Evolution and Diversification of Life• Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (bya) and crust...
Transcript of Evolution and Diversification of Life• Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (bya) and crust...
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Evolution and Diversification of Life
OCN 201 Science of the SeaBiology Lecture 2
Frogfish
Grieg Steward (Oceanography) Office: CMORE Hale 121
Phone: x6-6775
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Evolution
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution - Theodisius Dobzhansky
I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God's, or Nature's method of creation. Creation is not an event that happened in 4004 BC; it is a process that began some 10 billion years ago and is still under way. - Theodisius Dobzhansky
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• Heritability of traits from parent to offspring
• Variability among offspring (mutations, recombination)
• Over-production of offspring
• Selection by the environment: Individuals with favorable traits will survive and reproduce more
Basis of Evolution by Natural Selection
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Biological Diversity Arises through Selection
This is not “just a theory”. It is a fact.
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Incomplete Species Separations
donkeyhorse
muleSunday, November 9, 2014
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Incomplete Species Separations
False Killer WhaleBottlenose Dolphin
“Keikaimalu”
= Wolphin
+
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Missing Links
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Missing Links
Discovered 2008 (Matt Friedman)
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• Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukaryotes (with nucleus
A Fundamental Division
DNA
DNA
DNA
and other internal compartments)
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PhotosyntheticEukaryote
• Eukaryotes arose through the merger of multiple prokaryotic cells
Serial Endosymbiosis Theory
Eukaryote
Animals
PhotosyntheticBacteria
Plants
Archaea
Anaerobic Bacteria
AerobicBacteria
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Origins of Animals
Unicellular
Colonial
Multicellular
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Origins of Plants
Unicellular
Colonial
Multicellularmarine alga terrestrial moss
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Protista
Prokaryotae
Single CellEukaryotes
Prokaryotes
MulticellularEukaryotes
Animalia
Plantae Fungi
The Traditional Five Kingdoms
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Life is a Messy BusinessSymbioses and Horizontal Gene transfer Contribute to the Diversity We See
It is a web of life as much as a tree of life
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Evolution
• Evolution is not uni-directional
• Simple things came first
• Complexity accumulates slowly through trial and error via many known mechanisms
• The simple and the complex continue to co-exist
• As the earth changes, species die off and new ones emerge
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Classification of Life• The vast diversity of life makes sense when considered in
the light of evolutionary history
• The splitting of one species into two leads to a nested hierarchy of characteristics that can be shown as a branching tree
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Hierarchical Classification
• Species
• Genus
• Family
• Order
• Class
• Phylum
• Kingdom
• Domain
vulgaris
Octopus
Octopodidae
Octopoda
Cephalopoda
Mollusca
Animalia
Eukarya
Orcinus
orca
Delphinidae
Cetacea
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
delphis
Delphinus
Delphinidae
Cetacea
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
CommonOctopus
OrcaBottlenosedolphin
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Protista
Plantae
Animals
Fungi
The Old Five Kingdom View of Life
Monera
Macroscopic organisms
disproportionatelyrepresented
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The History of an Organism is Written in its DNA
• But how do we interpret it?
• Can use changes in DNA sequence over time as a “molecular clock”
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Sequence ComparisonsDiversity and evolutionary relationships
Seq. A ATACGGTCAC..Seq. B ATTCGCTCAC..Seq. C ATGCGGTCAC..
A
C
B
1 22 G
A B CA 2 1B 2 2C 1 2
Pairwise comparisons of sequences to count nucleotide differences
Summarize differences in a distance matrix
Build tree which satisfies the observed distance relationships
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Eukaryota
The Three Domains of Life
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
and two cell types
Domain
Domain Domain
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• Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (bya) and crust solidified 4.1 bya
• Mineral deposits, thought to be produced only by biological activity, dated at 3.8 bya
• Fossils resembling present-day mats of marine microorganisms found at 3.5 bya
First Evidence of Life
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Fossil Stromatolites Modern Stromatolites
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Timeline
First Prokaryotes >3500
Photosynthetic Prokaryotes 2500
Eukaryotes 1000
Invertebrates 700
Vertebrates 500
Land Plants 430
Mammals 190
Apes 7
Humans 2.5
You 0.00002
(millions of years ago)OrganismFirst appeared
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