Evidence-based/Best Practices Tobacco Control Hadii Mamudu, PhD, MPA COPH-China Institute November...
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Evidence-based/Best PracticesTobacco Control
Hadii Mamudu, PhD, MPA
COPH-China Institute
November 17, 2011
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Outline of PresentationTypes of tobacco products
Scientific bases for tobacco control
Health and Economic Consequences of Tobacco Use (Smoke and Smokeless)
Approaches to tobacco control◦ Demand-side◦ Supply-side◦ Production-side◦ Addressing tobacco industry interference in policy◦ Building capacity
Effects of tobacco control
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Scientific Bases for Tobacco Control
Biomedical research
Epidemiology
Policy Analysis
Documents research
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Scientific Bases for Tobacco Control
U.S. Surgeon General since 1964
UK Royal College of Physicians since 1962
World Health Organization since 1970
International Agency for Research on Cancer
World Bank
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Tobacco Products
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SmokeContains 400-500 known carcinogens
Cigarette Cigar
Kretek Hooka/Waterpipe
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Smoke
The future of many kids is at stake
From Indonesia
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Smokeless
Chewing
Snuff
Snus
Dip
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Emerging Tobacco Products
E-cigarettes Herbal Cigarettes
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Tobacco Use as a Global Problem
Smoking prevalence
The United States: 46+ million
China: 350+ million
Globally: 1.35+ billion
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Consequences of Tobacco Use
Leading Cause of Preventable Diseases and Deaths
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Health Consequences
Direct tobacco use
Death◦ United States: 443,000◦ Globally: 5.4 million
Increased health risks Cardiovascular Diseases Respiratory Diseases Cancer Adverse Reproductive Effects Adverse Early Childhood Effects
NB: Tobacco kills half of its users
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Health Consequences
Secondhand smoke (SHS) /environmental tobacco (ETS)/Involuntary or Passive Smoking
Heart Disease◦ United States: 46, 000 deaths among nonsmokers◦ Globally: 600,000 deaths among nonsmokers
Lung Cancer
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SID)
Adverse effects for children◦ Bronchitis and pneumonia ◦ Cough◦ Asthma attacks◦ Ear infections
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Health Consequences
Tobacco Addiction◦ Nicotine is a drug
U.S. Surgeon General Report, 1988
UK Royal College of PhysiciansTobacco is addictive more than banned
substances
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Health Consequences
Source: U.S. Surgeon General Report, 2010
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Economic Consequences
Direct Medical Costs + Lost Productivity◦ United States: $193 billion◦ Globally: $500+ billion
Household expenditure◦ Crowd out expenditure on essential needs◦ Increases poverty
Environmental damage◦ Deforestation◦ Toxic chemicals
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Approaches to Tobacco Control
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Prohibition vs. Control
ProhibitionLate 19th and early 20th Century: Cigarettes
Prohibition in the U.S.◦ Failed
Country with prohibition: Bhutan◦ Illicit trade: smuggling, counterfeiting, bootlegging
Control◦ Since the mid-20th Century◦ Has been successful
Cut smoking rates in the U.S. and Europe by more than a half.
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CDC
Best Practices for Tobacco Control, 1999, 2007
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World BankCurbing the Epidemic, 1999
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World Health OrganizationThe WHO Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control (FCTC) International tobacco control treaty174 Members
◦ Not including United States
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World Health OrganizationThe MPOWER Reports, 2008, 2009, 2011
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Experts/Scientists
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Individual vs. Population-Based
Individual-base: Cessation and treatment for tobacco dependence◦ Clinical interventions◦ Therapies◦ Counseling◦ Nicotine Replacement (e.g., patches, gum, inhalers,
drugs)
Note◦ Majority of smokers quit without cessation treatments◦ Most ex-smokers try several times before quitting
≈5-7 times
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Individual vs. Population-Based
Population-based
Tax increasesBan on advertising and promotionsPreventionsAnti-tobacco campaignSmoke-free environmentsQuitlinesMonitoringAdvocacy
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Individual vs. Population-Based
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Demand-side policiesTax increases (70% of Retail Price)
◦ Reduce consumption◦ Encourage cessation
Health Warnings (45 countries with Pictograms)
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Supply-side policies
Ban on sale to minors◦ Youth access laws◦ Restricting tobacco industry promotions
Control illicit trade in tobacco products◦ Smuggling◦ Counterfeiting◦ Bootlegging
Tracing and Tracing
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Production-side policiesProduction-side policies
Tobacco and Poverty
Alternative sources of livelihoods◦ Switching from tobacco production
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Capacity Building for Tobacco Control Institutions
Education
Advocacy◦ Encouraging civil society groups◦ Liaising with the international community
Scientific research◦ Country-specific data
Understand the Tobacco Industry’s Role(s) in Policy◦ The tobacco industry documents
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The Tobacco Industry
The Global Industry: Market Share
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The Tobacco IndustryPromote tobacco use
Undermine policy◦ Lobbying◦ Corrupting the policy process◦ Focus attention on economics; not health◦ Divert attention from the effects of tobacco use◦ Etc.
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Effects of Tobacco Control
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Smoking PrevalencePrevent smoking initiation
Reduce tobacco use
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Health Improves healthReduces health risksHelps with cessation
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Economic benefits
Does not harm economy ◦ See the World Bank’s Cubing the Epidemic
Saves medical costs◦ $80+ billion saved by the California Tobacco
Control Program
Generates revenue through higher taxes (“sin tax”)
Makes more money available to households
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The Scientific Consensus
Mamudu et al., 2011
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Thank you!!