Evolution by natural selection can create adaptation, that...
Transcript of Evolution by natural selection can create adaptation, that...
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Evolution by natural selection can create adaptation, that tangible sense of “designed for function”
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But it is also an historical process – only works with existing variation, has a characteristic “makeshift” quality
_____________ organs, _____________ genes
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“Panda’s thumb”
The late evolutionary biologist Stephen J. Gould loved to dwell on this historical component of design in nature
A favorite example – the “thumb” of the Giant Panda
http://www.athro.com/evo/pthumb.html
_____bone – radial sesamoid
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http://www.kamcom.co.nz/kiwi/index.html
Kiwi egg
Why would such a little bird have such a big egg?
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Ratites: Ostrich, cassowary, moa (extinct) , rhea, emu, kiwi, tinamou
http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/Sampler1.htm
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George C. Williams’ favorite example
Williams, G.C. 1992. Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford Press.
Vas deferens
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My favorite example – why is the slime green??
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Recall that much of the energy in sunlight is in the _____________portion of the visible spectrum
Does plant greenness relate to the use of this energy?
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Light energy is obtained by the absorption of photons (light “particles”) by PIGMENTS
Photosynthetic pigment molecules includeChlorophyll a, b, cCarotenoidsPhycobilins
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Each pigment has its own ______________ SPECTRUM
The rate of photosynthesis is also a function of wavelength as a result of the pigments –__________ SPECTRUM
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So, plants use light in the visible range where most energy is, but there is a ____ in absorption in the green-yellow range. So that’s why plants are green – that light is __________, so it is reflected (so we see it).
Ok, but this means lots of energy is ____________________?
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Maybe – a mistake? Historical accident? Some _____________(photosynthetic bacteria) have _____________
If plants were fully utilizing sunlight, what color would they be?So, why the slime is green is still a mystery.
2,3 - chlorophyll a,b4 - phycoerythrobilin5 – beta-carotene
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So design by natural selection has a distinctive historical “signature”
While many details of organisms in nature seem beautifully, exquisitely adapted for survival, they also need to be given a history- how did it get there?
In fact, many details really don’t seem to make much “sense” without that history
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Extinction – loss of species– speciation _______diversity, extinction ________ it
The fossil record documents the existence of many species that _________________
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http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/http://www.dinofish.com/
Coelacanth
Ginkgo
Occasionally, a species known first from fossils has been found still existing.
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Tree of life has many aborted branches
http://home.socal.rr.com/wangsong/CaniEvol/CaniEvol.html
Canidae – dogs: many more ______ than ______
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Horses (Equidae)
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Extinction rates have been ________ over time, with occasional “_____”extinctions
3.4
Despite this, there have been long term _______ in measures of diversity
Often _________ is suspected
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Adaptive Radiation
Speciation rates are ______ as well, especially within groups
Adaptive radiation – “______” production of descendant species
Probably a result of new adaptive “opportunity”1. 2. 3.
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Classic island examples
_________ finches
http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch.html
Adaptive radiation
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Sato et al. 2001
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___________honeycreepers
Fleischer et al 1998
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Hawaiian ____________
California _______
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Mass extinctions followed by major biotic shifts
1. _________ extinction (250 MYA)
2. __________ extinction (65 MYA)
Before -amphibians and fernsAfter – reptiles and gymnosperms
Before – reptiles and gymnospermsAfter – mammals and angiosperms
http://www.dinosaursinart.com/http://gpc.edu/~pgore/images/mastodon.gif
Adaptive radiation
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Adaptive innovations
“Cambrian explosion” – innovation?
Large category, most important traits probably qualify (e.g., photosynthesis, nucleus, multicellularity, flowers…)
Adaptive radiation
By 543 MYA – all extant animal phyla38 body plans from 3 in 20MY
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Whales (Cetacea)
Since <___MYA
Adaptive radiation
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http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb424/students/ckr5/phylogeny.html
Whales (Cetacea)
Tremendous diversification in a short time
Where did they come from?
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Jean-Renaud Boisserie / UC Berkeley
Whales are _________ most closely related to the ___________, inthe Artiodactyls, the even-toed ungulates. Horses and rhinos are Perissodactyls, odd-toed ungulates.
What are the Archaeocetes?
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IID2Understanding2.shtml
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Archaeocetes
http://www.sci.tamucc.edu/~wcrc/cetaceans/extinct/archaeocetes.html
Pakicetidae 50 MYA
Ambulocetidae 50 MYA
Remingtonocetidae 45 MYAProtocetidae
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Possible transitional whale fossil Basilosaurus 35 MYA
Archaeocetes
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Morphological reconstruction of the Cetacea phylogeny (no DNA for extinct taxa)
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/whales/archaeoceti.htm
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Whales are a striking example of how evolution can, relatively quickly, result not only in dramatic radiation, but extreme changes in phenotype.
Consider: _______ are more closely related to _______ than to _______.
What was the “force” that caused this?
End Part 2