Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth...
-
Upload
emily-harrell -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
2
Transcript of Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth...
![Page 2: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Biological EvolutionHas led to the variety of species we find on Earth today
![Page 3: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How Do We Know Which Organisms Lived in the Past?
Our knowledge about past life comes from fossils, chemical analysis, cores drilled out of buried ice, and DNA analysis
![Page 4: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Natural Selection• Biological evolution by natural selection involves the change
in a population’s genetic makeup through successive generations.– genetic variability– Mutations: random changes in the structure or number of
DNA molecules in a cell that can be inherited by offspring.
![Page 5: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Three conditions are necessary for biological evolution by natural selection
Genetic variability, traits must be heritable, trait must lead to differential reproduction
Zebra mussels on native mussel
![Page 6: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
AdaptationAn adaptive trait is any heritable trait that enables an
organism to survive through natural selection and reproduce better under prevailing environmental conditions
![Page 7: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Flying fish
Sun fish
Loach
Fish Adaptations
Tri-pod fish
![Page 8: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Coevolution: A Biological Arms Race
Interacting species can engage in a back and forth genetic contest in which each gains a temporary genetic advantage over the other– This often happens between
predators and prey species
![Page 9: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Japanese hornet feeds on Japanese honeybees
Japanese honeybees defend their nests and their young by
surrounding the Japanese hornet and fluttering their wings
increasing the body temperature of the hornet and exposing the
hornet to increased carbon dioxide levels
![Page 10: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Limits on Adaptation through Natural Selection
• A population’s ability to adapt to new environmental conditions through natural selection is limited by its gene pool and how fast it can reproduce.– Humans have a relatively slow generation time (decades)
and output (# of young) versus some other species.
Gestation period is 22 months for an elephant
![Page 11: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Common Myths about Evolution through Natural Selection
• Evolution through natural selection is about the most descendants.– Organisms do not develop certain traits because they
need them.– There is no such thing as genetic perfection.
![Page 12: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES, CLIMATE CHANGE, CATASTROPHES, AND EVOLUTION
• The movement of solid (tectonic) plates making up the earth’s surface, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes can wipe out existing species and help form new ones.– The locations of continents and oceanic basins influence climate.– The movement of continents have allowed species to move.
![Page 13: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig. 4-5, p. 88
135 million years ago
Present65 million years ago
225 million years ago
![Page 14: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Climate Change and Natural Selection
• Changes in climate throughout the earth’s history have shifted where plants and animals can live.
Figure 4-6Figure 4-6
![Page 15: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Catastrophes and Natural Selection• Asteroids and meteorites hitting the earth and upheavals of
the earth from geologic processes have wiped out large numbers of species and created evolutionary opportunities by natural selection of new species.
Meteor Crater, Arizona
![Page 16: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SPECIATION, EXTINCTION, AND BIODIVERSITY
• Speciation: A new species can arise when member of a population become isolated for a long period of time.– Genetic makeup changes, preventing them from producing fertile
offspring with the original population if reunited.
![Page 17: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Geographic Isolation
• …can lead to reproductive isolation, divergence of gene pools and speciation.
Figure 4-10Figure 4-10
![Page 18: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ECOLOGICAL NICHES AND ADAPTATION
• Each species in an ecosystem has a specific role or way of life.– Fundamental niche: the full potential range of
physical, chemical, and biological conditions and resources a species could theoretically use.
– Realized niche: to survive and avoid competition, a species usually occupies only part of its fundamental niche.
![Page 19: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Specialized Feeding Niches
• Resource partitioning reduces competition and allows sharing of limited resources.
Figure 4-8Figure 4-8
![Page 20: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fig. 4-8, pp. 90-91
Piping plover feedson insects and tinycrustaceans on sandy beaches
(Birds not drawn to scale)
Black skimmerseizes small fishat water surface
Flamingofeeds on minuteorganismsin mud
Scaup and otherdiving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans,and aquatic vegetation
Brown pelican dives for fish,which it locates from the air
Avocet sweeps bill throughmud and surface water in search of small crustaceans,insects, and seeds
Louisiana heron wades intowater to seize small fish
Oystercatcher feeds onclams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak
Dowitcher probes deeplyinto mud in search ofsnails, marine worms,and small crustaceans
Knot (a sandpiper)picks up worms andsmall crustaceans leftby receding tide
Herring gull is atireless scavenger
Ruddy turnstone searches
under shells and pebbles
for small invertebrates
![Page 21: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Evolutionary Divergence
• Each species has a beak specialized to take advantage of certain types of food resource.
Figure 4-9Figure 4-9
![Page 22: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ecological Roles
Generalist species
• Broad niche• Live in many different areas• Eat variety of foods• Tolerate wide range
environmental conditions
Specialist species
• Narrow niche• May only live in one type of
habitat• Few types of food• Tolerate narrow range of
environmental conditions
![Page 23: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Extinction: Lights Out
• Extinction occurs when the population cannot adapt to changing environmental conditions.
The golden toad of Costa Rica’s Monteverde cloud forest has become extinct because of
changes in climate.Figure 4-11Figure 4-11
![Page 24: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SPOTLIGHTCockroaches: Nature’s Ultimate
Survivors• 350 million years old• 3,500 different species• Ultimate generalist
– Can eat almost anything.– Can live and breed almost
anywhere.– Can withstand massive
radiation.
Figure 4-AFigure 4-A
![Page 25: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 4-12, p. 93
Tertiary
Bar width represents relative number of living speciesEra Period
Species and families experiencing
mass extinction
Millions ofyears ago
Ordovician: 50% of animal families, including many trilobites.
Devonian: 30% of animal families, including agnathan and placoderm fishes and many trilobites.
500
345
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Extinction
Extinction
Pal
eozo
icM
eso
zoic
Cen
ozo
ic
Triassic: 35% of animal families, including many reptiles and marine mollusks.
Permian: 90% of animal families, including over 95% of marine species; many trees, amphibians, most bryozoans and brachiopods, all trilobites.Carboniferous
Permian
Current extinction crisis causedby human activities. Many speciesare expected to become extinctwithin the next 50–100 years.Cretaceous: up to 80% of ruling reptiles (dinosaurs); many marine species including manyforaminiferans and mollusks.
Extinction
Extinction
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
250
180
65Extinction
ExtinctionQuaternary Today
![Page 26: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND THE FUTURE OF EVOLUTION
• We have used artificial selection to change the genetic characteristics of populations with similar genes through selective breeding.
We have used We have used genetic engineeringgenetic engineering to transfer genes to transfer genes from one species to from one species to another.another.
Figure 4-15Figure 4-15
![Page 27: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Using biotechnology to develop blight-resistant American Chestnut
Before 1900 the American Chestnut made up 25% of the standing trees in the Appalachian forest
These trees grew to 100 ft rapidly and their trunks were more than 6 ft in diameter
The chestnut blight was introduced into the U.S. and now the tree rarely reaches 30 ft before dying
Scientists have created transgenic American Chestnut resistant to the chestnut blight
![Page 28: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Transgenic trout with six-pack abs = more
muscle mass which is more profit
Transgenic fish which glow were originally developed to detect pollution – but developers can
make more money in the aquarium trade
![Page 29: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Controversy Over Genetic Engineering
• There are a number of privacy, ethical, legal and environmental issues.
• Should genetic engineering and development be regulated?
• What are the long-term environmental consequences?
![Page 30: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Case Study:How Did We Become Such a Powerful
Species so Quickly?
• We lack:– strength, speed, agility.– weapons (claws, fangs), protection (shell).– poor hearing and vision.
• We have thrived as a species because of our:– opposable thumbs, ability to walk upright,
complex brains (problem solving).
![Page 32: Evolution and Biodiversity. Biological Evolution Has led to the variety of species we find on Earth today.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e2b5503460f94b19e6e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The End