Evolution:
description
Transcript of Evolution:
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Evolution:Evolution:
Evidence of Change & How Change Occurs
Evidence of Change & How Change Occurs
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EvolutionEvolution- Change over time- Process where modern organisms have descended from ancestors with modifications
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Early Evolutionary
IdeasEarly Evolutionary
Ideas1.1.LamarckLamarck
- among the first to explain how organisms
change over time
- later disproved
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- relied on 2 assumptions:
1.Use and disuse2.Inheritance of
acquired traits- both later disproved
LamarckLamarck
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2. Charles Darwin(1809-1882)
2. Charles Darwin(1809-1882)
- developed the theory of evolution by natural
selection
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- traveled around the world as a naturalist (1831-1836)
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Galapagos wildlife
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Darwin’s Finches & their Darwin’s Finches & their foodfoodDarwin’s Finches & their Darwin’s Finches & their foodfood
Large seeds Small seeds
Insects
Leaves
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Evolution by Natural SelectionEvolution by Natural Selection- Natural
Selection is the result of 3 natural processes:
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1. Natural Variation:1. Natural Variation:- all organisms produced sexually
are genetically different due to gene recombination and mutations
Variation in Human Height
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2. AdaptationThis natural variation or mutation may be an adaptation that helps them outcompete others to survive and reproduce.
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Male caribou competing for mates.Male caribou competing for mates.
2. Competition2. Competition- resources (food, space,
water) - mates- constant struggle for
existence - winners reproduce
Gazelles struggling to reach food.Gazelles struggling to reach food.
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.Natural Selection or survival of the fittest.Natural Selection or survival of the fittest
- Those best suited will survive longer and reproduce.
- Those not suited will not survive or reproduce as often.
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3. Heredity3. Heredity- Those that survive
will pass on the very traits that helped it survive.
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WoodpeckerWoodpecker
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Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection- similar to natural selection
- domestic crops and animals vary a lot
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Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection
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Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection- only the best animals or
plants are allowed to produce offspring
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Artificial SelectionArtificial Selection
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Recent Examples of EvolutionRecent Examples of Evolution
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1.Peppered Moths1.Peppered Mothsa. Before industrial
revolution, most moths were grayish and well camouflaged.
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b.During the industrial revolution, soot stained the bark black.- Rarer dark moths were then better camouflaged.
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- The more common light mothswere easily seen and eaten.
c.Dark moths had greater fitness and became more common.
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2.Resistant Diseases & Pests
2.Resistant Diseases & Pestsa.Increased resistance to
antibiotic by bacteriab.Insects have become more
resistant to pesticides
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Resistant Pests
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C. SpeciationC. Speciation- development of one
species from another species
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C. SpeciationC. Speciation
Kaibab Squirrel Abert Squirrel
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1. Process of Speciation1. Process of Speciation
a.Separation of original population by a geographic barrier
b.Changed environmentc. Gene pool changesd.Reproductive isolation
- two populations can no longer interbreed
e.New species arises
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Barrier removed; mix but don’t interbreed
Genetic drift; tan vs white mice
Geographical barrier;isolated populations
Single species; Same habitat Speciati
on
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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2.Divergent Evolution (Adaptive Radiation)
2.Divergent Evolution (Adaptive Radiation)- ancestral population
evolves into several different species
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2. Adaptive Radiation2. Adaptive Radiation
Hawaiian Honeycreepe
rs
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2. Adaptive Radiation2. Adaptive Radiation
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3. Convergent Evolution3. Convergent Evolution
- different organisms evolve similar adaptations to survive in similar niches- develop analogous structures
(similar function with different underlying anatomy)
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3. Convergent Evolution3. Convergent Evolution
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3. Convergent Evolution3. Convergent Evolution
European Hare(lagamorph))
Patagonian “Hare”(rodent)
Banded Wallaby(marsupial)
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3. Convergent Evolution3. Convergent Evolution
Tasmanian “Wolf” Coyote
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Placentals MarsupialsPlacentals Marsupials
Tasmanian“Wolf”
Wolf
QuollOcelot
NumbatAnteater
FlyingPhalanger
FlyingSquirrel
Wombat
Marmot
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3. Convergent Evolution3. Convergent Evolution
American CactusAmerican Cactus African EuphorbAfrican Euphorb
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D. Evolutionary Theory Evolves
1.Genetic Drift- random changes in allele
frequency produce new traits
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D. Evolutionary Theory Evolves
1. Genetic DriftMasai Giraffe Rothschild Giraffe
Reticulated Giraffe
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Chambered Nautilus
D.Evolutionary Theory Evolves2.Unchanged Gene Pools
- "living fossils": sharks, horseshoe crabs, coelacanth
Coelacanth
Horseshoe CrabHorseshoe Crab
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3. Gradualism:3. Gradualism:- slow change over time
4.4.Punctuated EquilibriumPunctuated Equilibrium- periods of little change, followed by abrupt change
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Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium