Contribution of Turkic Languages in the Evolution and Development of Hindustani Languages
Evolution and History of Programming Languages Software/Hardware/System.
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Transcript of Evolution and History of Programming Languages Software/Hardware/System.
• Machine languages
• Assembly languages
• Higher-level languages
To build programs, people use languages that are similar to human language. The results are translated into machine code, which computers understand.
Programming languages fall into three broad categories:
The Evolution of Programming Languages
• Machine languages (first-generation languages) are the most basic type of computer languages, consisting of strings of numbers the computer's hardware can use.
• Different types of hardware use different machine code. For example, IBM computers use different machine language than Apple computers.
The Evolution of Programming Languages - Machine Languages
• Assembly languages (second-generation languages) are only somewhat easier to work with than machine languages.
• To create programs in assembly language, developers use cryptic English-like phrases to represent strings of numbers.
• The code is then translated into object code, using a translator called an assembler.
The Evolution of Programming Languages - Assembly Languages
• Third-generation languages
• Fourth-generation languages
• Fifth-generation languages
Higher-level languages are more powerful than assembly language and allow the programmer to work in a more English-like environment.
Higher-level programming languages are divided into three "generations," each more powerful than the last:
The Evolution of Programming Languages - Higher-Level Languages
FORTAN CCOBOL C++BASIC JavaPascal ActiveX
• Third-generation languages (3GLs) are the first to use true English-like phrasing, making them easier to use than previous languages.
• 3GLs are portable, meaning the object code created for one type of system can be translated for use on a different type of system.
• The following languages are 3GLs:
Higher-Level Languages - Third-Generation Languages
A Typical C Program Development Environment
1. Edit
2. Preprocess
3. Compile
4. Link
5. Load
6. Execute
Disk
Disk
Loader
Linker
Compiler
Preprocessor
Editor
Disk
Disk
Disk
Primary Memory
CPU
Primary Memory
1. Program is created in the editor and stored on disk
2. Preprocessor program processes the code
3. Compiler creates object code and stores it on disk.
5. Loader puts program in memory.
4. Linker links the object code with the libraries
6. CPU takes each instruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes
•Phases of C Programs:
Visual Basic (VB)VisualAgeAuthoring environments
• Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are even easier to use than 3GLs.
• 4GLs may use a text-based environment (like a 3GL) or may allow the programmer to work in a visual environment, using graphical tools.
• The following languages are 4GLs:
Higher-Level Languages - Fourth-Generation Languages
• Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) are an issue of debate in the programming community – some programmers cannot agree that they even exist.
• These high-level languages would use artificial intelligence to create software, making 5GLs extremely difficult to develop.
• Solve problems using constraints rather than algorithms, used in Artificial Intelligence•Prolog
Higher-Level Languages - Fifth-Generation Languages
Hardware Description Language (HDL) Basic idea is a programming language to
describe hardware Initial purpose was to allow abstract
design and simulation Design could be verified then implemented in
hardware Now Synthesis tools allow direct
implementation from HDL code. Large improvement in designer productivity
HDL HDL allows write-run-debug cycle for
hardware development. Similar to programming software Much, much faster than design-implement-
debug Combined with modern Field
Programmable Gate Array chips large complex circuits (>100000s of gates) can be implemented.
HDLs There are many different HDLs
Verilog HDL ABEL VHDL
VHDL is the most common Large standard developed by US DoD VHDL = VHSIC HDL VHSIC = Very High Speed Integrated Circuit
Verilog HDL is second most common Easier to use in many ways = better for teaching C - like syntax
Verilog HDL Verilog constructs are use defined
keywords Examples: and, or, wire, input output
One important construct is the module Modules have inputs and outputs Modules can be built up of Verilog primatives
or of user defined submodules.
Example: Simple Circuit HDL
module smpl_circuit(A,B,C,x,y);
input A,B,C;
output x,y;
wire e;
and g1(e,A,B);
not g2(y, C);
or g3(x,e,y);
endmodule
HDL Summary Hardware Description Languages allow
fast design and verification of digital circuits.
Accurate simulation and testing requires delays and inputs to be specified.
There are three different levels of abstraction for modelling circuits.
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HW/SW Codesign Flow
Concurrent design between hardware and software using Co-simulation Co-synthesis
Codesign Language Hardware Description
Language (HDL) Software Description
Language (SDL)
People know C, so how about languages built on C/C++? SystemC SpecC Handel-C
Has no tool support. Only useful for influencing other languages.Lacks CAD tool support
Proprietary: Not universally available
SystemCv0.90
Sep. 99
SystemC History
SynopsysATG
Synopsys“Fridge”
Synopsys“Scenic”
UCIrvine
1996
Frontier DesignA/RT Library
1991
SystemCv1.1
Jun. 00
Abstract Protocolsimec
1992
CoWare“N2C”
1997
VSIA SLD Data Types Spec
(draft)
SystemCv1.0
Apr. 00Fixed Point Types
SystemC Highlights
Modules Processes Ports Signals Rich set of port and signal
types Rich set of data types
Clocks Cycle-based simulation Multiple abstraction levels Communication protocols Debugging support Waveform tracing
Features as a codesign language