Evolution – evidence and types of data. Natural Selection Industrial melanism.
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Transcript of Evolution – evidence and types of data. Natural Selection Industrial melanism.
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Evolution – evidence and types of data
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Natural Selection
Industrial melanism
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The Fossil Record
Geologic strata in the Grand Canyon, Arizona
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Green River Formation, WY and UT.
Eocene in age
The Fossil Record
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The Fossil RecordTimelines
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Fossils: Links between groups
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Major Transitions: from Fish to Amphibian
Lobefin fish
Early amphibian
Eustenopteron
Ichthyostega
Fossil Record
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Major Transitions: from Fish to Amphibian
Acanthostega
Amphibian-like fish
The Link
Fish
Amphibian
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Ichthyostega
Acanthostega Eustenopteron
The FossilsAll represented in the fossil record
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Comparative Anatomy
Homologous structures
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Comparative Anatomy
Analogous structures
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Vestigial structure
Comparative Anatomy
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Human appendix
Vestigial structure
Comparative Anatomy
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Comparative Embryology
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Molecular model of hemoglobin
Molecular Record
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Molecular Record
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A phylogeny or cladogram
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The mechanics of change - Origin of Species and Speciation
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What is a species?
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Biological Species Concept (BSC)
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BSC is about genetic Isolation
Genome = Individual
Gene pool = Population
Haemulon flavolineatum
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(Canis latrans x Canis familiaris)
CoydogCoyote x domestic dog
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Isolating Mechanisms
Premating Isolating mechanisms
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Isolating Mechanisms
Premating Isolating mechanisms
Postmating Isolating mechanisms
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Habitat Isolation
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Canis rufus
(red wolf)
Canis latrans
(coyote)
Habitat Isolation
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Behavioral Isolation
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Courtship coloration or displays in many animals
Behavioral Isolation
Colisa lalia (male)
(from India)
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Behavioral Isolation
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Temporal Isolation
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Spawning marine sponge --
may involve temporal isolation
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Mechanical Isolation
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Premating Isolating mechanism
Gametic Isolation
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Genetic isolation occurs in closely related species of sea urchins
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
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Postmating Isolating
mechanisms
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Postmating Isolating mechanism
Reduced hybrid viability
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Postmating Isolating mechanismReduced hybrid fertility
Donkey (male)
Horse (female)
The hybrid: mule
This animal has no fitness.
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“That’s about as useful as a pair of breedin’ mules”
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Speciation
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Speciation
Isolation
then
Divergence
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Two Speciation Models
Allopatric speciation
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Two Speciation Models
Sympatric speciation
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Allopatric speciationA physical barrier creates isolation
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Sciurus aberti kaibabensis
(North Rim, Grand Canyon)
Sciurus aberti aberti
(South Rim, Grand Canyon)
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Allopatric Speciation: Islands
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Darwin’s Finches
Galapagos Islands
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Sympatric Speciation
Requires reproductive isolation WITHOUT
physical barrier
Is this possible?
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Sympatric Speciation
Lake Mbo, Cameroun, Central Africa
Lake Mbo endemic cichlid fishes – 15 species
How did isolation occur?
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Sympatric Speciation
Ophrys lutea Ophrys sicula
Two sympatric European orchids with two different and highly specialized pollinators.
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Sympatric Speciation?
Lake Victoria, East Africa
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Sympatric Speciation?Lake Victoria, East Africa
Very large radiation of endemic cichlid fishes
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Adaptive Radiation
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Hawaiian honeycreepers
Adaptive Radiation
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Cichlid fishes in Great Lakes East Africa
Adaptive Radiation
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Adaptive Radiation
Cichlid fishes in Great Lakes East Africa
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Tertiary Period – 65 million years ago (mya)
Adaptive Radiation
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Mammal Radiation
Adaptive Radiation
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Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
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Extinction
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Small population size
Devil’s Hole Pupfish
Cyprinodon diabolis
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Extreme specialization
Koala bear
California condor
an orchid
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Continental Drift and extinctions
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Humans and Extinction
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Steller' Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)
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Pleistocene megafauna
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Climate Change
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Lake Victoria, East Africa
Humans and extinction
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Lake Victoria cichlids – 100s of species
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Add an introduced top carnivore …..
Nile perch
(Lates niloticus)
the result …….
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………extinction.
Only habitat for most surviving Lake Victoria cichlids
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Lake Victoria
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Malawi
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Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)
Extinction?
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Classification and how we name things
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Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Father of modern classification
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Carl Linnaeus1758
Foundations of Modern Classification
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1738
Foundations of Modern Classification
18th Century
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Percina pantherina
Binomial names
Carnegiea gigantea
Megaptera novaeangliae
Cyprinella lutrensis
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Homo sapiens L.
Binomial names
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Taxonomy and
Systematics
are the sciences of
Classification
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…books everybody should have in their library
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Common names are rarely standard and not international
“Corn”
“Bears”
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Sciurus carolinensis
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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Osteichthyes
Family Salmonidae
Order Salmoniformes
Genus & species
Oncorhynchus mykiss
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Classification – taxonomic characters
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Classification – taxonomic characters
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Phylogenetics
Haeckel (1879)
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Family Anabantidae
African climbing perches
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Phylogeny for the Anabantidae
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Skeletal features
Anabantidae
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Anabantid Jaw Structure
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Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
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Classification and Phylogeny
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A dinosaur phylogeny….
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Classification on a very large scale
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Relationships among the three domains
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Relationships among the three domains
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Domain Archaea
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Domain Bacteria
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Domain Eukarya
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Biodiversity and Classification
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Family Malapteruridae
African electric catfishes
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“unsightly” --- G. Bell-Cross
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“unpleasant” --- P.H. Greenwood
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“repellent” and “bloated” --- P.B.N. Jackson
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“…repulsive….barely needs description” --- R. A. Jubb
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“filthy, flabby, nasty” and “…like a big fat slug” --- H. Copley
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“…in every respect a revolting fish” --- H. Copley
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Fifth Dynasty tomb relief at Ti, Egypt
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Electric CatfishesServing medicine ….
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Cavendish
Electric Catfishes
Serving science
Galvani Volta
Serving medicine ….
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Family Malapteruridae
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1990s –
Three species recognized
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M. minjiriya
M. microstoma
Genus Malapterurus
M. electricus
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M. minjiriya
M. microstoma
Genus Malapterurus
1969
1976
1789
M. electricus
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Two distributions ill-defined …..
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…with an impossibly vast distribution for M. electricus
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Distributions of organisms follow patterns
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Systematic Ichthyology --- how is it done?
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Royal Museum of Central Africa
Tervuren, Belgium
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Laboratory of Systematic Ichthyology
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Characters
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DATA
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Standard len gth (mm)
-20
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
PC 1
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
1.8
93.7
Stan dard leng th (mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
35 - 40 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75 75
Data explored, patterns identified…..
Hypotheses formulated
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Flanders
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Flanders
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Paris
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The Result ---
Not three species …
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19 species
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Not three species……
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but 19 species
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Nilo-Sudanic Region
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M. electricus
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West African Rain Forests
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M. teugelsi M. stiassnyae
M. barbatus
M. punctatusM. thysi
West African Rain Forests
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Central African Rain Forests
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M. gossei
M. melanochir
M. microstoma
M. polli
Genus Malapterurus
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P. caudivittatus
P. parvus
P. cryptus
Genus Paradoxoglanis
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P. caudivittatus
P. parvus
P. cryptus
(Genus Paradoxoglanis)
Mini-Electric Catfishes
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Not three species
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19 species
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19 species …
…in 2 genera
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Published Research