Evolution Dr. James R. Whitfield, Ph.D. Evolution "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the...
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![Page 1: Evolution Dr. James R. Whitfield, Ph.D. Evolution "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution” - Theodosius Dobzhansky.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e2a5503460f94b187b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EvolutionEvolutionDr. James R. Whitfield, Ph.D
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EvolutionEvolution"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense
Except in the Light of Evolution”
- Theodosius Dobzhansky
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What is Evolution?What is Evolution?Evolution is the process by which
different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
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What is Evolution?What is Evolution?Evolution is the process by which
different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Evolution is the story of the origin of life and the formation of the vast biodiversity on Earth
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Origin of LifeOrigin of LifeThe Universe is old – about 20
billion years old!
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Origin of LifeOrigin of LifeThe Universe is old – about 20
billion years old!When we look out at the stars we
are looking millions of years and trillions of miles into the past
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Origin of LifeOrigin of LifeThe Universe is old – between
about 14 and 20 billion years oldWhen we look out at the stars we
are looking millions of years and trillions of miles into the past
However, no matter how long we look at those stars we are limited in how far back we can actually see – the light from the oldest stars simply has not had enough time to reach us yet!
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The Big BangThe Big BangThe Big Bang theory is the
prevailing cosmological theory attempting to explain the origin of the Universe.
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The Big BangThe Big BangThe Big Bang theory is the
prevailing cosmological theory attempting to explain the origin of the Universe.
It describes a single huge explosion, unimaginable in physical terms resulting from tremendous heat and pressure
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The Big BangThe Big BangThe Big Bang theory is the
prevailing cosmological theory attempting to explain the origin of the Universe.
It describes a single huge explosion, unimaginable in physical terms resulting from tremendous heat and pressure
As the universe continued to expand it cooled down
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The Big BangThe Big BangThis cooling allowed for the
formation of subatomic particles and then simple elements such as hydrogen and helium (the two most abundant elements in the Universe today)
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The Big BangThe Big BangThis cooling allowed for the formation
of subatomic particles and then simple elements such as hydrogen and helium (the two most abundant elements in the Universe today)
Over the next few billions years cooling and gravity allowed for the formations of galaxies. Our galaxy – The Milky Way formed about 4.5 billion years ago
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The Early EarthThe Early EarthThere was no atmosphere on the
early Earth
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The Early EarthThe Early EarthThere was no atmosphere on the
early EarthWater vapor (H2Ov), ammonia
(NH3), methane(CH4) , carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2)
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The Early EarthThe Early EarthThere was no atmosphere on the
early EarthWater vapor (H2Ov), ammonia (NH3),
methane(CH4) , carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2)
UV light broke up the water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form more water, carbon dioxide and ozone (O3)
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The Early EarthThe Early EarthAs the planet continued to cool
the water vapor continued to condense and fall as rain
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The Early EarthThe Early EarthAs the planet continued to cool
the water vapor continued to condense and fall as rain
The rain eventually filled in the depressions on the Earth forming the oceans
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The Early EarthThe Early EarthAs the planet continued to cool
the water vapor continued to condense and fall as rain
The rain eventually filled in the depressions on the Earth forming the oceans
Life first appeared about 500 million years later or about 4 billion years ago
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HOW?HOW?The previous slide said life
appeared 500 million years ago but it does not say anything about how
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HOWHOW
Now that’s the big question!
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeSome scientists believe that life
came from outer space
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeSome scientists believe that life
came from outer spaceThe early Greeks believed that
“spores” transported life from planet to planet
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeSome scientists believe that life
came from outer spaceThe early Greeks believed that
“spores” transported life from planet to planet
This “Theory of Panspermia” is still believed by many scientists today
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeFor a long time people believed
in the “Theory of Spontaneous Generation” – that life appeared form nowhere
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeFor a long time people believed
in the “Theory of Spontaneous Generation” – that life appeared form nowhere
However Franscisco Redi and later Louis Pasteur proved that this theory was incorrect
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifePasteur proposed the “Theory of
Biogenesis” which states that, “Omne vivum ex vivo” all life come from life
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifePasteur proposed the “Theory of
Biogenesis” which states that, “Omne vivum ex vivo” all life come from life
If you remember one of the principle of the modern cell theory states that, “omni cellulae e cellula” all cells come from cells
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Pasteur’s ExperimentPasteur’s Experiment
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeOparin and Haldane proposed
that the frst life could have come from pre-existing, non-living organic molecules (RNA, proteins, etc,..) and that the formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeOparin and Haldane proposed that
the frst life could have come from pre-existing, non-living organic molecules (RNA, proteins, etc,..) and that the formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution
i.e., the formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic components
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeIn 1953 Stanley Miller and Harold
Urey at the University of Chicago (Chicago, Illinois, USA) designed an experiment to recreate the conditions present on the early Earth in a laboratory setting
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeThey created an electric
discharge into a flask containing, methane, water vapor, ammonia, and hydrogen
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeThey created an electric
discharge into a flask containing, methane, water vapor, ammonia, and hydrogen
They observed the formation of amino acids – which as we know are the building blocks of proteins, which build organelles, which build cells, …
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Millers FlaskMillers Flask
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeOther researchers performing
similar experiments have been able to produce, sugars, glycoproteins, and fats
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Theories on the Formation of Theories on the Formation of LifeLifeOther researchers performing
similar experiments have been able to produce, sugars, glycoproteins, and fats
The theory that chemical evolution proceeded biological life is now generally accepted
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HoweverHowever
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HoweverHoweverNone of these experiments have
answered how the first self replicating metabolic life arose
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HoweverHoweverNone of these experiments have
answered how the first self replicating metabolic life arose
Miller and Urey simply said, “given the conditions in the early atmosphere the building blocks of life could develop”
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ButButWe do know that the first non-
cellular “life” could have originated about 3 billion years ago
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ButButWe do know that the first non-
cellular “life” could have originated about 3 billion years ago
That is was probably large RNA molecules, proteins and polysaccharides
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ButButWe do know that the first non-
cellular “life” could have originated about 3 billion years ago
That is was probably large RNA molecules, proteins and polysaccharides
The first cellular life did not appear until about 2 billion years ago
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ButButWe do know that the first non-
cellular “life” could have originated about 3 billion years ago
That is was probably large RNA molecules, proteins and polysaccharides
The first cellular life did not appear until about 2 billion years ago
These were unicellular, prokaryotes that lived in a watery environment
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BiogenesisBiogenesisThis version of biogenesis that
the first form of life slowly arose through evolutionary forces from non-living molecules is generally accepted today
However, this is only the beginning
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BiogenesisBiogenesisThis version of biogenesis that the
first form of life slowly arose through evolutionary forces from non-living molecules is generally accepted today
However, this is only the beginningWe now need to look at how these
first unicellular organisms could have evolved into the complex biodiversity of today
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The Modern Theory of The Modern Theory of EvolutionEvolutionMany religious beliefs hold the
theory of “Special Creation”
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The Modern Theory of The Modern Theory of EvolutionEvolutionMany religious beliefs hold the
theory of “Special Creation”This idea of creationism is laid
out in the Christian Bible in the Book of Genesis
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The Modern Theory of The Modern Theory of EvolutionEvolutionMany religious beliefs hold the
theory of “Special Creation”This idea of creationism is laid out in
the Christian Bible in the Book of Genesis
Proponents of this theory believe that 1- All living this we see today were created as they are now – perfect and unchanged
2- The diversity we see now was as it was in the past and will be in the future
3- The Earth is about 6,000 years old (your book says 4,000)
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The Modern Theory of The Modern Theory of EvolutionEvolutionThese ideas were strongly
challenged based on the Work of Charles Darwin and the observations he made while travelling on the H.M.S. Beagle
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The Modern Theory of The Modern Theory of EvolutionEvolutionThese ideas were strongly
challenged based on the Work of Charles Darwin and the observations he made while travelling on the H.M.S. Beagle
Darwin concluded that existing life forms show similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but with long extinct life forms
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The Modern Theory of The Modern Theory of EvolutionEvolutionHe further concluded that there
had been extinctions of life forms in the past and that new life forms arose at various periods in the history of the Earth.
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The Modern Theory of The Modern Theory of EvolutionEvolutionHe further concluded that there
had been extinctions of life forms in the past and that new life forms arose at various periods in the history of the Earth.
There had been a gradual evolution of life forms
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Darwin’s TheoryDarwin’s TheoryDarwin theory can be
summarized as
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Darwin’s TheoryDarwin’s TheoryDarwin theory can be
summarized asNatural selection
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Darwin’s TheoryDarwin’s TheoryDarwin theory can be
summarized asNatural selectionDescent with Modification
Darwin was Influenced by Thomas Malthus
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Natural SelectionNatural SelectionNatural selection states that
within any population there will be built in variation. This variation will allow some individuals to survive better than other. These organisms will outbreed the other members of the population and produce more offspring with the desired characteristics
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Natural SelectionNatural SelectionNatural selection states that within
any population there will be built in variation. This variation will allow some individuals to survive better than other. These organisms will outbreed the other members of the population and produce more offspring with the desired characteristics
This is called fitness
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Descent with ModificationDescent with ModificationDescent with modification simply
means that as organisms reproduce mutations will occur. Any mutation that is beneficial and increases an organisms fitness will stay in the population. Given the immensity of time the slow accumulation of mutations will lead to the formation of new species
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Descent with ModificationDescent with ModificationDescent with modification simply
means that as organisms reproduce mutations will occur. Any mutation that is beneficial and increases an organisms fitness will stay in the population. Given the immensity of time the slow accumulation of mutations will lead to the formation of new species
It does not mean that the original organism will go extinct
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Descent with ModificationDescent with ModificationMillion of years ago men and
monkeys shared a common ancestor. Then a branch came we went one way but the monkeys continued on the way they were
Not Accurate
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The Other PlayerThe Other PlayerAlfred Wallace was a
contemporary of Darwin. He independently developed his own Theory of Evolution while working in the Malay Archipelago. Darwin was hesitant to publish his work (because of the social and political ramifications) however upon learning of Wallace’s work he felt compelled to publish first
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Evolution Before DarwinEvolution Before DarwinPrior to Darwin Evolution was discussed
and tried to be explained by French Naturalist – Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Lamarck proposed that evolution was driven by use and disuse. He believed that traits could be acquired during ones lifetime and then passed on. For example, giraffes could acquire longer necks because they needed to browse high in tress. Once they got this longer neck they could pass on the trait to their offspring. This theory is no longer believed
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionFossils – the remains (of usually
the hard parts or organisms) preserved in stone
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionFossils – the remains (of usually
the hard parts or organisms) preserved in stone
Rocks form sediment. A cross section of the Earths crust indicates the arrangement of the sediment over very long periods of time
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionFossils – the remains (of usually
the hard parts or organisms) preserved in stone
Rocks form sediment. A cross section of the Earths crust indicates the arrangement of the sediment over very long periods of time
Different sediments contain different fossils
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionFossils – the remains (of usually
the hard parts or organisms) preserved in stone
Rocks form sediment. A cross section of the Earths crust indicates the arrangement of the sediment over very long periods of time
Different sediments contain different fossils
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionWe can see that life forms vary
over time, that they become extinct and that new forms of life have appeared in Earth’s history
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Relative vs Absolute Relative vs Absolute DatingDatingRelative dating simply states that
this is older or younger than that but gives no indications as to its actual age
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Relative vs Absolute Relative vs Absolute DatingDatingRelative dating simply states that this
is older or younger than that but gives no indications as to its actual age
Absolute dating using such techniques as radioactive carbon dating, Potassium – Argon dating (K-Ar) or Uranium – Lead dating (U-Pb) uses half-life techniques to determine the absolute age of objects
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionComparative anatomy and
morphology show similarities and differences between today’s organisms and those from the past
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionComparative anatomy and
morphology show similarities and differences between today’s organisms and those from the past
From this we can determine the presence (or lack of) a common ancestor
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionComparative anatomy and morphology
show similarities and differences between today’s organisms and those from the past
From this we can determine the presence (or lack of) a common ancestor
Homologous structures – The forelimb pattern of whales, bats, humans and cats all show similar bone structure but have different functions
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionTherefore a homologous
structure is a structure that looks the same but does different things – It demonstrates a common ancestor and divergent evolution
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionAnalogous structures represent
the opposite scenario. These are structures that look different but do the same thing. For example a bird and butterfly wing are anatomically very different but they both enable flight. This represents convergent evolution
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionSimilar habitats often result in the
selection of similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms but toward the same function. Consider whales and sharks they have not had a similar common ancestor for tens of millions of years (or more) but because of where they live they have evolved to have similar body types
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionSimilarities in protein and gene
function among diverse organisms give clues to common ancestry
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The Evidence for EvolutionThe Evidence for EvolutionOne argument for evolution that
your book makes that most sources do not is that through artificial selection man has created new species (both plants and animals) in a few hundred years then why could it not happen in nature over a few million years
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Industrial MelanismIndustrial MelanismThe peppered moth is an example of industrial
melanism. Prior to the industrial revolution in England. The white variant of the moth was most common with lesser amounts of the melanised version. The moths lived on the near-white lichens that covered the trees. As the Industrial revolution progressed the trees became black from coal-fired plants. The population of black moths increased as being this color gave them a competitive advantage (they were harder to spot) and the white moth population declined. Several years after the passage of the clean air acts as the trees returned to the normal color there was a shift once again toward white moths (Remember – no variant was totally wiped out)
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Vestigial StructuresVestigial Structures
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Vestigial StructuresVestigial StructuresA vestigial structure is a structure
that had a function at one time but no longer does. Some examples in humans include the wisdom teeth, pinnae cartilage of the ear and eyebrows
While most people consider the appendix to be a vestigial structure there is some controversy about this
Plica semilunaris
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Adaptive RadiationAdaptive RadiationThere is an expression that says,
“Nature abhors a vacuum”
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Adaptive RadiationAdaptive RadiationThere is an expression that says,
“Nature abhors a vacuum”This means that wherever life
can exist – life will exist
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Adaptive RadiationAdaptive RadiationThere is an expression that says,
“Nature abhors a vacuum”This means that wherever life
can exist – life will existSome examples of this are the
plants present in the Hawaiian Islands, The finches of the Galapagos Islands and the marsupials od Australia
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Adaptive RadiationAdaptive RadiationIn each of these situations you
had ancestral stock that radiated outward as various mutations allowed them to take advantage of diverse habitats – Consider how the beaks of the finches are adapted to the types of seeds found in different areas
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Mechanisms of EvolutionMechanisms of EvolutionDarwin was a gradualist. He
believed that mutations were small and random but moved in one direction
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Mechanisms of EvolutionMechanisms of EvolutionDarwin was a gradualist. He
believed that mutations were small and random but moved in one direction
Hugo deVries was a proponent of Saltation which states that large mutations could occur rapidly, leading to the formation of a new species in a single generation
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Mechanisms of EvolutionMechanisms of EvolutionStephen J. Gould proposed a theory
called “Punctuated Equilibrium” which stated that organisms stayed stable for veru long periods of time and then for any number of reasons orgnaisms went through rapid periods of evolution (100,000s of years to a few million) and then returned to a period of stability for many millions of years
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumHardy-Weinberg can be used to
determine the frequency of a particular allele in a population
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumHardy-Weinberg can be used to
determine the frequency of a particular allele in a population
Hardy-Weinberg provides a snapshot of that population
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumHWE states that the alleles in a
population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumHardy-Weinberg requires a
variety of conditions to be met in order for it to be used (as you will see HWE) is more of an intellectual exercise than an actual thing. HWE requires that
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumPopulations be large
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumPopulations be largeThat there be no immigration or
emigration from the population
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumPopulations be largeThat there be no immigration or
emigration from the populationAll mating’s be random (No mate
selection)
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumPopulations be largeThat there be no immigration or
emigration from the populationAll mating’s be random (No mate
selection)There are no mutations
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumPopulations be largeThat there be no immigration or
emigration from the populationAll mating’s be random (No mate
selection)There are no mutationsAll organisms are equally fit
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibriumHWE – is an algebraic formula
that states:p + q =1 wherep2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 So ifp = represents the Homozygous
dominant phenotype, pq represents the heterozygous phenotype and q represents the recessive phenotype, then
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Hardy – Weinberg Hardy – Weinberg EquilibriumEquilibrium.6 + .4 = 1 and (.6)2 + 2(.6)(.4) + .42 = 1.36 + .48 + .16 = 1 Therefore36% of the population is AA48% of the population is Aa16% of the population is aaA change in the frequency of the
alleles in the population would be interpreted as evolution