levels andFuels needed to achieve future emission levels and emission control

Category 4: EURO4Category 4: EURO4g yg yFuels for markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to enable sophisticated NOx and PM after-treatment technologies

Category 3: EURO3Category 3: EURO3--44Fuels for markets with advanced requirements for

g

Category 2: EURO1Category 2: EURO1--22Fuels for markets with stringent requirements for

qemission control

Category 1:Category 1:

Fuels for markets with stringent requirements for emission control

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g yg yFuels for markets with minimal requirements for emission control

Bio Fuels in WWFCBio Fuels in WWFC

G li Bi th l t 10 % E10WWFC allows bio fuels,

Gasoline : Bio-ethanol up to 10v% ; E10（Oxygen content up to 2.7w%）

Diesel fuel : FAME content up to 5v% ; B5Diesel fuel : FAME content up to 5v% ; B5as far as the following conditions are met:

Adequate specification and regulation are existingAdequate specification and regulation are existingBlended fuel must meet WWFC requirementsGood house keeping for fuel qualityp g q y

WWFC Committee is now discussing bio fuelWWFC Committee is now discussing bio fuel specifications to harmonize fuel quality worldwide. It will be available for implementation of bio fuels.

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p

Content





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Quality of Chinese GasolineQuality of Chinese Gasoline

September-'06

WWFC-Cat.2PropertiesMarket

( '05summer＋'05-'06win te r＋'06summer )

GB17930 (China)

DB11/238 (Beijing)

July-'05 July-'05

2005/2006 Winter & Summer

Sulfur (ppmt) 47～906

45.9～84.916/Sep～15/Ma

r 88max 1/Sep～30/Apr 88max

35.8～87.316/Mar～15/Se

p 74max 1/May～31/Aug 65max

T50 (℃) 52 6～118 7

A 45～60 , B 55～70 , C 65～80 , D 75～90 , E 85～105

150max

77～100

500max 150max

RVP (kPa)

120max 120maxT50 (℃) 52.6～118.7

T90 (℃) 103.0～175.0

　Aromatics (vol%) 4.0～37.0

Olefins (vol%) 4 5～45 0 18max

40max

77～100

130～175

35max18max

25 (A ≦35)

190max 190max

40max 42max

120max 120max

Olefins (vol%) 4.5 45.0

Benzene (vol%) 0.2～8.1

83.4～96.9 90号 90min 90号 90min 91 91

89.5～97.3 93号 93min 93号 93min 95 95

91 1 99 3 95号 95 i 95号 95 i 98 98

18max

2.5max

RON

35max25max(Aroma≦35)

2.5max 1max

91.1～99.3 95号 95min 95号 95min 98 98

Oxygen (wt%) *2 MTBE vol%

～20 4

　Ethanol (vol%) ～11.7

( ) 19 0

10max

N d bl

2.7max

8.0-12.0(GB18351-2004)

―

2.7max 2.7max

0 1 %Methanol (vol%) ～19.0

Mn (ppm) ～43.0

Pb (g/L) ～0.0001

Fe (g/L) (～36 0ppm)

Non-detectable

Non-detectable

Non-detectable

Non-detectable

0.005max 0.005max

0 01max 0 01max

0.018g/L ― *1

―0.1wt%

42＊1 Metal additives that have harmful effects on exhaust purification system of automobiles and human bodies should not be added.

＊2 Other oxigen containing substance includes additive fuel containing approx. 10vol% ethanol.

Fe (g/L) (～36.0ppm)

Existent washed gum (mg/100ml)

～40.0

Non detectable

5max5max 5max

0.01max 0.01max

Quality of Chinese Diesel FuelQuality of Chinese Diesel Fuel

Properties MarketGB252(China)

DB11/239(Beijing)

WWFC-Cat.2

2005/2006 Winter & Summer

Sulfur (ppmt) 40～7340

No.5・No.0 51min

Properties('05夏+'05～'06冬)

(China) (Beijing)January-'05 July-'05

500max 350max

Cetane index

5max

September-'06

No-10・No-20 49min

No-35（-20) 47min

T90 (deg.C) 257.9～389.4No 10 No 5 3 0～8 0 3 0～8 0

Cetane Number 37.6～59.4Cetane i ndex

49min

355max 355max

51.0min

340max

No.10,No.5

No.0,No-10

3.0 8.0

（@20degC)No.5・No.0

3.0 8.0

（@20degC)

No-202.5～8.0

（@20degC)No-10・No-20

2.5～8.0

（@20degC)

No-35,No-501.8～7.0

（@20degC)No-35（-20)

1.8～7.0

（@20degC)

Viscosity(mm2/[email protected])

1.28～3.815 2.0～4.0

　Aromatics (vol%) 9.5～40.6

PAH　(vol%) 1.7～16.7

　Water Content( )

21～212

― ―

― ―

25max

5max

200maxTraceTrace(ppmt)

21 212

No5・No0・No-10820～845

（kg/m3＠20℃）

No-20・No.-35800～840

（kg/m3＠20℃）

P ti l t

200maxTrace

820～850

Trace

Density (kg/m3@15℃） 805.3～866.8816～856

(kg/m3@20℃）

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Paticulate(mg/100ml)

1～25

HFRR (um) 238～624

― ―

460max 460max

10mg/kg max

400max

Quality Requirements from AutomobileQuality Requirements from Automobilefor Chinese Fuelsfor Chinese Fuels

■Current issuesGasoline：Some fuel are not meeting the spec.

In particular there are concerns with sulfur RONIn particular, there are concerns with sulfur, RON and gum .

S f fDiesel Fuel: Some fuel are out of spec.In particular, there are concerns with sulfur, cetanenumber, water content and particulate.

■As well as improving the fuel quality, monitoring system of fuel quality in the market needs to be put in place.q y p p

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Thank you for your attention !

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Evolution of Automotive Technology and Fuel …...Evolution of Automotive Technology and Fuel...

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