Evolutie van Draadloze Communicatie Netwerken 11 01 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 Mapping I Q = Quadrature Phase I...

Evolutie van DraadlozeCommunicatie Netwerken

Coen van Bergen

10/11/09 | Broadband Technology Event | 2

Parameters Tam-Tam

l Wirelessl Digitall Half-Duplex (TDD)l Channel codingl Zero Power

l Disadvantagesl Low Bitrate -> Try to download an MP3 or the latest Movie ;o))l Rangel Spectral efficiencyl Multiple Access problematic. Maybe TDMA -> Administration needed


Frequency Jungle 3 kHz – 300 GHz


Agenda

l Digital Modulation Basicsl BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM BER vs S/N, Orthogonality

l GSM, GPRS, EDGE, EDGE Evolutionl GMSK, 8PSK, 32QAM, TDMA, FDMA

l UMTS, HSPA, HSPA+l QPSK – 64 QAM, CDMA, MIMO

l LTEl OFDM(A)

l Outlook -> 4G


Digital Modulation BasicsBPSK= Binary Phase Shift KeyingBPSK= Binary Phase Shift Keying

0 1Constellation

2 phase states

1 0 1 0

BPSKModulatie

0º 180º 0º 180º

Spectrum=sin(x)/x


Digital Modulation BasicsQPSK = 4 phase states

= 2 bits/state

16QAM = 16 phase-amplitude states= 4 bits/state

11

00

01

10

1111

0000

1 symbol

1 symbol

l Modulation level is nr. of bits/symbol :BPSK=1QPSK=216QAM=4

l Each symbol represents one state.l Frequency of state-changes = Symbol

Ratel Symbol Rate defines frequency

spectrum.l Symbol Rate= Bitrate/Mod. Levell So, at the same symbolrate and

therefore the same spectrum, you cantransmit higher bitrates at a highermodulation level.

1111 1010 1101 0101


Digital Modulation Basics - BER versus S/N

3 dB

BPSK


Digital Modulation Basics - EVM

Date: 9.NOV.2009 09:20:49

EVM = Error Vector Magnitude


Digital Modulation Basics – IQ Modulator1111

0000

BasebandFilter

BasebandFilter

90o

01 1101

10

10

11

10

Mapping

I

Q = Quadrature Phase

I = In-Phase

Sinus

Cosinus

I

Q

1110

Orthogonality inTime Domain


2009/2010

Today's technology evolution path

GSM/GPRS

UMTS

EDGE, 200 kHzDL: 473 kbpsUL: 473 kbps

E-EDGE, 200 kHzDL: 1.9 MbpsUL: 947 kbps

HSDPA, 5 MHzDL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 2.0 Mbps

HSPA, 5 MHzDL: 14.4 MbpsUL: 5.76 Mbps

HSPA+, Rel. 7DL: 21.0 MbpsUL: 11.5 Mbps

2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012

LTE (2x2), Rel. 8, 20 MHzDL: 173 MbpsUL: 58 Mbps

LTE (4x4), 20 MHzDL: 326 MbpsUL: 86 Mbps


Mobile WiMAXscalable bandwidth1.25 … 28 MHzup to 15 Mbps

Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e10 MHzDL: 64 Mbps (2x2)UL: 28 Mbps (1x2)

Mobile WiMAX, 802.16m20 MHzDL: >130 Mbps (4x4)UL: 56 Mbps (2x4)

IEEE 802.11a/b/g IEEE 802.11n


GSM Parameters

GSM = Global System for Mobile communicationsGPRS = General Packet Radio ServiceEDGE = Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

2008200319971991Year

384 kbps

200 kHz

FDD

TDMA/ FDMA

8PSK

EDGE EDGEEvolution

GPRSGSM

14.4 kbps

200 kHz

FDD

TDMA/ FDMA

GMSK

53.6 kbps

200 kHz

FDD

TDMA/ FDMA

GMSK

1 Mbps

200 kHz

FDD

TDMA/ FDMA

QPSK 16QAM32QAM

Data Rate

Channel BW

Duplex

Multiple Access

Modulation


Multiple Access – TDMA / FDMA

l FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Accessl Each user has its own frequency

l TDMA Time Division Multiple Accessl Each user has its own Time-Slotl GSM -> 1 Time-Slot out of 8 Slotsl GPRS/ EDGE 1-4 Time-Slots

TimeFreq

Time Freq

GSM uses both TDMA and FDMA


GSM/ GPRS/ EDGE (Evolution) Keywordsl GSMl 1 timeslot / userl Modulation GMSK -> 1 bit/symboll Circuit Switched

l GPRSl Multiple time-slots per userl GMSK -> 1 bit/symboll Channel Coding (CS1 – CS4)l Packet Switched

l EDGE (EGPRS)l Multiple time-slots per userl Modulation 8PSK -> 3 bits/symboll Channel Coding (MSC1 – MSC9)

l EDGE Evolutionl Multiples time-slots per userl Modulation -> up to 32QAM -> 5

bits/symboll Turbo Coding (better efficiency)l Dual Antenna (MSRD, Mobile Station

Receiver Diversity). Receive at 2frequencies -> double throughput


Modulation – GMSK / 8PSK

Date: 6.NOV.2009 16:52:37Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:12:47 Date: 6.NOV.2009 16:44:20

Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:23:19Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:30:54

GSMK EDGE- 8PSK EDGE Evo – 32 QAM

GSM - Spectrum GSM – Time Slots


GSM – Measurement screens

Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:26:47 Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:27:25 Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:27:58

Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:28:28 Date: 6.NOV.2009 17:28:45

GMSK – Time Slot EDGE – Time Slot EDGE Evo – Time Slot


2009/2010


GSM/GPRS

UMTS






2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012









UMTS parameters

200820052003Year

2 Mbps

5 MHz

FDD

WCDMA

BPSKQPSK

WCDMA

14 Mbps (HSDPA)5.76 Mbps (HSUPA)

5 MHz

FDD

WCDMA

16QAM (HSDPA)

HSPA HSPA+

42 Mbps (DL)11 Mbps (UL)

Data Rate

5 MHzChannel Bandwidth

FDDDuplex

WCDMA + MIMOMultiple Access

16QAM (UL)64QAM (DL)

Modulation

3GPP = 3rd Generation Partnership ProjectUMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemHSPA = High Speed Packet Access


Multiple Access - CDMA

1G - FDMA 2G - TDMA

TimeFreq

Time Freq

3G - WCDMA

TimeFreq

Users separated byfrequency

Users separated byfrequency and time

Users separated byOrthogonal codes

Code Channels

(W)CDMA = (Wideband) Code Division Multiple Access


CDMA Spreading and De-Spreading

Transmit Sum

Correlate

MultiplySpreading SpreadingSpreading

Code Channel 1 Code Channel 2 Code Channel 3


CDMA Modulator (simplified)

BasebandFilter

BasebandFilter

90o

Mapping

Scrambling PN sequence

Code Channel 1

Code Channel 2

Spreading Code 1

Spreading Code 2OVSF = Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor CodeSpreading code = 2, 4, 8, … 256 bits longChiprate = 3.84 McpsBitrate = Chiprate / Spreading Factor

Bits Chips

IQ ModulationScramblingChannelisation


UMTS Keywords

l WCDMAl Modulation QPSKl Code Channels, Spreading code 2 … 256 bitsl Orthogonal codes (acc to Hadamard) have zero correlationl Dynamic BW allocation per user

- Longer spreading code -> lower bitrate

l HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)l Modulation 16 QAMl Multiple code channels per userl Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ). Intelligent retransmission of

erroneous packets

l HSPA +l Modulation 64 QAMl MIMOl Protocol improvements


WCDMA- Measurement Screens

Date: 6.NOV.2009 19:08:46

Date: 6.NOV.2009 19:16:05

Date: 6.NOV.2009 19:16:55


Measurement screens - HSPA / HSPA+

Date: 9.NOV.2009 15:39:17 Date: 9.NOV.2009 15:40:26

HSPA – 16 QAM HSPA+ – 64 QAM


MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output

Throughput:

Data 1

Coding Fading on the air interface

Data 2

100%200%<200%

Different data on both antennas

Alamouti Pre-Coding

−= *

12

*21

2 ssss

S


MIMO – Measurement screen

Antenna 0

Matrix A and B

Antenna 1

Matrix A and B

Antenna 0+1

Matrix A only Matrix B onlyAntenna 0+1

Unique feature!Analysis of antenna 1

without antenna 0

Unique feature!Analysis of antenna 0

and antenna 1simultaneously


2009/2010


GSM/GPRS

UMTS






2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012









LTE – Long Term Evolution

2009Year

172 Mbps (DL, 20 MHz, 2x2 MIMO)86Mbps (UL, 20 MHz)

Scalable 20 MHz max.

TDD/FDD

OFDMA (DL) + MIMOSC- FDMA (UL)

QPSK16QAM64QAM

LTE

Data Rate

Channel Bandwidth

Duplex

Multiple Access

Modulation


Multiple Access - OFDM

Problem of multi-path interference with one carrier:

TransmitterSignal

tDelay Delay spread

ReceiverSignal

t

Multi-path interference when symbol duration shorter than delay spread

OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing


OFDM Basics

Symbol C0 Symbol C1 Symbol C2 timeSymbol time Ts

Symbol C0 Symbol C1 Symbol C2

Symbol C0 Symbol C1 Symbol C2delay

delay

Multipath interference in a high rate single-carrier system

C2 interferes with C0, C1 and with itself

No of paths

Symbol C0 Symbol C1 Symbol C2Guard Interval Guard Interval

Guard Interval avoids Inter Symbol Interference


OFDM Basics

Guard Interval

Guard Interval

Guard Interval Guard IntervalGuard Interval

Guard Interval

Symbol C0 Symbol C1 Symbol C2

tSymbol time Ts

Symbol C0

Symbol C1

Symbol C2

tSymbol time TS’

Single Carrier

f1

f2

f0

Multi Carrier

“Serial Bus”

“Parallel Bus”


OFDM Basics

f

duration TS 1/TS

f0 f2f1

f2

f1

f0

• Orthogonality in Frequency Domain• Carriers can be as close to each other as the symbolrate• Zero crossings are at maximum of neighbour freqeuncy -> No influence• Easy implementation by Inverse FFT• With many carriers larger effect -> eg LTE and WiMax have up to 2048 carriers !!


OFDM Modulator – example 3 carrier

90o

01 1101

10

10

11

10

Mapping

Q = Quadrature Phase

II = In-Phase

Sinus

Cosinus

11

10

11

10

10

01

IFFT

IFFT

ParallelSerial

OFDM Symbol

Symbol


OFDMA = OFDM + Multiple AccessOFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access


LTE Measurement screen


OFDMA Measurements screens

Date: 9.NOV.2009 15:56:18 Date: 9.NOV.2009 15:53:19

Date: 9.NOV.2009 15:52:27 Date: 9.NOV.2009 15:51:55

WiMax Spectrum WiMax – Burst Overview

WiMax – EVM / Carrier WiMax - Overview


2009/2010


GSM/GPRS

UMTS






2003/2004 2005/2006 2007/2008 2011/2012









Poster Wireless Communication Standards


The Future is Wireless .......and Broadband

Evolutie van Draadloze Communicatie Netwerken 11 01 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 Mapping I Q = Quadrature Phase I...

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