Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from...
-
Upload
rodney-york -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from...
![Page 1: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evolution
![Page 2: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. The Origin Of LifeA. Evolution = Species change over time
B. Biogenesis = Life from life1. Experiments disprove spontaneous
generation
a) Francisco Redi (1668)- Flies only come from egg’s of other flies
![Page 3: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. The Origin Of Lifeb) Lazzaro Spallanzani (1700’s)
1) Air doesn’t form microorganisms
2) Boiled broth did not grow microorganisms
3) Opponents said boiling destroyed the “vital force” in air
![Page 4: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
I. The Origin Of Lifec) Louis Pasteur (1800’s)
1) Boiled broth in curved-neck flask (allows air in)
2) No microorganisms form till curved neck is removed
![Page 5: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
I. The Origin Of LifeC. Earth’s History
1. Earth is 4.6 billion years old2. Radioactive Dating
a) Radioactive isotopes are used to date fossils.b) The isotopes decay at a constant known rate.c) The time it takes for one half of the radioactive material
to decay is called the half-life.
![Page 6: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
I. The Origin Of Life3. Organic Compounds
a) Oparin /Haldane (1923)
1) Early earth contained ammonia, hydrogen, water vapor, and methane
2) No Oxygen
3) Volcanic energy, lightning, and UV radiation could create amino acids.
OparinHaldane
![Page 7: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
I. The Origin Of Lifeb) Stanley Miller &
Harold Urey (1953)
1) Experimented with Oparin’s hypothesis
2) Created all 20 amino acids, nitrogen bases, and ATP
c) Sidney Fox
1) Produced proteinoids (abiotic polypeptides)
2) Dripped organic monomers on hot sand, clay or rock
Urey Miller
![Page 8: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
I. The Origin Of Life4. First Life-Forms
a) Thomas Cech1) Ribozymes can act
as enzymes and self-replicate
2) RNA appears to be the first genetic material
b) Anaerobic prokaryotes appear about 4 billion years ago
c) Photosynthetic prokaryotes appear 3.5 billion years ago
d) Oxygen levels increase
![Page 9: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
I. The Origin Of Lifee) Ozone protects life from UV radiationf) Eukaryotes appear 2 billion years ago
1) Evolve by Endosymbiosis2) Mutualism between small aerobic prokaryotes and
larger anaerobic prokaryotes3) Gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts
![Page 10: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Autotrophicbacteria Anaerobic
heterotrophic bacteria
became mitochondriaand chloroplasts
![Page 11: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What is endosymbiosis?Explain natural selection in your own
words. Use the following words: genetic variation, adaptation, overpopulation, struggle for existence.
(minimum of 5 sentences; use text)
![Page 13: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
II. Theories of EvolutionA. James Hutton (1726-1797)
1. Geologist2. Gradualism (1795)
a) Processes today are the same as in the past
b) Large changes are the accumulation of slow, continuous processes.
![Page 14: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
II. Theories of EvolutionB. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
1. Published essay on human population (1798)
2. Resources control populations
3. Influences Darwin on his ideas about organism’s struggle for existence
![Page 15: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
II. Theories of EvolutionC. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
1. Naturalist2. Inheritance of acquired
characteristics (1809)a) Organisms change in
response to the environment.b) Structures that are used
become stronger, and structures that are not used become weaker.
c) Pass new trait to kids
![Page 16: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
II. Theories of EvolutionD. Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
1. Geologist2. Proposed Uniformitarianism
(1830)3. Processes that occur today
have always occurred
![Page 17: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
II. Theories of EvolutionE. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
1. Naturalist2. HMS Beagle (1831)
a) Made observations in the Galapagos
b) Noted differences in finches on each island
3. 1844- begins writing The Origin of Species
![Page 18: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
II. Theories of Evolution4. Alfred Wallace (1823-1913)
a) Sends manuscript on natural selection to Darwin (1858)
b) Published that year5. Darwin publishes The
Origin of Species (1859)a) Descent with
Modificationb) Natural Selection is
mechanism6. Adaptive advantages are
determined by nature7. Fitness is an individual’s
gene contribution to the next generation
![Page 19: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
III. Evidence of EvolutionA. Evidence from Fossils
1. Types: Imprints, molds (impressions), casts (filled impression), tracks, hard parts, actual remains.
2. Dating Fossils
a) Absolute Dating- Radioactive isotopes
b) Relative Dating
1) Sediments are layed down in strata
2) Lowest layers are oldest
3) A fossil's position in undisturbed rock gives its age relative to other fossils.
![Page 20: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
III. Evidence of Evolution3. The Fossil Record
a) Creates the Geologic Time Scale
b) Oldest fossils found are 3.5 billion years old and are prokaryotic cells (bacteria).
c) Fossils show earth's changes (Organisms, Climate, Environment)
4. Biogeography- geographical distribution of species.
![Page 21: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
4. Biogeography- geographical distribution of species.
![Page 22: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
III. Evidence of EvolutionB. Evidence from Living Organisms
1. Homologous Structuresa) Similar features that
originate in a shared ancestor
b) Structures may have different uses in adult, but come from same tissue in embryo.
c) Analogous Structures1) Identical functions2) No embryo tissue in
common3) Not closely related
![Page 23: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
III. Evidence of Evolution2. Vestigial Organs
a) Structures that serve no useful purpose.
b) Shows relationship to organisms in which the structure is functional.
3. Embryologya) Similarities of embryosb) Embryo development repeats
evolutionary history
![Page 25: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
III. Evidence of Evolution4. Biochemistry
a) Enzymes and structures for important biological pathways are universal (respiration, photosynthesis)
b) The more similar the amino acid sequences, the more closely related the species.
c) Universal genetic code
![Page 27: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
IV. Evolution of PopulationsA. Populations are the smallest
unit that can evolve (adapt)B. Variation exists in a population
1. Due to resources- food, soil2. Due to heredity- genotype
C. Cause of variation in Genotypes1. Mutation2. Recombination (independent
assortment, crossing-over)3. Random fusion of gametes
![Page 28: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
IV. Evolution of PopulationsD. Gene Pool
1. All genetic information in a population
2. Frequency of a certain allele in a population will determine the phenotype frequency
E. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1. Allele frequencies stay the same in an undisturbed population (genetic equilibrium)
2. Allows scientists to measure changes in a gene pool
![Page 29: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
A. Mutation1. Caused by mutagens2. Change DNA
producing totally new alleles
3. Most are harmfulB. Migration
1. Immigration and emigration of individuals
2. Ensures gene flow
![Page 30: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
C. Genetic Drift
1. Change of allele frequencies due to random events
2. Small populations are highly affected
D. Nonrandom Mating
1. Geographic proximity
2. Assortive mating- like to like
![Page 31: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium
E. Natural Selection1. Most significant factor in evolution of
populations2. Nature selects against non-fit
individuals3. Reduces harmful alleles
![Page 32: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
V. Disruption of Genetic Equilibrium4. Types
a) Stabilizing Selection- towards the average
b) Directional Selection- towards one extreme
c) Disruptive Selection- away from the average
d) Sexual Selection- females tend to choose
![Page 33: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
VI. Speciation= 1 species becomes 2A. When populations become
significantly differentB. Morphological Species
Concept1. Physically different2. Problem- individual variation
C. Biological Species Concept1. Proposed by Ernst Mayr2. A population that can
interbreed3. Problem- Extinct species?
D. Modern Species Concept1. Morphologically similar2. Can interbreed to produce
fertile offspring3. Biochemistry –DNA, Proteins
![Page 34: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
VI. SpeciationE. Extinction can be a natural process
1. When conditions change too rapidly
2. When a species is out competed
3. When specialization restricts a lifestyle and conditions change
![Page 35: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
VII. Human EvolutionA. Hominids are extinct humans
and immediate ancestorsB. All hominids are primates
1. Moveable fingers and toes2. Nails instead of claws3. Color vision (unusual for
mammals)4. Binocular Vision
![Page 36: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
VII. Human EvolutionC. The First Hominids
1. Australopithecusa) A. afarensis (3 to 3.9 mya)
1) Lucy2) Walked upright
b) A. africanus (2.3 to 3 mya)1) Taller and heavier than
Lucy2) Slightly larger brain3) Probably not our direct
ancestor
![Page 37: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
VII. Human Evolution2. Genus Homo
a) H. habilis (1.6 to 2.5 mya)
1) “handy human”
2) Stone tools
b) H. erectus (1.8 mya to 500,000 ya)
1) “upright human”
2) Hunted and used fire
3) Typical “cave-man”
![Page 38: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
VII. Human Evolutionc) H. sapiens (800,000 ya)
1) Neanderthals (230,000 to 300,000 ya)
2) Cro-Magnons (100,000 ya)
a. Modern humans
b. Out competed H. erectus and Neanderthals
![Page 39: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
VII. Human EvolutionD. African-origin Hypothesis
1. Based on similarities in mitochondrial DNA
2. Modern humans came from Africa 100000 to 200000 years ago.
![Page 40: Evolution. I. The Origin Of Life A.Evolution = Species change over time B.Biogenesis = Life from life 1.Experiments disprove spontaneous generation a)Francisco.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649e345503460f94b230b5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)