Evolution
description
Transcript of Evolution
![Page 1: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EvolutionA population changes over time
![Page 2: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Charles Darwin (1809- 1882)
![Page 3: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A. Published Origin of Species in 1859
![Page 4: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
- 22 years old, HMS Beagle- Voyage of 5 years
![Page 5: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2. Galapagos Islands
![Page 6: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
B. Darwin’s Influences1. Lamarck (early 1800s)
i. Believed that animals change over time- contrary to popular belief! ii. Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics: characteristics can be gained through use and
passed on to offspring
![Page 7: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Kayan “giraffe” women
![Page 8: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Traits Must be Genetic to Pass On!
You cannot “ force” yourself to have a characteristics Example #1: You cannot force yourself to
be lactose tolerant Example #2: Bacteria CANNOT acquire resistance to antibiotics
Note: New traits cannot be created during your lifetime Only genes can be passed on
![Page 9: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2. Lyell
• Previously, idea was that Earth itself is less than 10,000 years old
• Proposed that gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth taking place over thousands or millions of years
![Page 10: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
i. Earth 4.5 billion years old 3.5 billion years first life (single celled)
![Page 11: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
C. Fossils: found on Darwin’s trip.
Shows earth is old – there is enough time for descent with modification to occur
![Page 12: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
II. Darwin’s Finches A. Biogeography- geographic distribution of life forms
B. Galapagos Islands- Volcanic islands off the coast of South America 1. Species were slightly different than the ones on the mainland
C. Finches- different beaks depending on the food available
i. Cactus-eating finch:more point beak ii. Insect-eating finch: sharp ( trees) iii. Types of seeds D. All descended from one mainland Finch
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION from a COMMON ANCESTOR
![Page 13: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 18: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise the largest living species of tortoise and 10th-heaviest living reptile, reaching weights of over 400 kg (880 lb) and lengths of over 1.8 meters (5.9 ft). Shell size and shape vary between populations- humidity, dryness etc.
![Page 21: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Only swimming marine iguana
![Page 22: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Blue Footed Boobie
Bblue feet and dancing to impress the female.mating ritual
![Page 24: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Frigatebird- Do this to distract others and take their prey
![Page 26: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
III. Natural Selection A. Definition: mechanism for evolutionary
change
B. Components:1. Inherited variations:
Mutations- changes in DNA Meiosis
2. Struggle for existence 3. Adaptations (traits that help an organism be
more suited to the environment) increase survival and reproductive success
4. Reproduction- Genes for adaptations increase in each generation – (Fitness- reproductive success)
![Page 29: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
IV. Artificial Selection
Breeder choices which traits to perpetuate (dogs descended from wolves). Canis familiaris comes from Canis lupis domesticated 14,000 years ago.
![Page 30: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The result of Natural Selection is a population adapted to the local environment
![Page 32: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Evidence for Evolution
A. Fossils B. Biogeographical C. Anatomical D. Biochemical E. Embryology F. Examples- Antibiotic
![Page 33: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fossils
![Page 34: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
8 million years ago humans chimpanzees : dozen human-like species called hominids The modern form of Homo sapiens first appeared about 100,000 years ago. This species is distinguished by large brain size, mouth not as protruding. Begin with bipedal ancestor- skulls begin when humans began to walk on two feet
![Page 35: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
“Lucy”
3.2 million year old hominid fossilAustralopithecus afarensis
Significant because skeleton shows evidence of small skull capacity like that of apes and of upright bipedal posture like humans
![Page 37: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
B. Biogeography
A mammal of an order (Marsupialia) whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled
![Page 38: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
C. Anatomical Evidence1. Homologous Structure: Structures that are
similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor
![Page 39: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
C. Anatomical Evidence
2. Analogous Structures: features are similar in function but not in structure. They do not derive from a recent common ancestor but in response to a similar environment.
![Page 40: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
![Page 41: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
C. Anatomical Evidence
3. Vestigial structures: no longer have function. occur because organism inherit anatomy from their ancestors.
Examples: Some snakes have small hindlimbs Humans: Appendix, wisdom teeth, tail bone
![Page 42: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
THE APPENDIX
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE
![Page 43: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
KOALA
![Page 45: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
EUCALYPTUS
![Page 46: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
D. Biochemical1. Living organisms use DNA, and many identical
enzymes (same 20 amino acids)
2. Degree of similarity of DNA sequence or amino acid structure based on how closely related
![Page 47: Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/5681624d550346895dd297d5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
E. Embryology ( Development)
1. Embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages in development.