EVERYTHING EGYPT

6CASTALDO 2014

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By: Andrea Tobing Fast Facts Family

Mother: Nefertiti’s mother was Tiy, the Royal Nurse for the pharaoh and his family. Father: Aye/Ay (there were different spellings) was the Grand Vizier of Ancient Egypt.Sibling: Nefertiti had a sister- Mutbenret. There is, however, a theory that Mutbenret was identical to the wife of the pharaoh Horemheb.

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The Great Royal Wife Nefertiti’s husband was a pharaoh named Amenhotep IV, who ruled in the 18th Dynasty.

Together they tried to change Egypt’s belief in polytheism.

Amenhotep believed that the only real god was Aten, the actual sun

To worship him, both Nefertiti and Amenhotep changed their names.

Remember: Polytheism is the belief in many gods

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The Great Royal Wife Nefertiti’s name was Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti and Amenhotep’s name was Akhenaten.

They had six daughters, but no son.

Hieroglyphics

Symbols that Ancient Egyptians used

Symbols represented different things

Created 3500 BCE

Extinct 394 CE

History

Hieroglyphics was the key to understanding Ancient Egypt

In 1799, Napoleon’s Army found something called the Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone was an artifact that had 3 languages on it: Greek, Demotic, and Hieroglyphics

They all said the same message

So if you could read one language, you could read the others

o In 1822, a man named Jean Francois Champollion decoded Hieroglyphics

o From him, we know a lot about Ancient Egypt

There were over 700 Hieroglyphics

Scribes were the people who could write Hieroglyphics

There was a shorter form of Hieroglyphics, called hieratic

They were also called “The words of the Gods”

Fun Facts!

Tombs• Tombs were for the wealthy

• Tombs help them pass to the afterlife

• The tombs have all their belongings

• The Egyptian tombs were in pyramids

• The coffins would be located in the tombs inside the pyramid

• They were mummified in the coffins

Tombs

Some tombs have not been touched for 3000years

Tombs have great leaders in them

Their mummified bodies housed in coffins where preserved in the tombs for 1000s of years

Romans also used tombs just like the Egyptians to bury the dead

Some tombs were raided since these chambers contained expensive belongings from great leaders

to be carried to the afterlife

Tombs stopped being built during the Renaissance

The S

phin

x

A sphinx is a mythical creature with the head of a man and a body of

a lion. The most famous sphinx is The Great Sphinx. It’s just like every

other Ancient Egyptian sphinx, only huge. The Great Sphinx of Giza is

believed to be the most immense, surviving stone sculpture of

Ancient Egypt. It is the most massive sphinx, out of hundreds, in

Egypt.The Great Sphinx

•The most famous out of all the sphinxes.

•240 feet (73 m) long, 66 feet (20 m) high, and 20 feet (6 m) wide.

•Was carved down, not built.

The Great Sphinx of Giza is made of limestone

bedrock. It was a good material to carve from because

it was nice and hard, helping it last for years to come.

Even so, The Great Sphinx isn’t exactly what you

would call “good as new”. Years of weathering and

erosion have taken its toll on the Sphinx. That might

explain why it’s missing a nose!

LimestoneThe Great Sphinx of

GizaQuick Facts

•The face of The

Great Sphinx is

believed to be

pharaoh Khafre.

•The Great Sphinx

is at least 4500

years old!.

•Thought to have

been painted.

Egyptian Women: “Mistress of the House”

Jobs:

• Noblewomen could become priestesses and government officials.

• Rarely there were women that became pharaohs.

• Lower class women could become artisans.

• Peasant women could be nannies for upper class children.

• Peasant women could also be domestic servants to the upper class and personal attendants to a noblewoman.

Daily Life:

• Few women worked full-time.

• Women were expected to be a good daughter when young, and a good mother and wife when older.

• Women were equal to men, but not as powerful.

• Women had more power and freedom than other women in different times.

• Women were in charge of household affairs.

• Noblewomen were highly respected and enjoyed freedom and continuity.

By: Julie Sung 6C

Egyptian Women

Fast Facts• Weaving was an important activity for

Egyptian women to participate in.• Music was an important part of a

woman’s religious life.• Girls USUALLY got married around the

age 12.• Women would get custody of her

children if she decided to have a divorce.

• The wife would put 1/3 of the money she made towards her children.

• Women mostly took care of indoor household activity.

• Women could remarry when divorced.• Woman played harps, lyres, lutes,

clapper sticks, hand-held drums, flute-like instruments, and oboe-like instruments.

Senet Senet (The game of passing) was played when

someone died.

The game was played because it was believed it would help the person successfully go to the afterlife.

Senet can be seen as a primitive form of chess, since there were 3 rows of 10 squares and figures called spools and cones.

The exact rules are unknown; we can only take our best guess from hieroglyphics.

Senet was usually played after a pharaoh’s passing.

Ancient Egyptian Hockey

Ancient Egyptian Hockey was played with palm tree branches bent at end.

The ball was made from papyrus fibers and two pieces of leather.

A referee was used to keep the game going and to keep score.

Tug of Hoop

Two players were required to play Tug of Hoop.

The players had curved staffs that they used to try to take the hoop from one another.

In order to win this game, it was always crucial that you performed many physical maneuvers.

The hoop was also forbidden in the game to fall on the floor!

Economy

Ancient Egyptians used economy to survive.

Ancient Egyptian Economy• Ancient Egyptians used economy to trade food and

many types of stuff.• They traded stuff so they can survive with food and

clothing.• Ancient Egyptians also depend there money on a way

of trading stuff.• They traded stuff like gold, wheat, farms, and many

different types of food and clothing.

Pyramids

• The Three pyramids are located in ancient Egypt• Today pyramids teach people how ancient Egypt was• Did you know that there are about 88 pyramids in ancient

Egypt

By:Keith Mency

• Pyramids were made By Egyptians, Pyramids were made for Pharaohs and queens

• Pyramids were made for the Pharaoh and queen to get buried in the pyramid when they die

• Only three pharaohs used there Egyptians to build the three main pyramids

MummificationBy:Michelle Kazbanov 6-C

What is Mummification?• Mummification is the process that dries a corpse that could afford to be

mummified

• The process would take 70 days to finish

• Mummification steps:

• Remove all organs

• Dry all organs

• Rinse the body with wine spices

• Cover the body with salt for 40 days (to take out all the moisture)

• Wrap the body with linen

• Wrap the body in bandages from head to toe

• Put the mummy in a sarcophagus (coffin)

Mummification Details and extra info• People used to believe if you would get mummified you would use

your coffin in the afterlife

• The people would put the organs of the mummy in canopic jars

• There were four canopic jars and each jar had an egyptian god on it, Imesty protected the liver, Qebehsenuf protected the intestines, Hapy protected the lungs, and Duamatef protected the stomach

• All of those gods were the sons of Horus

• The poor egyptians were buried in the sand and the rich were buried in tombs

• But pharaohs were taken into pyramids

• Some great mummy discoveries that people found were:

• Ginger, Hatshepsut, King Tutankham ( King Tut), and Ramses II

Egyptian Religion InformationEgyptian’s Religion:The ancient Egyptian religion had guided every aspect of their lives. It was based on polytheism, which means they worshipped many gods and goddesses. The Egyptians worshipped as many as 2,000 gods and goddesses. Some gods like Amon-Ra were worshipped throughout Egypt. Their gods and goddesses are represented as part human, part animal. Think of a person with animal wings or with a jackal head. Egyptians created temples so the gods could dwell within them. Temples are found everywhere in Egypt. Also, Egyptian cities had special temples devoted to their god/goddesses. Their temples were used by men to communicate with the gods.

Egyptian’s Priests had become more powerful since they communicated with the gods and cared for them. Priests also performed funeral rites and taught at schools. Furthermore, they advised the people on problems as well as supervising the artisans and works.

Egyptians saw death as a transitional stage in route to a better life. If they were able to reach the afterlife, they would start a new life and reach their full potential. Egyptians’ bodies were mummified after death and buried with everything necessary to reach the afterlife. This was considered essential to preserve the body.

Egyptian GodsThe Ancient Egyptian sun god Ra is represented by life and rebirth. They had said that once the sun sets, he dies, but gets “reborn” when it rises again. This widely known god eventually gets “morphed” with Amon, the father of gods. The merge made the two gods into one called Amon-Ra.

The god of wisdom, learning, writing, and also the patron of scribes is called Thoth. The Egyptians thought that this god was the one who had given them the gift of Hieroglyphics, which is their form of writing.

Interesting Fact: Since the Egyptians, like the Mesopotamians, didn’t know what caused certain things like flooding, they’d blame the gods and tried different ways to make them happy and in return, bless them.

Horus is Osiris and Isis’s son and also the god of the sky. He is represented with a head of a hawk and the body of a man. This probably was to represent his control of the sky and the fact that they are most of the time shown with a human part. He is well-known for being the protector and ruler of Egypt.

Iris was a protective goddess, and used powerful magical spells to help Egyptians in need. Isis is also the wife Osiris.

Sources: Notes on Religion from 3/21/14WWW2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.3.htmlhttp://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/explore/main.htmlSlides by Matthew D. Snyder

Enjoy

Osiris is the god of the dead as well as being the ruler of the underworld. He is represented as a mummified man wearing white clothing. He is also the god of resurrection and fertility. Egyptians had believed that he gave them barley which was an important crop.

Anubis is the god of embalming and the dead. He is represented as a man with a jackal head. Since those are often in the cemeteries, Egyptians believed that he always watched over the dead.

Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

Ancient Egyptians could not explain nature and creation so they used gods and goddesses as their explanation. As polytheists, the Egyptians with several gods and goddesses responsible for different things, such as life and the afterlife.

Ra was the Sun god, riding a chariot during the day Geb , the god of the Earth, caused earthquakes when he laughed. Anubis was the original god of the dead and has the head of a jackal

Later, Osiris became the god of the dead Isis was the goddess of magic and the sister of Osiris.

Anubis

Image from: http://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/images/Anubis4.jpg

More Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

Tefnut was Ra’s daughter, the goddess of air Shu was a son of Ra, the god of the space between heaven & earth Hapi was the god of the Nile River & responsible for annual flooding Set was the god of violence, the desert & of storms

Horus was the sky god, fought Set & lost his left eye That left eye is the Egyptian symbol of healing and restoration The prescription symbol comes from the eye of Horus

Image of Eye of Horus RX from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_d3Tzjzhz9V8/TMuQSjxB9LI/AAAAAAAABlY/S56QmiuF44g/s400/Eye_of_Horus_Prescription.png

Created by: Jason Kim

MYTHS OF ANCIENT EGYPT

- This tale begins when

a young boy named

Horus avenges a god

named Seth who took

over a territory which

belongs to Horus.

- When he Egyptians

explain these myths to

different people at

different places, they

say the myth in a

different story.

- Studies say that when

these myths were

told, there were no

explanations if the

Ancient Egyptians

thought that these

were humorous or

serious.

Battle between Seth and Horus

Myths of Eye of Horus- The Eye of Horus is

lost during the war

between Horus and

Seth. Horus loses his

right eye and a moon

god named Thoth

restores this lost eye

and is was given a

name like something

wholesome or healthy.

- Each piece of the Eye

of Horus was given a

specific fraction of

what it represents such

as taste is 1/32

percent.

- In other myths, they

say that the right eye

of Horus was torn out

and the solar eclipse

was occurring like the

sun was momentarily

blocked by the sky.

WARFARE AND CONFLICTBack then Egypt wasn’t that peaceful due to fighting over the Nile river for water.

Most Egyptians caused warfare to expand their lands or gain more power.

(List of weapons they used in warfare)-clubs-maces-axe-knives-sword-daggers-bows and arrows, and javelins (some weapons Egyptians used)

Their was both the upper and lower Egypt had a Conflict between both

They had different crowns one was red like a bowl and the other was white like a bowling ball pin

both lower and upper kingdom had different customs needs and interests

Until one day a man named NARMER MENA joined both Egypt's putting together both hats to show how both Egypt's are equal now

The two crowns were united and turned into this>

Pharaoh & Vizier The Pharaoh was believed to be a God on earth and had the most power. He was responsible for making laws and keeping order, ensuring that Egypt was not attacked or invaded by enemies and for keeping the Gods happy

The Vizier was the Pharaoh's chief advisor and was sometimes the High Priest. He was responsible for overseeing all official documents to have his seal of approval. He was also responsible for the supply of food, and the Pharaoh's household.

Nobles & PriestsNobles where wealthy and powerful with lots of land.normally nobles would be born into such large wealth and power but occasionally people traded goods to have surplus of everything so they can sell and have leftovers for themselves.

priests were responsible for keeping the gods happy.they spent there time performing rituals and ceremonies for the god in there temple.

Jewelry- Male and female Egyptians wore jewelry to show their wealth since only the rich were able to afford gold. They also wore gold jewelry to be more attractive to the gods.

Some types of gold jewelry the Egyptians wore are rings, earrings, bracelets, decorated buttons, neck collars and pendants.

Make Up- both men and women wore make up. Mostly black and green eye shadow. Henna dye was used to color their lips, nails, andskin.

Made by: Simone Hodara 6-C

Egyptians wore light clothes made from linen (linen is made of flax - a plant)

The richer the people were the nicer material they had

Egyptian men wore - a wrap around a skirt that was tied with a belt. The length depended on the fashion of the time. Old Kingdom- Short garmentMiddle Kingdom- Calf length garmentNew Kingdom- Pleated garment

Egyptian women wore – a full length straight dress with one or two shoulder straps

Children wore - they did not were clothing until the age of six

Made by: Simone Hodara 6-C

WHAT WAS ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MEDICINE? Egyptian medicine was thought to be the most successful at the time. Conclusions involved with medicine were thought to be the works of gods, demons, and spirits. Doctors thought these spirits blocked ‘channels’ in the body, creating diseases and

tried to unblock them. Doctors knew basic things and gave practical advice, but also gave odd

advice that harmed people. For example, some prescriptions contained animal waste. Others were to avoid raw poultry and fish.

SURGERY Ancient Egyptian doctors never did anything deep inside the body.

They did it near the surface. When reasonable, the surgery did work most of the time.

Amputees (Cut off) Prosthesis (Artificial device)

Tools they used:

-Saws

-Knives

TREATMENT/CARE Egyptians used magic/alchemy, herbs, and prayers to treat patients.

Thought religion would banish all evil demons and spirits causing this.

Used resources such as…

-Honey

Ancient Egyptians used this method to classify each injury… Treatable- Dealt with immediately. Contestable- Observed patient without interfering. Untreatable- Doctor will not be involved.

Egyptians also were very hygienic to be healthy and also because of religion. Egyptians didn’t take good care of their teeth, so they usually had… Wire to connect fallen out teeth.

They also had ‘braces’ for your feet and such to keep it in place if broken or sprained.

EBERS PAPYRUS Is a piece of papyrus including much information in the

medical industry from ancient Egypt. Over 700 remedies. Written in about 1500 B.C.E. 110 Pages!

Greg Moritz Ebers, a German Egyptologist, discovered the document in Thebes (Luxor), Egypt in 1873-1874.

Is currently in the library of the University of Leipzig in Germany.

Written in hieroglyphics, for example… Six vessels reach the soles of our feet. Baldness is caused by four vessels to the head.

The “After” Life

Believed to be a continuation of life after bodily death

Was considered the greatest honor to live on in death

Did not enjoy death, but enjoyed life

If living on in death, it would be normal life without the negativity (No death, sicknesses, etc.)

By: William Shin Class:6-CDate: 3/24/2014

The Weighing of the Heart

Process of weighing one’s heart against the feather of truth /Ma’at on a golden scale

Process done by God of The Underworld; Osiris, assisted by Inpu, God of Death

The greatest dishonor; having your heart weigh more than the feather

Heart devoured by Amenti, if heavier than Ma’at’s feather

Soul cast into an “abyss of non-existence” if the heart is heavier= worst punishment