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In context of SubcontinentDated:22-09-2013ByMuhammad Ali KhanEvolution and Growth of Muslim Society in Subcontinent9/22/20131OutlineIntroductorySocietyEvolution and GrowthMuslim SocietyEvolution of Muslim SocietyEarlier period (Prior to 712)712 to 1526Governing Principles of EvolutionGrowth of Muslim SocietyMangols 1526-1757Governing Principles of GrowthFall 1757-1857Impacts on SubcontinentAppraisal9/22/20132SocietyPeople who interact in such a way as to share a common cultureThecultural bondmay be ethnic or racial, due to shared beliefs, values, and activitiesThe termsocietycan also have a geographicmeaning and refers to people who share a common culture in a particular location9/22/20133Constituents of A SocietyCultureLawsGovernmentInstitutionsReligionEconomyArt and ArchitectureIdentity/IdeologyCollective Consciousness

9/22/20134CultureConsists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or societyThrough culture, people define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to societyCulture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutionsInstitutionrefers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities. Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work,9/22/20135Culture"The complex way of knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and other capabilities and habits of man". LanguageFamily as Unit of SocietyDivision of laborMoral CodeArt and Architecture9/22/20136Muslim Society9/22/20137Having Muslin IdentityCultureSources of LawIdeology Determinants of Muslim Society InvadersSettlers /RefugeesSufis /Ulemas/IntellectualsReformists MovementService Gentry

9/22/201388Evolution of Muslim SocietyEarlier period (Prior to 712)Pre-Muslim CivilizationsEarly Links byTraders712 to 1526InvadersSufias/UlemaRole of Service GentryRefuges and Settlers9/22/20139Some Theories of Spread of IslamMuslims are descendants of migrants from the Iranian plateau or Arabia (Settlers and Refuges)Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes,Conversion was a result of the actions of Sufi saints and involved a genuine change of heartConversion was due to Invadors9/22/201310Cont.Conversion came from Buddhists and the masses conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive Hindu caste systemAs a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant Muslim civilization and global polity at large9/22/201311Evolution(Earlier Period)Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent from ancient times in Malabar region, which linked them with Arab peninsulaIn Malabar, the Moppilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam as they were closely connected with the Arabs than others with the ports of South East Asia9/22/201312ContInvasion of Muhammad bin Qasim,Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad CaliphateArab traders transmitted the numeral system developed Muslims to IndiaMany Sanskrit books were translated into Arabic as early as the Eighth century during the reign of the second Abbasid caliph al-Mansur [754775]9/22/201313Three Political Centers of MuslimsThe first was the rich Mali Kingdom in Africa, which attained its zenith under Mansa Musa (d. 1332)The second was the Mamluke Empire embracing Egypt and SyriaThe third, and by far the most powerful, was the Sultanate of Delhi9/22/201314ContThe Slave DynastyThe Khiljis (1296-1316) conquered all of India and Pakistan, from Peshawar to Malabar, an area covering more than a million and half square milesThe Tughlaqs (1316-1451) Muhammad bin Tughlaq (d. 1351), primarily because we know a great deal about his court through the writings of Ibn BatutaSo rich was the Delhi Sultanate that Ibn Batuta, 1335-1341, records that whenever the Emperor passed through the streets of Delhi, the courtiers following him threw coins of gold and silver in the streets for theamah(common folk) use to pickIt was in this magnificent Delhi court that the final resolution of the tug-of-war between the Sufis, the anti-Sufis, the philosophers, the doctors of law and the ruling elite took place

9/22/201315InvadersSouth- Arabs712North-Ghouriz1196-1206West -Afghanis998 to 11209/22/201316Iran / Mongolia: Ghazan Khan (r.1295-1304) with his wife Kokachin at court, 13th centuryBy the middle of the 14thcentury, trade routes between Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and China, which had been cut by the Mongol invasions, had been restoredWith the conversion of Ghazan the Great (1295), Persia was back in the fold of IslamThis removed the barrier to travel by land from India to West Asia and from there to Africa and Spain. A flexible Islam welded together a world order wherein people and ideas traveled freely from one continent to another

9/22/201317Settlers/ RefugeesMangools,Qureshis,Drawadian,ArayanThe Mongol devastations resulted in a substantial migration of men of learning from Central Asia and Persia into IndiaThe influx of the Sufis provided the spiritual momentum for the spread of Islam in India and present Pakistan, The migration was not confined to dervishes and SufisA large number ofUlemaandkadisalso fled and sought employment in HindustanOthers migrated further east to the Indonesian islands

9/22/201318Reformist MovementsIslmistsMujaddid Alaf SaniHazrat Baqi BillahAssimilation Bhagat Kabir1398-1518Guru Nanak1469-1539

9/22/201319Role of Service Gentry 9/22/201320In Slave DynastyChihalgani was the group of most important and powerful forty nobles or highly placed officers in the court of IltutmishIltutmish had organized them as his personal supportersModern Kitchen CabinetInfluencing the establishment of Military and Administration and Annexation of areasGrowth of Muslim Society 1526-17579/22/201321Period of Growth 1526-1757Chughtai Turks Reformist MovementsRole of Service GentrySettlersInvaders9/22/201322A large number ofUlemaandkadisalso fled and sought employment in Hindustan after Babur and Hamuyns return, Many Settlers came with Babur tooReformist MovementsMujadaid Alaf SaniShah Wali UllahSettlersNorth_West-Chughtai Turks1526West Afghan/Patthan1739 and 1721EducationDers-e-NizamiFarangi Mahal Lakhnow, Mulla Nizam-o-DinIdeology of LifeDunya as Maya to Balance of livesLanguagePersion,Urdu,LashkariIntellectual Development Sheikh Mubarak, Faizi,abu Al-Fazal, Shah Wali Ullah

9/22/201323Earlier Social SystemIndia, whose social structure was fossilized by the caste system, was ready to accept a universal religion like IslamThe most important reason for the success of the Sufis lay in the spiritual bent of the Indian mind by humanity, and dignity of manEvery culture produces an ARCHETYPE that personifies the ethos of that culture. Islam introduced the concept of Equality9/22/201324Work of SufisThe Sufis were eminently successful not just because of Zikr, and carity, but because they established effective institutions to do their work in their own lifetime and to continue it after they departedPurification by Qawwalli and Arifana Kalam, Chanting Slogans9/22/201325ContThe first Moghul emperor Babur was himself a Sufi mystic. Emperor Akbar was amuridof Shaykh Salim Chishti (Fatehpur Sikri, d. 1572)He made annual pilgrimages on foot to the tomb of Shaykh Salim as well as to the tomb of Khwaja Moeenuddin of Ajmer.Since the methods and processes of the Sufis have changed little over the last thousand years, the Chishtiya order, together with its sister Qadariya and Suhrwardi orders, provide a cultural link between modern Islam with the Middle Ages. 9/22/201326Famous Sufis9/22/201327Bahudin Zakria 1182-1262Moin-ud-Deen Chisti1142 -1236

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OrdersShadhilyya was founded by Imam Nooruddeen Abu Al Hasan Ali Ash Sadhili Razi. It was brought to India by Sheikh Aboobakkar Miskeen sahib Radiyallah ofKayalpatnamand Sheikh Mir Ahmad Ibrahim Raziyallah ofMadurai. Mir Ahmad Ibrahim became the first of the three Sufisaintsrevered at theMadurai MaqbarainTamil Nadu. There are more than 70 branches of Shadhiliyya and in India9/22/201330ChistiaThe first of the Chishti saints wasAbu Ishaq Shami(d. 329/AD 94041), Abu Ishaq Shami established the Chishti order inChishtDuring the reign ofMuhammad bin Tughluq, who spread theDelhi Sultanatesouthward, the Chistiyyah order spread its roots all across IndiaDuring theMongol invasionin AD 1220 andSafavidattack in 1509 many Chishti Sufis migrated toUch,Ajodhan,BhakkarandSehwanin SindhTheKhanzadasubdivision of theRajputclan was converted to Islam by Chishti Sufis9/22/201331ContThe first of the Suhrawardi saints wasAbu al-Najib Suhrawardi(490563 AH).The Suhrawardiyyah order achieved popularity inBengalThe Qadiri order was founded byAbdul-Qadir Gilani, whose tomb is in Baghdad. It is popular among the Muslims ofSouth India, Kernatka and Kerala9/22/201332ContQadria_The origin of this order can be traced back to Khwaja Yaqub Yusuf al-Hamadani (b. AD 1140It was patronized by the Mughal rulers, as its founder was their ancestralpr, or spiritual guide. "The conquest of India byBaburin 1526 gave considerable force to the Naqshbandiyya order), who lived inCentral Asia9/22/201333New Class Identity in Muslim societyTurk ElitesGovernanceUlema Court, Judicial SystemSufisReligionSadatsKhan/Maik/Ameens/BureaucracyCommunityBased on Profession9/22/201334Role of Service GentryMuslims Elites/NobelsEstablishing the Modern trendsUsed to control the masses and Influence the King Sheikh MubarakAbu AlfazalSheikh Faizi

9/22/201335Cultural ContextSpread of IslamCase one By InvadersIf accepted by ElitesSociety became Islamic,Islam Spread FastLocal culture was absorbedExample Iran and AfricaIf accepted by Common MassesSociety did not became Islamic,Islam Spread SlowLocal culture was not absorbedExample Subcontinent

9/22/201336ContCase two By SufisIf accepted by ElitesSociety became Islamic,Islam Spread FastLocal culture was absorbedExample Iran and AfricaIf accepted by ElitesAssimilation of Society ,Islam Spread SlowLocal culture was not absorbedExample Subcontinent

9/22/201337Appraisal9/22/201338Evolution of Muslim SocietyEarly LinksTradersIntroductionInvadersSpread and Social FabricSufis/UlemasPreliminary FabricAltutmashEarly ConsolidationBalbanInitial Economic StabilityKhilgisGrowth of Muslim Society9/22/201339Annexation and FederationBabur-The Lion HeartDevelopment of Infrastructure Sher Shah SuriRevenue System Sher Shah and AkberArt, Music, ArchitectureJahangir and ShahjahanEducation and IdeologyAurangzebIslamic IdentityAurangzebCultural GrowthEarly MughlsArt and LiteratureLate Mughals

Concluding Remarks - an Empirical Frame Work of Muslim SocietyEthnic Response Raja Dahir, Khushal khan Khatak,Muslim IdentitySufia, Mujadad Alaf sani, AlamgirAssimilation or SynthesisBagat Kabir, Guru Nanak, Akber9/22/201340Evolution of Muslim Society9/22/201341Pattern of EvolutionIntroduction by Traders/InvadersSpread by SufisEarly Identity as MuslimCultural IdentityArt and ArchitectureStruggle for strong MilitaryEstablishment of Administrative/Govt SystemConsolidation of MassesSynthesis by,Bagat Kabeer and Gru NanakGoverning Principles Strike on cast system and EqualityPiety and Humanitarianism by SufisToleranceFreedom of Worship

Growth of Muslim Society 1526-17579/22/201342Pattern of GrowthBuilding Institutions (Revenue System and Administration)Political Maturity (Establishment of Central Govt.)Development of Collective Consciousness (Nationalism and Muslim Nationalism)Defined Sources of Islamic Law (Fatawa-e-Alamilgiri)Development of Islamic Ideology (Dara v/s Alamgir)Mature Education System (Dars-e-Nizami, Shadat-e-Amliya, Shadat-e-Fazliya)Strong Military and Political SystemSocial Harmony (Deen-e-Elahi) Reformist Movements (Alaf Sani and Baqi Billah, Shah Wali Ullah)Consolidation of Muslim Identity (Reversal of Deen-e-Elahi by Alamgir)Appointment of Qazi to administor Muslim LawCreation of Large Educated Muslim ClassMuslim CultureFactors contributing in Growth of Muslim Society9/22/201343Strong MilitaryEconomic StrengthSocial HarmonyPopularity of MonotheismStrong Court SystemPatronage of Art and CultureMusic,Poetry,Language,Dress,Festivals,Culinary Department,Painting and Miniatures, Ventilated House, Treat/PartyImpactsIslam Introduced in this landSultanat was one of the three power centers of Muslim RuleIntroduction of Public PolicyEconomic Prosperity and growthEstablishment of Early State and Central GovtNew Education SystemIntroduction of system of Administration and RevenueContIsolation of India was brokenRise of Regional Languages (560)Social DemocracyHospices/Khangah as unit of DevelopmentArrival of man of learningNew Language-LasrakiFusion of three great Cultures/CivilizationsImpacts were so strong that Hindus Reformis movements as Anti thesis, Arya Samaj, Brhamo SamajPatterns of Evolution and Growth Patterns and Governing Principles for Growth9/22/201347Pattern of GrowthBuilding Institutions (Revenue System and Administration)Political Maturity (Establishment of Central Govt.)Development of Collective Consciousness (Nationalism and Muslim Nationalism)Defined Sources of Islamic Law (Fatawa-e-Alamilgiri)Development of Islamic Ideology (Dara v/s Alamgir)Mature Education System (Dars-e-Nizami, Shadat-e-Amliya, Shadat-e-Fazliya)Cont.9/22/201348Strong Military and Political SystemSocial Harmony (Deen-e-Elahi) Reformist Movements (Mujadad Alaf Sani and Baqi Billah, Shah Wali Ullah)Consolidation of Muslim Identity (Reversal of Deen-e-Elahi by Alamgir)Patronage of Man of Qualities/IntellectualsAppointment of Qazi to administer Muslim LawCreation of Large Educated Muslim ClassPromotion of Muslim Culture

Governing Principles of Growth of Muslim Society9/22/201349Strong MilitaryEconomic StrengthPopularity of MonotheismEffective Court SystemControl by Central GovernmentCultural IdentityPatronage of Art and Culture

ImpactsNew Education SystemSultanat was one of the three power centers of Muslim RuleIntroduction of Public PolicyEconomic Prosperity and growthEstablishment of Early StateIntroduction of system of Administration and revenueContIsolation of India was brokenRise of Regional Languages (560)Social DemocracyHospices/Khangah as unit of DevelopmentArrival of man of learningNew Language-LasrakiFusion of three great Cultures/CivilizationsImpacts were so strong that Hindus Reformis movements as Anti thesis, Arya Samaj, Brhamo Samaj

Fall of Muslim Society 1757 to 1857It is an irony of Islamic history that those who should have been the most liberal in their tolerance of dissident thought, namely the philosophers, turned out to be the most intolerantWeak MilitaryForeign Invasion9/22/201352