Evolution lectures 3 & 4 slideshare
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Transcript of Evolution lectures 3 & 4 slideshare
Geological times & continental drift
Natural History Museum
QMUL Demonstrators
William Pritchard
MaïtéGuignard
SebastianBailey
PhilipSanders
© National Geographic
Atta leaf-cutter ants
© National Geographic
Atta leaf-cutter ants
© National Geographic
Atta leaf-cutter ants
Mini-summary of lectures 1 & 2
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
• Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an individual are passed on to offspring.
• Linneaus: each species was separately created.
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
• Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an individual are passed on to offspring.
• Linneaus: each species was separately created.
• Darwin & Wallace: viewed evolution as descent with modification.
1. The Fossil Record
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Comparative Embryology
4. Vestigial Structures
5. Domestication (artificial selection)
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
Evolution by Natural selection
• There is inherited variation within species.
• There is competition for survival within species.
• Genetically inherited traits affect reproduction or survival. Thus the frequencies of variants change.
“Neo-Darwinism”or
“The Modern Synthesis”
“Neo-Darwinism”or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work.
“Neo-Darwinism”or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)
“Neo-Darwinism”or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
“Neo-Darwinism”or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
“Neo-Darwinism”or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )• Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12)
“Neo-Darwinism”or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )• Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12) • Molecular genetics (1970s- ; see SBS 633/210 and Lecture 6)
Today
1. Major transitions in evolution
2. Geological timescales
3. Major drivers of evolution
4. Examples of major events.
Major transitions: early life
Major transitions: early life
•Early life:
Major transitions: early life
•Early life:•Replicating molecules
Major transitions: early life
•Early life:•Replicating molecules•Compartmentalization
Major transitions: early life
•Early life:•Replicating molecules•Compartmentalization
•RNA world (RNA as information & enzymes) to DNA information & protein enzymes
Major transitions: early life
•Early life:•Replicating molecules•Compartmentalization
•RNA world (RNA as information & enzymes) to DNA information & protein enzymes
•Linkage of replicators (chromosomes)
Major transitions: early life
•Early life:•Replicating molecules•Compartmentalization
•RNA world (RNA as information & enzymes) to DNA information & protein enzymes
•Linkage of replicators (chromosomes)
•Prokaryote to Eukaryote
Major transitions: sex
•Lecture 14...
Major transitions: multicellularityGreen algae: Inspiration for what may have occurred: Volvocales
Major transitions: multicellularityGreen algae: Inspiration for what may have occurred: Volvocales
Major transitions: multicellularityGreen algae: Inspiration for what may have occurred: Volvocales
Major transitions: multicellularityGreen algae: Inspiration for what may have occurred: Volvocales
Major transitions: multicellularityGreen algae: Inspiration for what may have occurred: Volvocales
Major transitions: multicellularityGreen algae: Inspiration for what may have occurred: Volvocales
Major transitions: eusociality
Major transitions: eusociality
•Solitary lifestyle --> Eusociality1. Reproductive division of labor 2. Overlapping generations (older offspring help younger offspring)3. Cooperative care of young
Major transitions: eusociality
•Solitary lifestyle --> Eusociality1. Reproductive division of labor 2. Overlapping generations (older offspring help younger offspring)3. Cooperative care of young
Eg: ants, bees, wasps, termites. But also: naked mole rats, a beetle, a shrimp...
Major transitions: culture
•Lecture 13...
But “complexity of life” didn’t increase linearly.
But “complexity of life” didn’t increase linearly.
2. Geological time scales
But “complexity of life” didn’t increase linearly.
2. Geological time scalesDefined by changes in flora and fauna (seen in fossil record).
But “complexity of life” didn’t increase linearly.
2. Geological time scalesDefined by changes in flora and fauna (seen in fossil record).
Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
4550 Ma:
HominidsMammalsLand plantsAnimalsMulticellular lifeEukaryotesProkaryotes
Hadean
Arch
eanProterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
4527 Ma:Formation of the Moon
4.6 Ga
4 Ga
3.8 Ga
3 Ga
2.5 Ga
2 Ga
1 Ga
542 M
a
251 Ma65 Ma ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
Late Heavy Bombardment;first life
ca. 3500 Ma:Photosynthesis starts
ca. 2300 Ma:Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
first Snowball Earth
750-635 Ma:Two Snowball Earths
ca. 530 Ma:Cambrian explosion
ca. 380 Ma:First vertebrate land animals
230-65 Ma:Dinosaurs
2 Ma:First Hominids
Ga = Billion years agoMa = Million years ago
Eon
Eon
Eon
EraEra
Era
Geological timescales: Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
4550 Ma:
HominidsMammalsLand plantsAnimalsMulticellular lifeEukaryotesProkaryotes
Hadean
Arch
eanProterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
4527 Ma:Formation of the Moon
4.6 Ga
4 Ga
3.8 Ga
3 Ga
2.5 Ga
2 Ga
1 Ga
542 M
a
251 Ma65 Ma ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
Late Heavy Bombardment;first life
ca. 3500 Ma:Photosynthesis starts
ca. 2300 Ma:Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
first Snowball Earth
750-635 Ma:Two Snowball Earths
ca. 530 Ma:Cambrian explosion
ca. 380 Ma:First vertebrate land animals
230-65 Ma:Dinosaurs
2 Ma:First Hominids
Ga = Billion years agoMa = Million years ago
Eon
Eon
Eon
EraEra
Era
Geological timescales: Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
End of Proterozoic (Ediacaran) biota
Dickinsonia
Trilobites
Cambrian to late permian
4550 Ma:
HominidsMammalsLand plantsAnimalsMulticellular lifeEukaryotesProkaryotes
Hadean
Arch
eanProterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
4527 Ma:Formation of the Moon
4.6 Ga
4 Ga
3.8 Ga
3 Ga
2.5 Ga
2 Ga
1 Ga
542 M
a
251 Ma65 Ma ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
Late Heavy Bombardment;first life
ca. 3500 Ma:Photosynthesis starts
ca. 2300 Ma:Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
first Snowball Earth
750-635 Ma:Two Snowball Earths
ca. 530 Ma:Cambrian explosion
ca. 380 Ma:First vertebrate land animals
230-65 Ma:Dinosaurs
2 Ma:First Hominids
Ga = Billion years agoMa = Million years ago
Eon
Eon
Eon
EraEra
Era
Geological timescales: Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
Earth
Earth
Life
Earth
Life
Eukaryotes
Earth
Life
EukaryotesN
HM
: first tetrapod
Earth
Life
Eukaryotes
Whitechapel: Dinosaurs extinct
NH
M: first tetrapod
Earth
Life
Eukaryotes
Homo sapiens: 5 m
eters
Whitechapel: Dinosaurs extinct
NH
M: first tetrapod
3. Major drivers of evolution
•Tectonic movement (of continental plates)
•Vulcanism
•Climate change
•Meteorites
Conditions on earth change.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics
Crustal plates and continental drift
Fossil distribution
Recent continental movements...
Recent continental movements...
Earthquakes
•Some tectonic movement is violent.
•E.g. 2004 Sumatra earthquake & tsunami...
Vulcanism
Vulcanism•Local climate change (e.g. thermal vents, hot springs...)
Vulcanism•Local climate change (e.g. thermal vents, hot springs...)
•Global climate change: Emission of gasses & particles.
Eyjafjallajokull
Vulcanism•Local climate change (e.g. thermal vents, hot springs...)
•Global climate change: Emission of gasses & particles.
•New geological barriers (migration...)
Deccan traps
Eyjafjallajokull
Vulcanism•Local climate change (e.g. thermal vents, hot springs...)
•Global climate change: Emission of gasses & particles.
•New geological barriers (migration...)
•New islands (Indonesia... Hawaii... )
Deccan traps
Eyjafjallajokull
Climate change
Snowball earths?
3. Major drivers of evolution
•Tectonic movement (of continental plates)
•Vulcanism
•Climate change
•Meteorites
Conditions on earth change.
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
Consequences:
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
Consequences: • Large scale migrations
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
Consequences: • Large scale migrations• Speciation
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
Consequences: • Large scale migrations• Speciation• Mass extinctions
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
Consequences: • Large scale migrations• Speciation• Mass extinctions• Adaptive radiations
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
Consequences: • Large scale migrations• Speciation• Mass extinctions• Adaptive radiations
3. Major drivers of evolution
Vulcanism
Tectonic movement
Meteorite impact
Climate change?
?
Consequences: • Large scale migrations• Speciation• Mass extinctions• Adaptive radiations
Module page
https://www2.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk/control-panel--> Modules --> Evolution
Today
1. Major transitions in evolution
2. Geological timescales
3. Major drivers of evolution
4. Examples of major events: two recent extinctions
4. Recent major exinction
Pg
K-Pg
(KT)
fraction of genera present in each time interval but extinct in the following interval
Tr-J
P-Tr
Late
DO-S
Today
4. Recent major exinction
Pg
K-Pg
(KT)
fraction of genera present in each time interval but extinct in the following interval
Tr-J
P-Tr
Late
DO-S
Today
4. Recent major exinction
Pg
K-Pg
(KT)
fraction of genera present in each time interval but extinct in the following interval
Tr-J
P-Tr
Late
DO-S
Today
4. Recent major exinction
Pg
K-Pg
(KT)
fraction of genera present in each time interval but extinct in the following interval
Tr-J
P-Tr
Late
DO-S
Today
Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.
Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.
Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.• Damp forests: tall trees & lush undergrowth: giant club mosses, lycopods, ferns & seed ferns.
Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.• Damp forests: tall trees & lush undergrowth: giant club mosses, lycopods, ferns & seed ferns.• Decaying undergrowth forms coal.
Late Carboniferous 306 Mya
• Tetrapods and early amniotes.• Tropical conditions around equatorial landmasses.• Damp forests: tall trees & lush undergrowth: giant club mosses, lycopods, ferns & seed ferns.• Decaying undergrowth forms coal.• Good habitats for terrestrial invertebrates including spiders, millipedes and insects (e.g. giant dragonflies).
DimetrodonOrder Pelycosauria (sub-class Synapsida)
Early Permian mammal-like reptiles
Permian-Triassic Extinction
Sun et al Science 2012
Permian-Triassic Extinction
Sun et al Science 2012
Went extinct: •Up to 96% of marine species & 70% of terrestrial vertebrates•21 terrestrial tetrapod families (63%)• 7 orders of insects
Permian-Triassic Extinction
Sun et al Science 2012
Went extinct: •Up to 96% of marine species & 70% of terrestrial vertebrates•21 terrestrial tetrapod families (63%)• 7 orders of insects
Jurassic/Cretaceous
•Mammal-like reptiles were replaced as dominant land vertebrates by reptiles (dinosaurs).• Lizards, modern amphibians and early birds appear.• The conifer- and fern-dominated vegetation of the Late Triassic continued into the Jurassic.
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera). Including:
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
Ammonite
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera). Including:
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
AmmoniteMosasaur
(marine reptile)
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera). Including:
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
AmmoniteMosasaur
(marine reptile) Non-bird dinosaurs
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera). Including:
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
AmmoniteMosasaur
(marine reptile) Non-bird dinosaurs
Most Plant-eating insects
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera). Including:
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
Subsequently, many adaptive radiations to fill newly vacant niches.eg. mammals, fish, many insects
AmmoniteMosasaur
(marine reptile) Non-bird dinosaurs
Most Plant-eating insects
75% of all species became extinct (50% of genera). Including:
http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm)
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm)
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
Evidence for Chixulub impact
Evidence for Chixulub impact
Magnetic field near siteCrater : 180km diameter; bolide: 10km.
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub.
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis•cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis•cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.•plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain) --> animals starve
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis•cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.•plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain) --> animals starve
•dramatic climate & temperature changes are difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis•cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.•plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain) --> animals starve
•dramatic climate & temperature changes are difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
•Additional causes?
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis•cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.•plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain) --> animals starve
•dramatic climate & temperature changes are difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
•Additional causes? •Some groups were ALREADY in decline
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis•cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.•plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain) --> animals starve
•dramatic climate & temperature changes are difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
•Additional causes? •Some groups were ALREADY in decline •Additional impacts?
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
•Bolide impact at Chixulub. •huge tsunamis•cloud of dust and water vapour, blocking sun.•plants & phytoplankton die (bottom of food chain) --> animals starve
•dramatic climate & temperature changes are difficult (easier for warm-blooded?)
•Additional causes? •Some groups were ALREADY in decline •Additional impacts?•Deccan traps (India) - 30,000 years of volcanic activity (lava/gas release)
Cretaceous–Paleogene (KT) extinction66 million years ago
Ongoing Anthropocene extinction?
•Hunting•Habitat destruction, modification & fragmentation•Pollution •Climate change•Spread of invasive species•Overexploitation
Summary.
•The history of the earth is divided into geological time periods
• These are defined by characteristic flora and fauna
•Large-scale changes in biodiversity were triggered by continental movement and catastrophic events (mass extinctions)
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William Pritchard
MaïtéGuignard
SebastianBailey
PhilipSanders