WATER SUPPLY AND RURAL ENVIRONMENT PROJECT

EVALUATION REPORT ON

THE WATER SAFETY MODEL IN THỪA THIÊN HUẾ

12/2008 – 1/2009

Huỳnh Lê TâmTống Đức Long

1 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................................................... 1

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 2

3 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 3

4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 4

5 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 7

6 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 12

7 MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION ........................................................................ 17

8 EVALUATING THE MODEL AND OPERATIONAL PROCESS ............................................................. 47

9 ABILITY FOR EXPASION OF THE MODEL ........................................................................................ 59

10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 63

11 ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................. 69

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2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our gratitude to the many people from various organisations who freely gave their time to meet with us. We would also like to thank staff from the NCERWASS, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for their assistance and guidance.

Particular thanks go to Dr Thowai Zai and MSc. Lê Thị Thanh Huyền, and to UNICEF staff for their support and guidance.

Many thanks go to staff of PCERWASS Thua Thien Hue, especially to Mr. Phan Văn Thanh, Tạ Quốc Dũng for their invaluable assistance and helps.

We would sincerely thank staff of Commune People Committee, members of Unions and Associations, staff of Water Supply Cooperative and Health Station, as well as people and pupils of Loc Binh commune, who were enthusiasm and not fearful of hardship of cooling and rainy weather to help us to carry out the assessment.

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3 ABBREVIATIONS

HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point NCERWASS National Centre for Rural Water Supply and SanitationPCERWASS Provincial Centre for Rural Water Supply and SanitationPDPMEH Provincial Department of Preventive Medicine and

Environment HealthUNICEF United Nations Children's Fund WHO World Health Organization MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

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4 SUMMARY

During 2006-2008, the National Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (NCERWASS) with support from UNICEF has implemented a Water Safety Plan (WSP) pilot system in Loc Binh Commune, Phu Loc District, Thua Thien Hue in order to find out a solution for hygienic water supply for inhabitants, prevent risks of water contamination, and raise awareness on water usage and protection. Lộc Bình is a sea-coast commune, among the poor commune list of the Programme 135 of the Government. Like other sea-coast commune in the central coastal province, its weather is relatively harsh. It is divided clearly into 2 seasons: dry and rainy ones. There are often typhoons and floods in the rainy season while it has few rains and becomes drought in the dry one. Domestic water in Loc Binh is very limited due to alum-poisoning water, complicated geology and shortage of water in the drilled wells. Besides, the terrain and traffic also bring in difficulty for the inhabitants to get domestic and cooking water. The project has been implemented from Hai Binh, one of the 6 hamlets of the Loc Binh, and then expanded to auto-running water supply system of the whole commune. After the success of the pilot model, UNICEF has the intention to develop the model, and build up the guideline on water safety plan in other localities.After 2 years doing the pilot project on WSP, a water supply system has been built and connected in the entire commune with a specialized operation mechanism; awareness on clean water, sanitary and people’s health has been raised, diseases in relation with the water resource have been reduced strikingly, and the living condition is improved significantly. The plan of safe water supply has been actively answered and participated by the local authority and the inhabitants. Practice and demand of safe water usage and protection have been created. Nevertheless, there are several works should be done, such as making plan of activity for stakeholders in detail, large expenditure for operation and repair, repeated trainings and strengthening communication, to ensure the continuity and development of the model. The evaluation on the model’s relevance, efficiency (in comparison with the initial plan), effectiveness, impacts, sustainability, ability for expansion and lessons learnt would help the stakeholders getting an objective view of the implementation process and having necessary adjustment in the future project when it is going to be expanded.

4.1 Summary of gathered information

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• WSP’s approach is based largely upon HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) which has been used in the food manufacturing industry. In WSP, the principles applying in HACCP have been refined and tailored to the context of drinking-water. It is a preventive risk management system from water source selection, supply process, coordination among related agencies and community, improvement of stakeholders’ awareness of the importance of the clean water towards the inhabitants’ health.

• Towards means of implementation, WSP has encouraged co-operation and information sharing among stakeholders from central to local level, assigned clearly responsibilities among each stakeholder. Among them, UNICEF and NCERWASS developed the model, PCERWASS and PDPMEH have given technical instruction and support; People’s Committee of the commune and the water supply team have been responsible for the implementation.

• During the implementation process, WSP has been highly supported by the stakeholders. The key issue of WSP, community’s surveillance, have been reached based on the awareness of the importance of safety water to the inhabitants’ health. It will lead to a step by step improvement of water supplied quality.

• After 2 year of implementation, the WSP has shown positive evidences of improvement of the inhabitants’ health proved by sharp decreases in number of case of waterborne diseases.

4.2 Summary of the evaluation• The evaluation of the WSP model implemented in Loc Binh

commune, Thua Thien Hue provinceo The Water Safety Plan model executed in Loc Binh has been

relevant with econo-social situation in the area, has solved the problem of hygienic water supply immediately, promoted better quality of water supplied.

o The effectiveness in the WSP implementation is consistent with designed plan. Undertaken activities are based on the plan and WSP model has achieved positive results of improvement of water quality and people’s health.

o For the efficiency, WSP model has encouraged the participation of all stakeholders from central to local levels and implemented on schedule and have positive long-term impact.

o Although some shortcomings should be solved, but WSP model could show ability of being maintained and developed with the

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co-operation mechanism, the integration into frequent activities of the local area, the commitment of public authority and the community participation in the system.

• Ability for expansion of the model to other rural areaso The WSP model has been affected by some specific local issues

such as the natural and social advantages and the attitude of related parties toward the project in Loc Binh commune.

o The approach of WSP model is a good choice and in accordance with the trend of managing drinking-water quality from catchment to consumer in the world. This approach could be also suitable for water supply in rural areas in Vietnam.

o It is possible for replication and scaling up in others communes with some specific conditions.

4.3 Summary of the conclusions and recommendations• WSP has brought many positive changes in Loc Binh commune,

however some activities should be continued and completed based on stages in the plan.

• For the next stage, the People’s Committee in Loc Binh commune, the commune health service and representatives from the hamlets should build detailed plans improving communication activities, sharing experiences, documenting the remained issues based on WSP’s stages.

• The functional bureaus such as PCERWASS and PDPMEH should jointly participate in the plan based on their own functions and guide related parties at local level to build detailed plans and seek for financial supports to expand WSP model into other communes in the province.

• At the central level, NCERWASS should propose to unify the organization in charge of water quality management and propose Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation in Vietnam program to set priority of promoting the WSP application.

• UNICEF should disseminate and share the results of the implementation of the Water Safety Plan model to related bureaus, organizations, and regions. And UNICEF compiles and popularizes summarized documents for communication and guides the WSP implementation process in detail. It is necessary to consider using related consultancy teams for running projects more efficiently and systematically.

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5 BACKGROUND

5.1 Rural water supply overview5.1.1 Clean water and community health

Clean water is a natural factor related directly with lives on earth. Clean water is one of essential needs. The higher social development is, the larger the needs of water supply to be.According to data of WHO1, diarrhoeal diseases which are largely derived from contaminated water and inadequate sanitation, account for 2.4 million deaths each year. On a global scale, this places diarrhoeal disease sixth in the list of causes of mortality. This health burden is primarily borne by the populations in developing countries and by children.In accordance with data of DPMEH – the Ministry of Health, there has been 80% of diseases related to water recourses. The diseases are caused by biological, physical, chemical and radiological hazards that could be associated with the water supply.In recent years, the numbers of cases of waterborne disease are increasing in Vietnam such as diarrhoea and cholera. Statistics of the Ministry of Health shows that there are 10 over 26 infectious disease related to water sources, personal hygiene and environment sanitation. Diseases of intestines are likely blown up in some provinces, typically mass of diarrhoea occurred in late 2007 with nearly 2.000 cases, in which 295 cases were positive with diarrhoea bacteria in 13 provinces/cities.

5.1.2 Rural water supply situationsAccording to NCERWASS2, survey results of the living conditions of rural inhabitants shows that more than 50% households using well-water, many others using rainwater contained in tanks with inappropriate covering. Water quality does not meet hygiene standards. It is estimated that 30% rural inhabitants access to fairly clean water, including 10% using water at national quality standards. In some areas, running water is neither enough nor meets quality requirements.According to consolidated data in 2006, there were 3,197 rural water supply stations in 29 provinces, including 1.171 stations (36.6%) in good operating condition, 1219 stations (38.1%) in fairly operating condition, 665 stations (20.8%) in bad condition and 142 stop running.

5.1.3 Challenges of rural water quality managementIn many provinces, rural water supply stations were built but they are only operated in a short period of time. And then supplied water does not meet required quality or there are shortages of water sources. This situation caused by many different problems. Please take some cases below for example:

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- In Hạ Trạch commune, Bố Trạch district, Quảng Bình3 province, many rural water stations supplied enough water at first operation but after several months they served muddy water and finally water ran out.

- In Nghĩa An commune, Tư Nghĩa district, Quảng Ngãi4 province, some rural water supply systems are failed to operate caused by poor management and maintenance.

- In many communes of Hải Dương5 province, rural water stations could not run for a long time caused by low construction quality or inappropriate investment.

- In Nhơn Hải commune, Bình Định6 province, water system could only supply to 400/6.000 households but the supply was often cut caused by polluted water source and the open-cast pipeline.

The main reasons for the above problems could be summarized bellow:

- There was not an effective overall plan for rural water supply in the localities.

- It was not enough participation of related parties such as: technical agencies, local authorities, representatives, inhabitants, etc.

- The awareness of clean water of local authorities and inhabitants were not enough.

- There were not effective operation mechanisms for water supply systems.

- There was not sufficient participation of the community in the protection of water resource and supply system as well as surveillance mechanism.

- Tools and equipments for monitoring and operation were not enough and the capability as well.

- It was short of budget for procurement, maintenance and unfavourable natural condition.

5.2 Approach to rural water supply quality management5.2.1 Traditional approach

a. Foundation for water quality management:Currently, water quality control and assessment are based on the circular number 15/2006/TT-BYT, issued on 30/11/2006 by Ministry of Health. Water suppliers are responsible for water quality control regularly and periodically. But in fact, they cannot control on regular basis caused by shortages of budget. PCERWASS and PDPMEH in most provinces supervise periodically.

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On the other hand, a process from water sources, treatment and distribution are under the influence of many factors, especially in rural areas where households are scattered and the terrains are difficult.

Traditional approach to rural water quality management has some basic shortcomings related to ensure water quality from beginning to end of the supply process.b. Shortcomings of traditional approach:o This approach is only to control the results not the process, so it is not

proactive.o The sphere of control is narrow and limited in some given indicators;

other risks are not taken into account.o Information of water quality is reflected too late because the water taken

for testing is also used by the household. When the information of the tested can be obtained, the water has been used by household.

o The quality of water is known at the testing time, but not the process improvement.

5.2.2 New approach to rural water supply quality management by WHOa. Approach: Water quality is controlled by assessment and management from the beginning (water sources) to the end (consumers). The objectives of these activities are to manage risks that may affect water quality at consumers’ end.

Risks

Consumers

Barriern

Input

Barrier1

InputBarrier2

Output

Input Barriern

Output

Barriern

Supplier

Water sources

b. The advantages of new approach to rural water supply quality management:

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o This approach is proactive and systematic.o Water quality is kept under surveillance from the source to end

consumers.o Risks that may affect quality and quantity of supplied water are detected

and managed in time.o Barriers are used to ensure safety water in case of a barrier broken down.o Supplied water is ensured to be safe, reliable and sustainable.o Encouraging improvement in each stage of water supply for better

community health.

5.3 Project overview in Loc BinhThừa Thiên Huế is a littoral province in the Middle of the Central part. The weather is restively harsh, divided into two differential seasons: dry and rainy. The rainy season often lasts for two to three months with flood going along, one severe per year on the average and 7 ones at the highest. In the dry season, the temperature is high and it rains quite a little, therefore drought drags on. There are many rivers and springs with plentiful surface waters in this province. However, the hydrologic regime is not balanced, the formula flows are season-based and the downstream of the main river is penetrated with salted water. The WSP project has been implemented at Loc Binh commune, Phu Loc district, and Thua Thien Hue province. Loc Binh is a bank sea-coast commune, including 6 hamlets: Hải Bình, Tân Bình, An Bình, and Tân An, Hòa An, Mai Gia Phường. Lộc Bình has ever been in the list of poor commune in the Programme 135 of the Government. Before the project WSP in Loc Binh, the situation of water supply for domestic use and cooking is very difficult, usually in shortage, especially in the dry season. The water source for those purposes is mostly from the rainwater, from the drilled and self-dug wells of which the water is alum poisoning or salt infiltrating, and from the spring water that is not well-treated. The unhygienic water leads to common diseases related to water source, such as malaria in many persons, hepatitis and hematoma in some others, sore eyes among pupils, skin diseases and diarrhoea, and gynaecology diseases in 80% of the women. WSP project has been implemented with the support from UNICEF and the National Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (NCERWASS) from the end of 2006. Its model has been developed according to the risk management method proposed by WHO. This is quite new in Thua Thien Hue, as well as other localities in Viet Nam. The plan of safe water supply includes system assessment, plan of monitoring and

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managing activities with community participation and monitor from the water source to the household.

5.4 Objectives of the evaluationAfter 2 years, the model has brought in positive results. Awareness of the local authority and the people there about hygienic water, quality of the water supply and people’s health has been highly improved while the number of diseases related to domestic water has been reduced significantly. The aim of the evaluation on the model, its implementation and results gained is to draw out the factors contributing to the positive results, and the disadvantages which need improvement and adjustment so that the model can be expanded to the rural area in Viet Nam. Specifically, the objectives are:

- To evaluate the model of the water safety plan in terms of its relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impacts on the community and its sustainability.

- To sum up the lessons learnt from the implementation for future expansion.

- To recommend improvement and adjustment for better implementation in other rural areas.

Details of the objectives of the evaluation can be referred from The Terms of Reference – Annex 1.

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6 METHODOLOGY

6.1 StakeholdersIn order to have a thorough evaluation on the development and implementation of the model, the stakeholders have been considered within their roles, activities done as well as impacts on the inhabitants and the community. In this project, the stakeholders are: UNICEF, NCERWASS, and Provincial Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation of Thừa Thiên Huế (PCERWASS), Provincial Department for Provision Medicine and Health (PDPMEH), People’s Committee of Loc Binh, Management Team of domestic water, schools, and Medical Aid station in the commune, organizations and people living in Loc Binh.

6.2 Methodology• Studying on relevant documents:

• Documents on regulations for water supply and rural sanitary

• Relevant documents during development and implementation of the Water Safety Plan:

- Training materials - Operational guideline - Handbook on water safety monitoring - Statistics at the medical aid station - Documents of relevant government offices

List of documents is in Annex 5.

• Interview stakeholders of the WSP model: collect qualitative data during the process of project development and implementation.

• Interview the group of WSP in Loc Binh: collect parameters and activities before and during the implementation of the plan.List of informants is in Annex 3.

• Interview representatives of Loc Binh households and collect information through questionnaire from other 96 households in the locality. Household ratio in the hamlets is illustrated as follows:

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22.9 %

15.6 %

17.7 %

15.6 %

18.8 %

9.4 %

Tỷ lệ mẫu khảo sát hộ gia đình

Hải Bình

Tân Bình

An Bình

Tân An

Hòa An

Mai Gia Phường

• Collect data through questionnaire from 87 pupils in the primary and secondary schools of Loc Binh. The pupil ratio in the hamlets is illustrated as follows:

21.8%

18.4%

11.5%9.2%

25.3%

13.8%

Tỷ lệ mẫu khảo sát học sinh

Hải Bình

Tân Bình

An Bình

Tân An

Hòa An

Mai Gia Phường

• Observe the scene of the water supply system: water source, collected pond, treatment station, pipelines and tubes at the households.

6.3 Tools developmentIn order to evaluate the above mentioned issues in section 2.2 with the evaluating target of the stakeholders in WSP development, implementation and operation in Loc Binh, the assessment tool kit includes:

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Ratio in the sample of the household survey

Ratio in the sample of the pupil survey

• List of questions to interview the representatives from relevant Central offices: UNICEF, NCERWASS, PDPMEH

• List of questions to interview the representatives from the relevant Provincial offices: PCERWASS, PDPMEH of Thừa Thiên Huế.

• List of questions to interview the stakeholders in Loc Binh commune: representatives from the leaders of People’s Committee at the commune, leaders and staff of the water supply station, communication collaborators, representatives from organizations and households.

• Questionnaire for household interview

• Questionnaire for pupil interview

6.4 The components of the evaluated model The model is evaluated at some spheres: (i) the co-operation in plan development and implementation in the water safety group; (ii) communication with the inhabitants; (iii) what have been changed in awareness and behaviors of the local public authorities, organizations and households in Loc Binh towards hygienic water usage and protection; (iv) hence, what has been improved in terms of health, the water quality and the sustainability of the safe water supply model.

Implementation

• Change • Evolvement

Co-operation in plan development

and implementation

in the water safety group

Households in Loc Binh

Results

Awareness changing

Behaviour changing

towards water safety and

sanitary

Results in water supply, health

and sustainability

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a. Implementation Co-operation in plan development and implementation in the water

safety group: − The evaluation has been based on the co-operation of the

members in the WSP group in Loc Binh (according to the resolution of PCERWASS) in the planning and implementation of the WSP for the water supply station of the commune.

− The evaluation focused on: the system, activity monitoring, management plan, documentation and filing and information exchange.

− The method used was in-depth interview with the members of the water safety group according to the resolution of PCERWASS, the representatives of the People’s Committee, the commune’s health service, co-operative of the water supply operation, and organizations. Within the interviews, the focal points were communication channels, information sharing, and documentation during the WSP implementation. Observation of the whole sections in the water supply system and the households has been done at the same time.

Households in Loc Binh commune:

− The households are the primary beneficiary as well as the participants of the WSP. The evaluation of this group is based on the participation and the impacts on households during the WSP implementation.

− The methods used were direct interview with representatives of some households in different hamlets of the commune, and questionnaire for 100 households in the 6 hamlets. Observation on storage and conservation of cooking water, life activities and hygienic conditions related to water usage habit at the households has been done at the same time.

b. Outcomes gained Evaluate the current awareness and evolvement of the

representative of the local authority, the inhabitants and other related to the protection of the water system, water usage and the importance of the WPS.

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Evaluate the behavior changes towards the protection and quality monitoring of the water supply system, hygienic water usage at the commune and its sanitary. The targets were the representatives of the People’s Committee staff, the co-operative operating the water supply system, the households and pupils going to school.

Evaluate the outcomes gained since the start of the WSP implementation. They cover the results in terms of the health service, water quality, mechanism and activities of the water supply protection and operation.

Methods used were:

− Data collection at PCERWASS, PDPMEH, medical aid station, and water supply system before and after the WSP implementation to find out the changes occurred in reality.

− In-depth interview with members of the water safety group, and representatives of the organizations and households.

− Questionnaire used among a number of households in the 6 hamlets and the pupils at the primary and secondary schools of the commune.

− Observation carried out on the water supply system, living conditions and hygiene related to water at the households and schools.

List of informants can be found in Annex 2Working agenda in Thừa Thiên Huế is attached in Annex 3List of questions for discussion and questionnaire can be found in Annex 4

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7 MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

7.1 Socio-natural conditions 7.1.1 Advantage:

• In Loc Binh commune, all three water supply stations have the source of auto-running water. Since the height from the source and the station to the household is from 20 to 25 meter, the water has been flowing directly to the household at the end of source without any fee for investment, electricity and maintaining the pump house. Continuously auto-running water also has reduced the risks of pipeline pollution during the process of delivering water to the treatment station and then distribution to households.

• The good water quality would result in less spending on water-treatment. The budget would be used only for screening and fine filtration.

• The water source is quite stable in both rainy and dry seasons. 7.1.2 Disadvantage:

• The commune spreads out along 15 kilometres and the households disperse into different groups of 5 to 7 households. Some of them had to cross a swamp pond to bring water home, thus had to use many water pipelines with the huge investment at the beginning.

• Water has flowed in a long way, thus the pressure at the end of the source has been much weaker. Some households at the end of the source could lack water in the dry season.

• People are still poor, so that they do not have condition to invest in pipelines. At present, there are about 50 households not having pipelines to their houses yet.

7.2 The attitude of related parties towards the model• The related units, public authority, organizations and water supply co-

operative are united and enthusiastic in bringing the clean water to the whole commune.

• The households really care about and want to have safe water.

7.3 Background 7.3.1 Loc Binh commune’s features

Loc Binh is a poor commune, used to be in the list of commune receiving support in Programme 135 of the Government. Its terrain spreads for over

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15km and the traffic is still very inconvenient. Inter-hamlet roads, mostly from soil, are not good and narrow with tight turns, passes and slopes. The households are not concentrated, but rather distributed into several agglomerations of 5 – 7 ones. There are total 491 households with 3000 persons. Among those, 209 households are pure-farming with 195 ones take part in the agricultural co-operatives; 301 ones are non-agriculture (fishermen, doing aquaculture and construction). These non-agriculture households are usually absent at the commune since they have to sail-away or work far from home. The educational level of the inhabitants is still low. Most of them only know simple reading and writing, and few have graduated from high school. Labours with vocational education and higher take the little proportion.

7.3.2 Actual state of the water supply and hygiene in Loc Binh commune before the WSP• The water sources for domestic use and cooking in the commune

included: only 1 supply station of auto-running water built in 2000 in Tan Binh hamlet; 10 drilled wells from the State and the People working together program; some self-dug wells by the households which are alum-poisoning; and other sources such as rainwater, spring-water being used directly without treatment.

• The shortage of domestic water and cooking water was quite common, especially in the dry season. Water from natural resources like rain and spring is not stable. In flooding season, the spring water is very muddy with lots of leaves, branches and alluvial soil. On the other hand, households did not have large volume containers for water storage during dry season. Many had to carry the water from some wells far away while the road is very rough.

• Keeping personal hygiene and sanitary as well as water protection were not weighed as importance. Most of the households used the outdoor bathroom and old-style lavatory (see picture) due to the shortage of water. As there was no surface barrier at the fountainhead, livestock pasturing at this place was popular, leading to the domestic water contamination at the bottom end.

7.3.3 The management of domestic and cooking water before WSP Details of it were as follows:

• No comprehensive protection from water contamination; no risk assessment done, hence no suitable preventive measures carried out.

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• No appropriate treatment before distribution mostly used sedimentation tanks.

• No moderate attention paid to the issue of water storage and conservation nor action with proper technical process.

• No systematic record and documentation.

• Little care given by the local authority and sectors (including the health service one) about the water quality from the constructions.

• Limited knowledge within the managers and operators of the water supply station about the management of the water quality control and assessment. Implementation based on experience and subjective perception.

7.3.4 Facts on diseasesDue to the shortage of water both in quality and quantity as aforementioned, the diseases related to the water resource were very common in Loc Binh. According to the representative of the commune’s health service, the facts on those diseases could be summarized as follows:

- Many people had malaria- Some had hepatitis and hematoma - Many pupils had trachoma, skin diseases and diarrhoea - Ratio of gynaecology disease reached 80% women in the

commune.

7.4 Description of the model development and implementation7.4.1 The approach of process prevention

In the recent years, the authorities, in fact, focused only on the beginning stage of the water supply construction in many localities without attention to the management of the water quality and the community’s awareness. Therefore, after a short time, many water supply systems either were down-graded or stopped working and thus could not rich the objective of hygienic water supply for the community.It has been conducted with the new approach to ensure the water supply to households. This approach is actively preventive based on the selection of uncontaminated water resource; the systematic controlling of the hole water supply process, from treatment to distribution at the household level; the cooperation in monitoring of the functional bureau and the active participation of the inhabitants; and awareness raising among the local public authorities, organizations and inhabitants about the importance of clean water upon hygiene and health.

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7.4.2 WSP implemented in Loc Binh Foundation for establishing and developing the model:

Under-standing of water resource

Clean/safe water

Under-standing of water quality

Monitoring treatment process

Protecting water distributed system

The most effective preventive measure to ensure the water safety supplied to the households is to manage the risks in all the process of water supply. It starts with the water resource qualified in terms of quality and quantity, then the water storage, water treatment and distribution to the households. WSP has been established according to the analysis and control of the critical points, which is very much similar with the management system of Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) applied popular in the food industry throughout the decades. HACCP, based on the understanding of the system, prioritizes the hazards and carries out suitable monitoring methods to reduce the risk to the acceptable level. Within this plan, relevant local bureaus and organizations have been technically supported, and received guidelines on process and finance to achieve the below objective.

7.4.3 Objective of the WSPThe objective of the WSP was to ensure the provision of the hygienic domestic and cooking water through applying the procedure of hazard control. At the same time, the WSP also strengthened the community participation in the system protection, the monitoring of the water quality, as well as awareness rising on the positive impact of hygienic water upon

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community health and disease reduction through communication among stakeholders. The operation model of the WSP has been described below:

Water Safety Plan

Activity Monitoring

Independent Monitoring

Objectives on Health

System Evaluation

Management Plan, Documentation &

Filing, and Information sharing

Diagram of the WSP modelOf which:

• It aim to improve people health and reducing diseases for the inhabitants has been both short-term and long-term result of the model.

• From the model, this result can be achieved through independent monitoring by the relevant authorities (PCERWASS, PDPMEH) based on the defined criteria.

The WSP has 3 main components: • System evaluation is considering the whole current water supply

system, then finding out the hazards to be controlled, and making plan and carrying out activity to minimize them and prevent them from affecting the water quality.

• Monitoring activity of the functional department with regular participation of the community regarding the water quality supplied to them. The community monitoring would promote the improvement of the water quality, quantity and the stability of the water supply to the households. The monitoring process should be systematized including monitoring activity and quality in every single step, identifying risks and preparing preventive measure. This process could be implemented with warranty and sustainable only when having the participation and tight co-operation of the stakeholders, from the public authority to the inhabitants, from the provincial functional department to the co-

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operative operating the water station, and the organizations and local public authority in Loc Binh commune.

• Management plan, documentation and filing and information sharing to ensure that the activities and the results during the implementation of the WSP would be kept, recorded, and shared among the stakeholders. Through this component, the WSP has helped everybody getting sufficient information and contributing effectively to the general aim of the community.

7.5 Means of implementationIn fact, in Loc Binh, there have been many existing problems in terms of water quality management, and awareness of the inhabitants and relevant staff upon the hygienic water. The WSP has been developed and carried out at the same time with the constructing process of the new water supply system in Hai Binh hamlet, Loc Binh commune, which would work together with the current water supply station. Means of implementing the WSP could be described in the following model:

Model Development

• UNICEF• NCERWASS

Implementation

• People’s Committee in Loc Binh• Management Board of

domestic water in Loc Binh

Phát triển mô hình

• PCERWASS• PDPMEH

Technical Support

• The model has been designed and developed upon the foundation of the WSP of WHO by NCERWASS with support from UNICEF. The WSP in Loc Binh has been done with the new approach, which included active prevention and management of risks and dangers possibly affecting the water supply, management system in water supply operation and monitoring participation of the community.

• In terms of technical issue, there have been 2 functional and specialized departments, namely PCERWASS and PDPMEH, participating in the development and implementation of the model.

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• The People’s Committee and the Water supply Co-operative in Loc Binh were 2 key actors in the WSP implementation.

During the development and implementation, the WSP has encouraged co-operation, information sharing and adjustment for proper use in the locality, and current economic and technical conditions. It also promoted the contribution and monitoring participation of the community.

7.6 Steps in model implementationBased on the above components, the implementation of the WSP has been divided into 9 following steps:

• Step 1: Establish a working group on WSP implementation, including members from PCERWASS, PDPMEH, Management team of the water supply project, the People’s Committee in Loc Binh commune, the commune health service and representatives from the hamlets and households.

• Step 2: Describe the water system and related issues of the water supply from its source to the treatment and distribution system. Draw the diagram of the water supply system.

• Step 3: Analyse hazards - Identify the risks against the water safety in the whole system from its source to the households. Prioritise the hazards.

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• Step 4: Identify monitoring measures from the water source to the households, including the measures themselves, the monitoring frequency and the responsibility of each stakeholder.

• Step 5: Identify the monitoring boundaries based on the regulations, relevant standards, the real quality of the water at the monitoring point and the specific conditions at the project site.

• Step 6: Identify monitoring activities through building up the monitoring plan in detail with specific content for monitoring, responsible staff and the monitoring frequency. Develop and implement communication plan among all habitants of the commune.

• Step 7: Establish correcting actions; build up coping plan for possible accidents that might affect the water safety. Coping action should be disseminated so that everybody could follow and handle well in case of accident.

• Step 8: Investigate and identify the effectiveness for implementation - the authority bureau considers and approves the WSP as the foundation for implementation.

• Step 9: Establish the system of documentations, reports and communications - describe all processes through given tables and samples, and materialize the plan, programme, information and relevant data.

7.7 Roles of the stakeholders7.7.1 UNICEF

• UNICEF is the initiative and sponsor of the WSP, the financial support even covered upgrading of the infrastructure of the hygienic water supply system at 3 stations in Hai Binh, Tan Binh and Mai Gia Phuong hamlets.

• Organize experience sharing about the WSP model in the rural area with other provincial water centres.

• Co-operate with other stakeholders, such as NCERWASS, DPMEH, to develop the model, and directly guide PCERWASS and PDPMEH in training conduct for primary implementers of the WSP at the hamlets and the commune.

• Provide facility for quick test of water quality in the pilot commune.

• Organize training on how to use that facility at the field for PCERWASS staff and operators of the commune.

7.7.2 NCERWASS

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• Co-operate with UNICEF to support technically to Thừa Thiên Huế PCERWASS during the implementation of the pilot model.

• Co-operate and give instruction to PCERWASS to carry out technical function in the project. For example: selecting filter and treatment techniques, implementing process, management, operation and maintenance of the water supply system.

• Co-operate with PCERWASS to control periodically the project implementation.

7.7.3 PCERWASS• Take main responsibility in the assessment of the whole water supply

system, and the management of the operation and preparation for developing and implementing the WSP.

• Directly support in technical sphere for the water supply co-operative, the water supply station and the workers there.

• Conduct trainings and knowledge dissemination on safe water supply in Loc Binh for related targets: the People’s Committee of the commune, the water supply group of the rural co-operative, communicators, organizations and representatives of the households.

• Control, monitor and give technical instruction at the field during the implementation and operation of the model.

• Co-operate with PDPMEH to control and monitor the water quality from the beginning source to the household’s level.

7.7.4 PDPMEH• Co-operate with PCERWASS in the WSP, control the water quality

periodically during the supply process from the beginning source to the household’s level.

• Monitor the water quality periodically within their function, and actively monitor according to the allocation in the WSP.

• Exchange information and data on the water quality with the People’s Committee and the health service of the commune.

• Co-operate with the People’s Committee and the health service of the commune to communicate about the WSP.

7.7.5 People’s Committee of the commune• Be the chair in the co-operation to carry out the WSP model at the

field level.

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• Co-operate with PCERWASS, PDPMEH to build a working structure for the water supply group of the rural co-operative.

• Integrate the WSP project into other programmes at the commune in terms of budget allocation, protection of the fountainhead forests, communication, and mobilization of the local strength for the WSP.

• Supervise and speed up the implementation of the project forming activities and other regular ones of the WSP.

• Enforce and monitor the implementation of the relevant regulations. For example: Issuing the regulation on the protection of the fountainhead forest on 18/8/2007, and establishing the Management team of the domestic water (or the co-operative of water supply) in Loc Binh commune.

7.8 Activities carried out by the stakeholders in the WSP

TT Activity Stakeholders Completed tasks

1Survey to identify basic data

NCERWASS, PCERWASS,

PDPMEH

Assessed present condition of the water supply system, and existing problems in the management of water quality. Identified and selected water source to supply for the water treatment station.

2

Bring the components of the WSP to the design process, implementation, and monitoring during the construction of the water supply

PCERWASS, PDPMEH

- Identified criteria for the construction process in order to manage risks, and ensure the water safety in the whole water supply system.

- Examined, took samples and identified sampling spots.

- Identified water treatment methods.

3 Develop the WSP

PCERWASS, PDPMEH, People’s

Committee of the commune, Management

team of

- Established the WSP group with 9 members from the key leaders of the relevant bureaus, representatives of the people and the local authority according to the regulation of PCERWASS in December 2006.

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TT Activity Stakeholders Completed tasks

domestic water

- Described the water supply system of Loc Binh commune.

- Analysed possible hazards against the system.

- Identified testing methods for the water quality, including analysis at the laboratory, usage of the quick test toolkit provided by UNICEF at the scene, practical inspection at the fountainhead, and organoleptic analysis.

- Identified control boundaries based on the MOH’s regulations.

- Made detailed plan for implementation, including monitoring activities, frequency, responsible staff and supervisor.

- Built forms of water quality monitoring, and recording system for the management team of domestic water and communication activities.

4 Implement the WSP

PCERWASS, PDPMEH, People’s

Committee of the commune, management team of water

supply construction,

farmer’s association,

health service and women

union

- Implemented all the steps of the designed WSP

- Established community monitoring team

+ Made monitoring plan for water quality at every step, report, record and informing the stakeholders

+ Built up and disseminated the regulations on livestock grazing, using cropping land for other purposes and forest exploiting near the water source and water pipelines- Sampled the water and tested

regularly- Organized meetings for information

and experience exchange monthly or when things came up

- Information shared and carried out

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TT Activity Stakeholders Completed taskscommunication

- Recorded and kept documents and materials

5Training for capacity building

UNICEF, NCERWASS, PCERWASS,

PDPMEH

- Conducted training on the WSP - Conducted training on

communication for the commune’s leaders, the women union and teachers

- Conducted training on analysis for management staff, operational worker at the water station and health service staff

- Conducted training on operation and maintenance of the water supply construction

7.9 Achieved results during the implementation of the WSP 7.9.1 General outcomes on water supply

• In Loc Binh, the hygienic water supply system has been working stably. It has been networking in the whole commune, and the pipelines reached almost every household in the 6 hamlets. For the 15km length and the complicated terrain of the commune, it is very essential and prerequisite to do survey and identify the place, and then select the qualified and stable-flowing water resource for the operation of the water supply system. The commune has had 3 auto-running water supply stations in 3 hamlets with the total investment of 1.8 billion VND, significantly contributed by the inhabitants. The station in Mai Gia Phường hamlet was built in 2006. The people has contributed their labour equally 216 million VND upon the total 843 million VND. In Hai Binh station, the number is 27/449 VND respectively. In the past, the operation was assigned to 1 water supply group. At this current moment, there has been a management board of domestic water from the structure of different units in the commune with its own model, and operational regulation.

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Water catching place Fence protecting the water treatment station

Water treatment station Water tap at the household • Most of the households have used the project water for cooking and

life activities. 242/491 households have installed water-meter. The water pipelines still have not reached 50 more households, but it is going to be done with the plan of the People’s Committee of the commune in 2009. There have been 443/491 households using hygienic water in the commune.

• The inhabitants have used auto-running water more and more. The auto-running water used in the whole commune was 1.300 m3 per month in 2008 compared to 860 m3 per month in 2007. Thus, the volume in 2008 was 50% higher than 2007 though the water price has increased from 800 VND/m3 to 1.000 VND/m3. This is the proof for the increasing response and demand for the hygienic water of the inhabitants.

• The average water used in the commune was only 3 m3 per household per month. 96 interviewed households in 6 hamlets have used more than 11 m3/household per month and 91% of the interviewed households have been willing to pay higher cost per m3 to get clean water. This can be considered as the possibility for higher revenue, and then to reach the compensation of receiving and spending and even the economical efficiency in the water trading.

• The satisfaction of the inhabitants upon the project is high: 96% of the interviewed households have been satisfied and very satisfied with the

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achieved results of the project. Only 4% gave no comment and 0% gave negative one.

67%

29%

0% 4%

Mức độ hài lòng của người dân về dự án

Rất hài lòng

Hài lòng

Không hài lòng

Không có ý kiến

7.9.2 The water safety group’s co-operation in development and implementation of the plan • Technical support

o PCERWASS and PDPMEH have studied and delegated some staff to go directly the field and co-operate with the management team of domestic water in finding treatment option at the water supply station. They also helped in materials development and giving instruction to the operational workers of the team at the station.

o PCERWASS, PDPMEH and the management team of the domestic water in the commune have co-operative and shared available facilities to analyse and control the water quality. The management team has used the quick-test toolkit at the field (provided by UNICEF) and done organoleptic test with some simple parameters. Other parameters, which required more complicated analysis, have been done by the co-operation of PCERWASS and PDPMEH at the laboratory.

o PCERWASS co-operated with related units and directly gave instruction and conducted trainings on process and testing facility usage for the operational staff from the management team of water treatment.

• Water quality monitoring:

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Level of satisfaction upon the project of the inhabitants

Very satisfied

Satisfied

Not satisfied

No comment

o PCERWASS took main charge in the co-operation with PDPMEH and the management team of domestic water to build up the monitoring plan for water quality. In this plan, the parameters, methods, frequency, and responsible party and monitoring work for every step of the water supply system should be specified.

o PCERWASS, PDPMEH and the Water Supply Management Board (WSMB) together have regularly and suddenly checked the water quality according to the WSP.

• Operation:• The operational structure of the water supply in Loc Binh

commune has been established. The management team of domestic water in charge of hygienic water supply to the whole commune belonged to the agricultural co-operative with 5 members. Head of the water supply co-operative is also the head of the agricultural one.

• The water supply has been managed from the beginning to the final step: from the exploitation of the water resource, water treatment, water distribution to the households, to water fee collection every month, daily maintenance and reparation of small break-down during operation, and induced requests of the households in relation with water supply.

• The Water Supply Management Board’s activities have been in orderly regular routine:

- Operational diary is available to record regular activities of the members as well as the co-operative in every working day. From the observation, it can be seen that the diary has been recorded at the average of 5 – 7 times per month from 1/2008 to 12/2008 with specific details on date and the summarized activity.

- Monitoring journal on property reparation and maintenance is available. Its format covers the date, reason of the crash, coping option, implementing unit, material used, results and person in charge. Maintaining the record has reflected the reparation activities in every month. As can be seen from the observation, from 2/2008 to 12/2008, there have been 2-3 events per month.

- Minutes on the weekly and monthly organoleptic analysis or analysis with quick test tool at the scene of the water quality done by the operator of the management team are available in the reporting format.

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- Financial record on the monthly expenditure of the water supply co-operative is also available.

Feedback

Management team of domestic water

Farmer’s Association Women Union Youth Union

Primary and Secondary

School Health Station

People’s Committee of Lộc BÌnh

Inhabitants

HamletsWater Supply,

Money Collection, Repair

PCWERWASSPDPMEH

Monitoring and operation mechanism of the water system• Promulgation of the local policy

• The people’s committee has issued the regulation on the protection of the fountainhead forest and the regulation of protection of the hygienic water supply system with specific sanctions.

• The program of the WSP has been integrated into several local activities by the People’s Committee of the commune: organizing a regular meeting once per quarter, the activities of the management team and the quality of the water supplied have been informed in the hamlets meetings as well as popularized for the organizations and schools in the commune.

• Information sharing

• Leaders of related units with their own function took part in the water safety meetings and delegated staff to co-operate in the development and implementation of the WSP: developing training outline, together regularly one per 3 months inspecting and monitoring the water quality.

• Informed and reported regularly on safe water supply, for example: water quality and water supply situation have been

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shared among the related members, including PCERWASS, PDPMEH, the People’s Committee of the commune, and the management team of domestic water.

• Communication: Since communication is a very important part of the WSP, it will be separately presented blow in 7.3.

Remarks:The WSP group has implemented all the plans based on their function and responsibility very well. It has contributed essentially to the achieved results of the project. Besides the above gains, however, there are still some points for improvement during the process of developing and implementing the WSP.

• For PCERWASS and PDPMEHo Though having good agreement and co-operating quite usually

with each other in developing and implementing the model, the 2 parties should specify and make detailed plan in every-time working together based on their functions and responsibilities.

o The 2 parties’ inspection of the water quality in Loc Binh commune should be co-operated in one master plan to avoid overlaps.

• For the People’s Committee of the communeo The People’s Committee of the commune currently has hired the

management team of the domestic water in the Agriculture co-operative by the whole piece for the operation of the water supply stations. However, there are only 195/209 households have done purely agriculture, while many others (310 non-agriculture) have not belonged to that co-operative. At the current time, there has been only 1 in the 5 members of the management receiving compensation of 350,000. Thus, responsibility has not been going together with benefit.

o The People’s Committee of the commune should, therefore, act as the co-ordinator among the organizations, and unions to increase the effectiveness of the operation, as well as the co-operation of the water supply co-operative with other communication works and integration.

• Other related units (PCERWASS, PDPMEH, and the People’s Committee of the commune and the Water Supply Management Board - WSMB) have not got long-term plan for the safe water supply, only relied on the project activities. This lead to the passiveness in finance, action and finding the adequate answers for realistic questions, such

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as: What to be done when the quick-test kits at the scene is over? How much is that test kit? How to find the financial source to maintain the work?

• There has been no plan and budget for either big reparations of the water supply or the monitoring of the water quality (the quick-test tool at the scene and the analysing equipment at the laboratory), while the quick-test tool supported by UNICEF will be over or expired in May 2009.

7.9.3 Communication• The People’s Committee of the commune have been active in the

integration of the WSP with other activities and projects, such as: integrating with the rural sanitary project, inserting information sharing on WSP to meetings of the People’s council, dissemination in the commune’s schools and for the women union, etc.

o Regular meetings of the public authority quarterly, in every 6 months and annually.

o Quarterly meetings of the unions: the farmers’ association, the women union and the youth union.

• Communication has been done through different channels in the locality:

o Communication collaborators coming to each household

o Communication programs in the unions from the commune to the hamlet

o The commune’s radio station (but not much because of the defective speaker system after some broadcasting due to the storm and harsh weather)

• There have been many participants in the communication: health service staff of the commune, youth, women, farmers and operational workers.

• In 2008, the commune’s health service has sent 3 articles to the radio station to broadcast. Posters on water safety have been hung on the health service’s gate. And the safety water communication has been integrated 8 times per year per hamlet during the hamlet meetings.

• Many training classes and meeting were organized in order to improve related stakeholders’ awareness of WSP.

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Remarks:• Communication activities have achieved some initial results: 94% of

the interviewed adults knew about the WSP of the commune, while this rate is 98.8% among the children at school. In terms of the communication channels to the inhabitants, 73% of them knew through the communicators; 38% through the public authority; and 19% through the commune’s radio station. 95% knew that the People’s committee of the commune had the regulation on the protection of the water resource, in which 80% knew the content of this regulation. However, interviews with households indicated that they have not known specifically about how to save the water. 69% knew the information on water quality generally like it reached the standards, but not what those standards were.

• Communication through the school has very high effectiveness: 98.8% of the primary and secondary school knew clearly that the commune had the WSP. They also knew part of the regulation of the People’s committee in the commune.

• The communication work has been neither continuous nor repeatedly periodical. It has done solely based on the support of the project, partly because of the lack of budget. Unless that changes, the inhabitants would forget what have been communicated and return to the status like the one before the project.

• Communication facilitators: o Understanding not very carefully about what to communicate, not

sure about its issues, general information provided. o Communicating about the WSP mainly by word of mouth, other

supporting tools like leaflet and pictures was very limited.

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o Books for communicating contents recorded and reports of the communication work could not be found.

o Limited knowledge on the hygienic water.

o They have not seen their specific responsibility in ensuring the reach of information to the inhabitants.

o Communication skills are not good (not active in contact and not very clearly in communicating)

• It has not been synchronous in the co-operation of the communication work: the communication facilitators have not been provided sufficient information about the water quality, the activity of the water supply stations; or the written articles of the health service station have been sent to the commune’s radio station without any concern on when and how much they have broadcasted and whether the information has reached the target group.

• The inhabitants have been neither informed broadly about the water quality nor received warning and handling instruction in the flooding season. 83% of the interviewees thought more communication took place, better results the WSP would gain. 30% of them said that they were informed about the water quality only once per half year.

7.9.4 Awareness• The public authority and the WSMB have understood the importance

of the clean water towards the inhabitants’ health, the responsibility of different forces and initially allocated the tasks to each of them: health service, women, youth and school.

• The inhabitants have seen clearly the effect of the hygienic water. 100% interviewed adults knew and gave the right answer for the price of 1 m3 water; 91% interviewees were ready to pay 200 – 1000 VND/m3 more to get safe water.

• The inhabitants considered safe water as essential: 100% interviewees said “yes” or would report to the staff of the water supply station or the hamlet’s authority if there is no water or any problem with the water.

• 53% interviewees thought that the WSP has bought in the cleaner water resource, and 54% considered this plan has helped reducing the number of people with illness related to the water source (some of them chose both options).

Remarks:

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• Awareness of the public authority has been changed significantly. They have not considered the water supply as simple as before and seen their own responsibility in the implementation of the WSP.

• The inhabitants have correct awareness of the effect of using hygienic water.

• However, even the public authority and the inhabitants have neither recognized fully their duties, nor considered the plan was their own work. They still expected from and relied on the project funding. They neither had plan nor be active in making plan for the time the funding project would be over.

7.9.5 Behaviour change towards water safety and sanitary• The People’s committee of the commune has done the following

things:o Regularly co-operated with PCERWASS and PDPMEH in the 2

units’ working program.o Issued documents and regulations related to ensure hygienic

water supply.o Integrated WSP with other programs of Loc Binh commune.

o The leader of the committee directly participated in trainings and supervised and speeded up the implementation of the WSP.

o Co-operated in training organization: 2 of capacity building on communication for 40 turns of people; and 2 of trainings for the water safety group with 42 turns of people.

o 6 meetings with the inhabitants, including 623 turns of people participated.

o Integrated WSP in regular meetings with unions in every 6 months and annually

o Each regular meeting of the People’s council in the commune had 15 minutes for water safety.

• Works done by the Water Supply Management Board o Clear task allocation within the team.o Participated in 2 trainings on water safety operation and

maintenance with 16 turns of participants; took part in training on the usage of the quick-test kit at the scene.

o Usually sent staff to check the water source, water station, and water pipelines and test the water periodically.

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o Actively carried out small reparations and upon the inhabitants’ recounting.

• The inhabitants:o The local people have

contributed their labour actively to the implementation of the project (equally 216 million VND for the water supply station in Mai Gia Phuong hamlet, and 24 million VND in Hai Binh hamlet). Besides, the fact that the households did not ask for compensation for their farm products and land when installing the water pipelines has helped speeding up the progress and reducing the expenditure.

o 100% interviewed households have had specific action to protect the supply of safe water (of which 59% supposed that they have used the water economically, 71% did not put the waste into the water source, 47% did not do livestock grazing, 48% did not do planting and irrigation at the beginning of the water source, and 58% protected the water pipelines). Only 2% of the inhabitants supposed that they did not have to do anything to get the clean water resource. The people, actually, have not understood correctly about the economical use of the water.

o 98% of the interviewed inhabitants (95/96) took response, such as reporting to the staff in charge or asking the public authority in the hamlet to surmount the problem, when seeing the insecure water quality or water cut.

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Inhabitants' activities to protect the water system

Do nothing

Use water economically

Do not dipose garbage/dirty water into water source

Do not graze cattles near water source/station

Do not cultivate/irrigate near water source

o The children coming to school knew how to use water hygienically at home. They used neither hand nor casual stuff to scoop water.

80.5%

17.2%

0.0% 0.0%

6.9%Water using habit of the pupils

Take water from tap

Use usual tool to scoop water

Use anything

Use your hands

Ask adults to help

o Pupils came into having a good habit of water source protection. It has been shown through their specific action (0% thought of doing nothing).

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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Pupils' habit of water source protection

Pee/poop at right place

Through garbage at right place

Graze cattles far away from water

Do not play with water pipes

Inform adults when see water pipes leak

Do nothing

• Action of the unions:o The Women Union

- Trained 217/742 women in the commune.- Organized disseminating meetings to 6 branches (one

meeting per branch) with 60% of the women particiapting in.

o Farmers’ Association

- Integrated into 1 of the 3 competitive programmes of the farmers on “building cultural village/commune”. Meeting of the branch has been quarterly and there have been 6 branches with 262 members.

- Took part in the inspection and monitoring based on the plan or suddenness after storm and flood.

Remarks:When the WSP has been implemented, the public authority and the inhabitants have had positive action towards hygienic water. The indication was their labour contribution to the construction of the water supply station, and the participation in the protection of the water resource and the distribution system. The public taps, which used to be wasted in the past, have been removed. At this current moment, there is only some in the school and they have been used more economically. Before the WSP in Loc Binh, the inhabitants neither understood nor used the hygienic water for cooking and domestic purpose. After a short time since the project, the public authority and the inhabitants have had great

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changes and come to specific actions though the local conditions are still limited. Those above actions of the public authority, the inhabitants and the primary and secondary school students proved that the WSP has actually come into their life and been welcomed and participated locally. Those actions also indicated the collective efforts of the stakeholders during the development and the implementation of the WSP. To maintain the current activities for the community’s aim, the Water Supply Management Board has given a great effort. The team has surmounted and overcome many difficulties, such as:

- Only one in the 5 members of the team has specialized and taken responsible for the domestic water supply. The rest still had other jobs to do at the same time.

- The team has been responsible for many tasks, including the operation of the whole water supply system, the monitoring of the water quality, the pipeline reparation, the fee collection from the households and the co-operation with functionality, etc.

- The distributing system of the water pipelines has spread out 15km along the length of the commune with complicated terrain. Many lines passed across the difficult territory that has been either hard to control or still in construction. 3 water treatment stations were laid in 3 distant hamlets.

- Budget for management and operation has been limited; collecting was not enough for spending. Facilities and equipments for monitoring and operation were not enough and there has no budget for procurement.

Though meeting lots of difficulty as aforementioned, the management team has been appraised well by the community. The specific indication for this point was: only 60% of the interviewed households mentioned about 1 or 2 times the water was off during a rainy and flooding month and only 24% said that the water was muddy within the month. Nevertheless, the following actions of the stakeholders still need some adjustment:

• People’s Committee of Loc Binh• Consigned the entire operation of the water system to the water

supply co-operative while the fee collected from the water supply

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was not sufficient to compensate with the spending. Currently, the receiving has been strictly enough for the salary of 350,000 VND/month of only 1 among 5 members in the management team. The leftover budget was just enough for small reparation.

• The budget for water analysis, maintenance, and big reparation of the water supply system, and the communication has been neither planned in detail nor specified in terms of what source for what activity.

• Budget allocation for the operation of the water supply system was not reasonable: The agricultural co-operative covered only 195/491 households, but had to incur mainly the finance of the activity done by the management team of domestic water. Meanwhile, other 300 households beyond the co-operative have also shared the usage.

• The WSMB has not completed some item. For example: - There was not any balance sheet and plan for budgeting, and to

know about their incomes and expense to ensure the operation as well as maintenance, reparation and equipment purchase has not been available yet.

- Not active in proposing to the People’s Committee and co-operating with other unions to communicate on the protection of the water supply system, the prevention from burgling and the long delay in fee submission.

- There was not any activity to give instructions and share experiences on the water usage, and storage to the households while carrying out the pipelines check and collecting fees at the place. There were not effective measures to force households to pay for water using on time.

- There was not any measure to monitor the produced and consumed water. The staff only knew about water loss based on their own experience (such as the level of water in the tank was lower faster than usual)

- The implementation of the evacuation at the ends of the pipelines has not been done since the lack of the valves at those ends. In long term, this may lead to the block-up, and then defect of the pipeline system due to the accumulation of the alluvium sediment.

• The Unions:

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• The co-operation in each activity has not been specified enough. It was too general and formalistic. And there have not been any key staffs to carry out the activity.

• The types of communication were not very suitable and realistic.

• Although the unions knew that the usage of safe water of the households was an important objective, and saw their part of responsibility within, they have not turned it into specific aims in their activities (for example: how many households would be motivated to use safe water this year? How many households would be instructed to use water properly, economically and hygienically?)

• The inhabitants:

• Some households have not understood well about the water usage, hence did certain improper action, such as they opened the tap at the level of little water running out so that the water-meter could not measure, and then considered it as a way of water saving.

• In some particular case, few households still used the fibro-cement roofing sheet to cover the cooking water. This would lead to illnesses after some time due to the minerals in the roof sheet.

7.9.6 Results of water supply, health service and community health• Water supply:

• The water supply has been relatively sufficient and stable in both dry and rainy seasons. The situation was also quickly surmounted when it flooded. For the question of how many time the water was off last month (in the rainy season, flood from the fountainhead usually took place when having heavy rain), more than 60% interviewees mentioned only 1 or 2 times. That result has been considered as good one by the inhabitants.

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

3-4 times 1-2 times No water cut

Unaware

Water cut in Dec 2008

Water cut in Dec 2008

• The water quality was good for being ensured by the process of treatment and distribution. Analysing results in 2008 met all the chemical and microbiological standards.

• Health service and community health:

• Number of people getting diseases in relation with the water source has been reduced significantly.

No Diseases 2006 2008 Reduction1 Dysentery 26 15 42%2 Diarrhoea 92 71 23%3 Sore eyes 51 46 10%4 Skin diseases 35 29 17%5 Gynaecology 443 212 52%

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o Among the interviewed adults, there were little of them or their family members getting diseases related to the water source: intestine disease 1% and skin disease 1%.

o Very few children got diseases related to the water source. For the question of illness from the summer till the current time (August to December 2008), only 2.3% mentioned sore-eyes and 1.1% mentioned itching.

• Social aspect: • Number of household used hygienic water,

built hygienic latrine and bathroom, and created livestock stall away from home was not raised much quantitatively, but it has changed significantly in terms of quality.

Before project After project Increase

No. of households

% No. of households

% No. of households

%

Used hygienic water

418 85.13 433242(*)

88.15 15(*) 3.05

Built hygienic latrine

154 31.36 175 35.64 21 4.27

Built bathroom 94 19.14 119 24.23 25 5.09

Created livestock stall away from home

0 53 10.97 53

(*) number of household use auto-running water.

Remarks:• There have been 50 households left beyond the benefit of the WSP since

the pipelines have not reached their houses.

• In the dry season, the water ran slightly, especially at the households in the final end and on the high downhill.

• In the rainy season, due to the flushing water at the fountainhead rolling the sand and soil along, the treatment station could not filter cleanly. Thus, water coming to some households was still muddy.

During the last rainy months, 24% of interviewed households said that the water coming to their house was muddy. However, very few of them knew

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how to handle the muddy water. Most of them just let it precipitating itself in the container, and then used it. Only in one particular case a household have made a small filtering tank to filter muddy water during rainy and flooding season. This experience, nevertheless, has not been disseminated broadly. List of the studied and evaluated materials could be found in Annex 5.

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8 EVALUATING THE MODEL AND OPERATIONAL PROCESS

8.1 Relevance of the Model8.1.1 The Water Safety Plan model executed in Loc Binh commune has

solved the problem of hygienic water supply immediatelyIt is described through the following factors:

• The water safety plan has helped the local inhabitants improve their living conditions and has accepted by all local inhabitants.

• The quality of the inhabitants’ life has been improved and more adequate and more convenient. This is expressed via the satisfaction with project of 96% interviewed households.

• The water supply system was created, and the household’s demand for using safe water has become essential.

• The number of households using water has been raised, and the volume of water usage has increased rapidly (improving by 51% in 2008 compared to 2007).

• It is suitable for the community to help themselves monitoring their water supply while water quality in many other communes is abandoned.

8.1.2 Promoting for the betterment of the quality of water supplied and the rural water supply system• The water quality has improved, and become more hygienic than

before. The water quality has been less muddy and guaranteed both chemically and microbiologically.

• The water supply was stable during the rainy and dry seasons. There was a few times the water run out, but then was back quickly.

• The number of households using auto-running water has increased. Getting auto-running water has reduced the difficulties of people’s life activities. There have been many households building hygienic and clean bathroom, and lavatory.

8.1.3 The model of water quality management Through the plan for safe water supply in this case was suitable for the rural conditions, where there have been small-scale water supply projects such as auto-running water, and the water quality depended much on the consciousness and responsibilities of the inhabitants and local authority.

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• The model’s approach has carried on in the right way when it has concentrated on model assessment, water source selection, and systematically management during the operational process with the participation in supervision of the community. The good water source has ensured the quality, and stableness in water supply, and the supervision of the community would help improving step by step the quality of the water supplied in the locality.

• The economic and social conditions: In some localities like Loc Binh, costs (both for investment and operation) are prerequisite conditions for the long-term existence of a hygienic water system. This issue has been solved by selecting the good and auto-running water since it helped reducing maximum the treatment expenses and did not require any expense for investment, operation and maintenance of the pump house.

• The simple and easy-to-use technologies of water treatment and monitoring water quality have been applied quickly by the staff of the management team of domestic water. The quick test at the scene helped identifying basic indexes of the water supplied rapidly and effectively. Therefore, it was able to monitor the water quality regularly and closely.

8.2 Effectiveness8.2.1 The activities implemented based on plan

• The stakeholders have been trained with a step-by-step concrete plan. • The implementation has been based on the 9 steps of the WSP and

achieved encouraging results about:

• The structure, organization and operation of the WSP have been established.

• The quality and quantity of the water supplied have been improved clearly.

• The people’s health has been better, and the rate of water source related diseases has reduced rapidly.

The following are activity evaluation based on step by step in the plan• Step 1: Creating water safety group

Water safety group was created according to the resolution of PCERWASS in December 2006 with the adequate and positive participation of all parties. There were not specific assignments for each member of the Water Safety group.

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• Step 2: Description of the water-supply systemThe establishment of a master water-supply model at Loc Binh commune has been done. However, in order to guarantee the strict supervision, and auspicious operation closeness, it is necessary to have a general map for the whole water-supply system in commune, particularly in case of complicated and spreading terrain.

• Step 3: Risk identification Possible risks to the water-supply system have been mentioned through meetings and discussions during the development and implementation of the WSP, but not documented and recorded significantly.

• Step 4: Identifying monitoring procedures Monitoring procedures has been performed, and planned in document for the whole system from water storage, pipelines, treatment area, and distribution network to the households. There has been enough information on frequency/monitoring time, monitoring procedures, responsible person and inspection.Regarding inspection, the responsible person only mentioned generally of the water safety group, while it is necessary define clearly the unit and the implementer.

• Step 5: Identification of critical limits The technical indexes have been defined following the parameter set of monitoring and assessment of clean water and rural sanitary (promulgated in accompany with the resolution number 51/2008/QĐ-BNN on 14/4/2008). Some indexes have required too complicated tests, which could not be performed yet at the level of operational management team. Since the expenditure of this test was quite expensive, and there was no expenditure yet, it has been integrated into the regular inspection of PDPMEH.

• Step 6: Establishing monitoring procedures Monitoring Procedures were performed, documented, defined clearly supervisory frequency, places, measures and implementer. However, the specific responsibility of each party had not been allocated clearly in any document. It was only implicitly understood that each party would perform their own function, not stated well in the common plan. The supervision activities of operational group were recorded using unified formats and tables. However it is necessary to compare the results and to control the trend of all chemical and microbiological indicators during monitoring. The

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PCERWASS and PDPMEH’s testing results as verification records were not often shared with the operational group. It was only announced generally as “passed”.

• Step 7: Establishment of corrective and coping actions There have been general instructions on different situations for the Water Supply Management Board. However, there was not sufficient specific for implementers of the Board and the households. At this moment, it has been done only by experiences, and stopped at the training without any documentation.

• Step 8: Verifying and validation for implementation PCERWASS has done the verification and taken it as the foundation for operation. In the management team, it has only stopped at the training without any indication of concrete application.

• Step 9: Establishment of recording and filing system PCERWASS and WSMB have documented the information related to activities, and had the periodical report though neither content-focused nor systematic. Relevant documents have not been kept adequately by the People’s Committee of the Commune. However, there is a system to share information to organizations, and operational team after receiving from PCERWASS and PDPMEH.

8.2.2 The commitment and participation of the stakeholders• During the process of development and implementation, the WSP got

high commitment and wide and deep participation of related parties from the Central (UNICEF, NCERWASS), to the provincial (PCERWASS, PDPMEH) and the local (the People’s committee of the commune, the hamlet, the domestic water management team, the organizations, the health service, the school and the households).

• UNICEF, NCERWASS supported and many times delegated officers to the locality and the place of action. Some basic activities have been done including: to organize trainings, and seminars to share experience on safe water supply in rural areas among the localities; to give technical support such as to select water treatment technology; to sponsor the quick test instruments at the scene.

• PCERWASS has performed the right role of the main responsible party of technique and instruction during the development and implementation of the WSP. PCERWASS often delegated officers directly to the place of action to participate in the process of planning and giving operational instruction. PCERWASS conducted a lot of trainings to disseminate the knowledge to related target at the locality,

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and guided the People’s Committee of the commune and the management team to record and document systematically. PCERWASS co-operated steadily with PDPMEH to technically support and monitor the operation of the water supply system in Loc Binh.

• At the local level, the People’s Committee of the Commune, the hamlet, the domestic water management team, the organizations, the health service, the school and the households often participated in the implementation of the WSP through meetings, trainings, periodical information disseminations, issuing and deploying related documents, monitoring the water quality, and communication for awareness raising on water safety, etc. Within the domestic water management team of the commune, data were stored relatively adequate and consecutive along the process.

8.3 Efficiency8.3.1 Expenditures

• UNICEF supported over 300 million VND in the WSP for the technical support, quality monitoring, communication, and training for all of three water supply construction in Loc Binh commune. Although it only occupied approximately 20% of 1,792 million VND gross investing capital and did not include the construction of infrastructure, the WSP of UNICEF has been the activator for the participation of government, people of the Commune and related organizations to bring in the qualified and hygienic water source for over 3,000 people in the Commune.

13.56%

66.52%

19.92%

UNICEF's support in comparision with other sorouces

Contribution of inhabitants

Governm ent and other sources

Unicef's support

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• The gross funding to the project of WSP was able to separate into some major parts such as: survey and evaluation, trainings, communication, plan design and implementation, water quality monitoring and construction work. In the locality, the contributing level and the efficiency of 1VND financing expenditure are actually very different. The rate of UNICEF’s support in the whole investment is analysed as follows.

0.38%

2.46%

1.30% 0.23%

0.80%

1.40%

10.99%

82.45%

UNICEF's support in total investment

Study and evaluation

Training

Communication

Building WSP

Planning operation

Monitoring water quality

Improving and building fence

Building expense

2.17%

14.01%

7.39%

1.30%

4.55%

7.98%

62.62%

UNICEF's supporting structureStudy and evaluation

Training

Communication

Building WSP

Planning operation

Monitoring water quality

Improving and building fence

• The survey and assessment to find the good and auto-running water source have contributed significantly to the success of the project. It has taken a lot of time and power to discovering the qualified source and stable flow, as well as the terrain that was not polluted easily. Although it was only 6.8 million VND extra-supported to the survey,

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the suitable water source has been defined and the sensible plans as well as the observational positions have been established right at the designing stage based on the thorough grasp of Loc Binh commune area and the data taken from other available sources.

• The expenditure for construction and plan implementation were 4 million VND and 14.3 million VND, respectively (occupying 1.3% and 4.55% of the gross investment). In fact, if the construction is invested much more and the plan is designed as a master plan to have clearly assigned responsibilities for participants, the WSP will be able to achieve higher efficiency.

8.3.2 TimingIt is able to operate closely to the mentioned plan in terms of time since this experimental model got the consideration of the leaders of PCERWASS, PDPMEH, the People’s Committee of the Communities, and be supported actively by the people, particularly in land clearance.

8.3.3 Long-term impact• Nowadays, the people in Loc Binh commune have recognized the

good effect of safe water to their health. They have seen the clear evidence of reducing diseases related to water source. In 2008, although the price of the water supplied by the safe water system increased by 25%, people still used more 50% of water than in 2007.

• In addition, when there has been the safe water supply system, people have had conditions to use many more convenient and hygienic constructions, such as having bathroom with roof, sanitary toilet, and the corral being far from home. In the long term, using sanitary water will contribute to the elimination of diseases related to the water source such as diarrhoea, sore eyes, skin diseases, gynaecology, etc.

• At this current moment, people feel satisfied easily with the water quality firstly because they have just moved from the stage of “not-having” sanitary water to “having” one. Besides, since the people have not got adequate awareness, they do not require the domestic water management team and the People’s Committee of the Commune announcing popularly, frequently and specifically about the water quality. In the long-term, when people’s recognition is improved more and more in terms of water quality monitoring, they will play better role in monitoring the quality of the water supplied for the

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community. This, thus, will promote the domestic water management team to improve the water quality to meet up with the demand of the inhabitants.

• At the time being, the average volume of consumed water per household in the whole commune has been about 3m3/month though the volume of consumed water in 2008 increased by more than 50% compared to 2007. In the long term, when the people’s awareness raises up, the number of household and their demand in using safe water increase, and the speed of development is 50% as in 2008 compared to 2007 in the coming two or three years, it will be very difficult for the present supply system to reach the demand of the households regarding both quality and quantity of water (the filtering tank can not filter in time yet). Moreover it should be taken into account that after 5 years in use, the deterioration of the water supply station will happen.

8.4 SustainabilityThe ability to maintain and develop the obtained result after the project ends (no financial and technical supports form the project):

8.4.1 Generating the co-operation mechanism for implementationAfter two years implementing project, all related parties such as PCERWASS, PDPMEH, and People’s Committee of the Commune, hamlet’s authority, domestic water management team, organizations, school, and medical aid station have established an operational mechanism in the WSP. Although the water supply co-operative still has many difficulties, there already have been a system, an operational mechanism, and an operational process coming to the orderly routine, as well as an information system with adequate function of documentation and filing. This co-operation contributed to facilitate for other co-operation in other activities of the Commune. However, this co-operation mechanism also belong to many other factors such as the rights of each party and stakeholders, management capacity of coordinators, skilful of technicians, human and financial resources, especially awareness of the people within project area.

8.4.2 IntegrationThe programme of safe water supply has been integrated into frequent activities of the local area, step-by-step becoming a part of the job of the bureaus, organizations, and school from Loc Binh commune to the hamlets.

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8.4.3 Awareness of PeoplePeople have been aware of the role and benefit of the safe water supplied in terms of health, economy and society. The demand of using hygienic water from the water supply system has been increased more and more. People have been willing to pay money and even more money to get hygienic water. This would lead to the possibility of getting compensation between the collecting and the spending, or even having some interest so that the water supply co-operative could keep business account independently. People have consciousness and action to protect the hygienic water supply system.

8.4.4 Commitment of public authority levels• Technical support: PCERWASS/PDPMEH has kept supporting

technically and monitoring the water quality based on the general task and function. PCERWASS has considered the model in Loc Binh commune as typical to get experience for further implementation in different areas of the province in the future. Leaders and specialized cadres of PCERWASS also shared their experience about the operation of the model to other localities several times.

• Financial support: o At present, there is no direct specific item for financial support of

the safe water supply system in Loc Binh. However leaders of PCERWASS and PDPMEH have committed to continuously support within their task and function, and look for other financing for the WSP when collecting has not yet compensated for spending. PDPMEH has proposed to and then got the commitment on technical support from MERID institute (America), starting from 2009, with the funding for 100 testing samples per year of 14 water supply criteria in the whole Thue Thien Hue province, including Loc Binh.

o The People’s committee of the commune currently has had the source for reparation of the water supply system, but it has not met all the requirements. The committee has planned to ask the People’s Council to allocate repairing fees in the budget of the whole commune (700 million VND in 2009 - budget for foreshore and sea-line commune). In 2009, the people’s committee of the commune has suggested and been approved to get budget from the province to install main pipelines to the left 50 households that have not approached the water system.

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• Integration: PCERWASS, PDPMEH and the People’s Committee of the Commune have committed to combine and integrate the programme of hygienic water supply with different programmes and activities at the locality, such as the clean water and sanitary programme. The sanitary project financed from 500 to 700 thousand VND to build one of two cabinets of some new toilets, and after that the people have continued to borrow more money to carry on the work. This has given positive effect to the local environment as well as the water supply source.

• The People’s Committee of the Commune has planned to keep going on with training and communication using budget from other sources. The commune will implement the programme on the mobilization of using auto-running water among people in 2009.

8.4.5 Some existing problems • Training: PCERWASS, PDPMEH, the People’s Committee of the

Commune, and the water supply co-operative have got neither a concrete plan nor a budget for repeated trainings in the coming future when the water safety plan finishes.

• Communication: Communication has been effective initially for most of the people have known about the water safety plan, especially through the school’s channel. However the communication channels should be applied more flexibly through the commune’s radio station, flyers, posters, slogans, and information exchange on water usage, etc.

• Monitoring the water quality: Although there has been a co-operation of the two provincial bureaus with the water management team, the quick test tool at the scene and some chemicals will be finished or expired in May 2009 and the budget for this item is not defined yet.

• Capital repair and maintenance: After five years of operation, if not having capital repair, the construction will possibly be degraded like many other water constructions in other localities. At the present, the commune and PCERWASS only expected to get support from project, but it is very necessary to have another source of budget for maintenance and capital repair.

• Technical support: PCERWASS and PDPMEH should continue to support technically, such as water testing, and developing the guideline materials on operation and communication.

8.5 The advantages and disadvantages of the model implementation8.5.1 Advantage

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• Though the investment was not much (less than 20% of the total investment to the system), the human and property resource of the public authority, related units and the local people still have been mobilized.

• The model was built at the beginning with the synchronization in designing, constructing, and operational process.

• The model has applied the risk assessment and management at every stage of the water production and supplying. Preventative measures and systematic initiative taken to guarantee water quality would be hygienic at end users.

8.5.2 Disadvantage: • The route of financial and technical support of the project was not

announced at the beginning; therefore the local authority and organizations have not got any measure for preparation.

• WSP is a new approach, the instructions/trainings could not be specific enough, and the trainees’ background (communicators and operational officers) were limited, thus there were many difficulties during implementing.

• It is not supported synchronously at all stages from survey and assessment, trainings, communication, planning and implementation.

• In fact, the locality could not follow the instruction of the technical indexes (experimental tools, and testing frequency). Technical support must be adequate, synchronous, and suitable with the local area including treatment technique, basic testing tool, testing expenditure from planning to implementation and monitoring the operational results. The supporting route should be defined clearly, so that the local public authority and the people could prepare themselves and plan further when the support finishes.

• Lack of specific and suitable communication materials. Communication materials on the WSP should be simple, easily understandable, realistic and adequate in quantity so that communication and recall can be done during regular meetings at the locality.

• The training programme should be specific, and applicable to the local area. There should be tests and monitoring after training.

8.6 Successful factors and lesson learnt

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The commitment of the specialized organizations, local public authority and the acceptance of the people are the main factors to decide the success and sustainability the safe water supply plan. Experience learnt:

8.6.1 Basic successful factors• There are the agreement, participation and co-operation of all

stakeholders in the process model development and implementation: UNICEF, NCERWASS, and the People’s Committee of the Commune, the water supply Co-operative, organizations, schools and the people.

• The model has the good, specific and united order so that the parties could participate in within their function. The implementation process was also specific with co-operative point (UNICEF), and implementing point (PCERWASS).

• There are natural and social advantages in Loc Binh commune. 8.6.2 The lesson learnt

• The co-operation, training and broad communication to all related parties should be done to get an agreement before operation. The public authority, organizations and inhabitants contribute labour and land. Integration into regular programme.

• It is necessary to combine and use actively the communication channels to convey information to everyone. At present, communication has not been homogenous among households participating in the agriculture co-operative and non-agriculture one; the elementary and secondary schools achieved good results, while the kindergarten should be more careful (in cleaning the water tank). Leaders of organizations should have a thorough grasp of information about the safe water supply plan.

• Expenditure for capital repair and operation should be included in the initial investment or allocated and inserted into the commune’s and the water supply co-operative’s plan in the coming years. The operational programme of the WSP should be inserted into annual plans of bureaus, and organizations of the commune.

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9 ABILITY FOR EXPASION OF THE MODEL

9.1 The approach of the WSP is a right choice and in accordance with trend in the worldAccording to WHO, WSP implementation is to assessment possible risks and other impacts from the environment to build risk management for a water supply system. Ensuring domestic and drinking water is to meet health objectives and to improve community health in long term.The direct impact of WSP implementation toward water quality is:

• to prevent contamination of source waters;• to treat the water to reduce or remove contamination that could be

present to the extent necessary to meet the water quality targets; and

• to prevent re-contamination during storage, distribution and handling of drinking-water.

WSP is, in large part, health risk assessments and are based on scientific consensus, best available evidence and broad expert participation. Water quality management process is synthesised from newest sources based on recognised guidelines of WHO and is successfully tested in rural and urban water supply systems in many developed and developing countries.WSP is a trend to be applied in many countries in the world, especially in rural areas of developing countries. WSP has been implemented in the following countries:1. Melbourne, Australia - 20032. Kampala, the capital of Uganda - 20033. Bangladesh - 20044. Some islands in Pacific Ocean: Tonga, Vanuatu, Cook Island, Palau -

2003-20045. Indonesia, Nepal, Mongolia, Philippines and Thailand - 2002–2003

9.2 WSP is possibly suitable for rural water supply in VietnamAt present, many areas are facing difficulties in rural water supply. Many water supply systems are ineffective or failed to operate such as those in Hạ Trạch commune - Quảng Bình province, Nghĩa An commune - Quảng Ngãi province, Trùng Khánh and Bạch Đằng communes - Hải Dương province, Nhơn Hải commune - Bình Định province, Lợi Hải commune - Ninh Thuận province, etc.Some main reasons for the situation are mentioned bellow:

• Low level of interest and participation toward water supply systems of related parties: local authorities, technical agencies and the inhabitants. It is caused by not enough awareness of interest of using hygiene water. Besides, inhabitants are lack of confidence in the

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local authorities in the implementation while there were insufficient technical supports.

• There was not enough participation of the community in surveillance at the beginning and during operating process. It resulted in quality problems of the water supply systems, asynchronous investments and water quality was not met the standard.

• The study of water source was not doing carefully enough, poor assessment in all steps of water supply system from the source to households, unsuitable management that lead to low water quality or lack of water.

• The local authority did not pay enough attention to operation management of water supply system such as lack of an operation team and regular maintenance that leading to the system being out of order.

• Periodic maintenance budget was not enough for operators’ salary, treatment chemicals and other tests.

• Though it was not planed in the beginning for the need and payment ability to contribution of the households, the construction of the system was quickly implemented or the total investment was too much for the households.

• Operators’ capacity did not meet the operation requirement because of not having technical training; system was not regularly inspected and late detection of arised problems.

WSP will resolve fundamentally the above problems with its 3 main factors: System evaluation, Monitoring activity, Management plan, documentation and filing and information sharing.In reality, WSP model implemented in Loc Binh had the agreement and mobilized fully and actively of related parties of all levels. Community surveillance was performed at the beginning and operation process. Related staff and inhabitants had some training courses improving their awareness and capacity, and communication was provided sufficiently. Those factors were implemented in an overall plan. It contributed significantly and decisively to the water supply system in Loc Binh commune.At present, WSP is suitable for rural water supply system in many provinces. But it is different in socio-economy situations in provinces. It is necessary for WSP model being tested in some other provinces which have different kind of water sources before scaling up nationwide.

9.3 Elements should be considered while replication and scaling up the model

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The WSP model can be expanded in other local areas. However in order to guarantee the success and sustainability of the plan, it is necessary to take into account some following issues:

9.3.1 Prerequisite conditions for successful implementation of WSP:• For the stakeholders:

o The agreement, participation and co-operation of all stakeholders at local level should be achieved for implementation of WSP such as: People’s Committee of the Commune, the water supply Co-operative, organizations, schools and the people.

o Technical agencies at central and provincial level should participate and co-operate closely and give specific instructions to the commune.

o There should be key people at provincial and commune level for implementation process.

• For the material facilities:o There should be comprehensive investment in water system

including water source, treatment and supply system.o There should be enough budgets for investment and operation in

starting phase and the inhabitants’ contribution is required.9.3.2 Conditions for sustainability of the model

• WSP should be integrated into regular programs and activities at local level such as regular meetings; redisseminations, community surveillance, continuous and specific instructions from PCERWASS and PDPMEH.

• Expenditure for repair, operation and water quality surveillance should be planed and detailed. Commune authority should be active in arranging finance sources until the operation reach the break-even point.

• Operation and surveillance mechanisms should be built with the participation of all stakeholders at local level such as People’s Committee of the Commune, the water supply Co-operative, organizations, schools and the people.

9.3.3 Other conditions• Plan development: It is necessary to define clearly the role,

responsibility and participation of related parties at the beginning. The plan should provide specific and systematic materials and forms for each mission of each stakeholder, so that it would be convenient to

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document, share information and do monitoring during the implementation. In planning, beyond the technical support, it is necessary to create the expense and receipt options for the People’s Committee, and the group of the water system management and operation in the local area to help them step by step is active with the expenditure.

• System assessment and water source selection are necessary conditions to help the plan achieving the final result. Water source, which is stable in terms of quality, and capacity, and auto-running to household, would reduce the financial burden (reducing maintenance and operational expenditure), especially where almost every area implement the WSP still has economic difficulties.

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10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1 Conclusions • The WSP project in Loc Binh commune brought many positive

changes, such as the ability to supply safety water, peoples’ health improved, diseases related to water resources decreased considerably, and conditions of living activities raised up. The project has been executed for only 2 years, if continues in long term it can bring important changes in health and quality of living for the people.

• The project mobilized participations from related parties: public authority, organizations, and unions from central to local level.

• After 2 years functioning, the WSP was accepted by the people, the public authority and organizations, and the model can be maintained and developed. However, to ensure sustainability it needs more support in the creation of action plan after the project finishes, especially in funding for repair activities in the next 3 years.

• The model can be expanded in other regions, but the water sources, commitment level, participation of stakeholders, acceptance of the people, and financial plan to ensure the expense for sustainable activity should be paid attention to.

10.2 Specific activities should be carried out following WSP • Step 1: The assignments and responsibilities of Water Safety Team

(WST) should be clear and documented. WST has the responsibility of supplying safety water for the commune; therefore its members should be mainly from the commune. PCERWASS and PDPMEH can play the role of technical assistance in annual planning and verification for the system.

• Step 2: The description of water supply system should be completed by drawing a sketch of water supplying system of whole commune, which should include notes of critical and important points, regular sampling points. The sketch should be up dated if there would be any change (new water resources connect into the system, some more households’ pipelines connect to supply system, etc.). It should be kept at the office of Water Supply Management Board.

• Step 3: With technical assistances from PCERWASS & PDPMEH, the hazard analysis work sheet should be documented. This document need to be and up dated whenever it would be any information of new hazard, climate changed, and other effects to water resources.

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• Step 4: Implementing control measures through planning and budgeting for purchasing test kits. Keeping test results from PCERWASS and PHPMEH within 2 years. Control measures may be changed according to test results.

• Step 5: Critical limits should be presented as a simple diagram so that water quality can be followed and understandable at commune level. The diagram could be made based on monthly testing results (see example below)

• Step 6: Assign coordinator to make annual monitoring plan. Staff of commune and WSMB should be trained on planning and implementation of monitoring program. During monitoring, the staff should be assigned and guided clearly to carry out their responsibilities.

• Step 7: To be initiative in preventing emergences and technical troubles occurring, corrective actions should be established as: “If” (there would be trouble or emergence), “then” (who will do what, where). Corrective actions should be established in the cases of natural calamities (drought, flooding, storming), when there would be any malfunction, and when there would be any outbreak diseases that may transmit to human by water resource means.

• Step 8: PCERWASS and PDPMEH should help the WSMB to verify the WSP to ensure science and technical characteristics. Testing from PCERWASS and PDPMEH is a verification activity, so the WSMB of commune should keep test results around the year in order to have better plan for the next years.

• Step 9: Concerning water quality records, PCERWASS should guide the staff of WSMB, water supply cooperative, and commune how to record in a simple, clear and more specific way. Document and record system should be kept at least 2 year to follow up the trend of water resources, to have really good plan for safety water supplying. The

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records can be computerized such as list of households for collection of water fees, water quality testing results, etc. Records can be useful information for communication activities of the commune.

10.3 RecommendationsThe recommendations listed below are for relevant units related to the project in Loc Binh commune, Thua Thien Hue province • Water supply cooperatives:

o Create action plan and revenue & expenditure plan specifically for each year, actively report to the Commune People’s Committee to find financial sources and funding support for the activities.

o Documenting remained contents according to the water safety plan.

• The Unions o Strengthening communication capacity. To set examples of

good person concerning protection of water resources and water supply system. To set examples of households who pay water fees on time, etc.

o Arranging discussions to share experiences of saving water. Arranging games or contests and action campaigns to protect water resources and water supply system, water saving.

• The Commune People Committeeo Propose water safety plan, program, and plan of action

with detailed targets on each period. o Have plan and support financially for the safety water

supply activities (salary, operation, and small repairs). This should be included in the program and budget of the commune annually.

o Have award and punishment policies in executing regulations of water consumption from the auto-running system (such as: to announce families that did not pay enough money, to commend families that pay money on time in 3 months, to reward the discovery of people violating the regulations of using auto-running water).

o Plan to coordinate the commune and organizations in communication, encourage the people to use clean water, economize water correctly. Take main charge and coordinate with organizations, schools, and health stations to organize contest

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about water safety to raise awareness and participation of the people.

• PCERWASS o Search for funds to expand the model to other

communes in the province. o Put forward source of maintaining fund for Loc Binh

according to the Joint Circular 80/2007 BCT-NN on 11/07/07 of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development about the guidance system for managing, using national expenses for Program of national targets of clean water and rural sanitary in the 2006-2010 period: Spend for operational support, and maintenance of water supply constructions according to the standard technology: with constructions that could not collect enough expenses.

o Create detailed plan for activities of the participants of the WSP in the next period, including: roles, activities, means, and time, executing forces, and funding sources (after UNICEF fund ends). Then each party can be active in activities and has sources of fund to maintain and develop the model.

o Guide the commune’s People’s Committee, the water supply cooperatives so they could participate actively in operating the water supply stations, supervising and checking the water quality and communications. Change the role from helper to technical consultant for the People’s Committee.

o Support the communes, the water supply cooperatives in checking and documenting the remaining contents according to the water safety plan.

o Coordinate with PDPMEH to announce water safety test results completely and on time to the commune/ WSP group and guide the group to use the results. This data is a useful tool to improve the people’s knowledge about the water quality.

• PDPMEH:o Participate actively according to function in the WSP

with detailed plan; coordinate, integrate safety water supply plan into the sanitary program, etc.

o Share information, guide relevant parties in the water safety plan (the commune’s People’s Committee, the management team of domestic water, health stations, and schools) to improve communication about clean water, diseases related to water

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sources, environmental sanitation, and using and protecting methods to ensure clean water.

o Guide the commune health station, and coordinate the environmental sanitation programs with the commune health station to improve communication.

o Coordinate / utilize funds from regular activities and other projects for supervising water quality periodically.

• NCERWASS: o Propose the expenses for the operational maintenance

according to the nationally targeted Program on Clean water and Rural sanitary in the 2006-1010 period in Loc Binh commune.

o Expanding the WSP model to other locations to gain more experiences for implementing it in all over the country in not very far future.

o It is important for building up consultancy forces assessing and monitoring water quality at central and provincial levels.

• MARDo Propose to unify the organization in charge of water quality

management between the Department of Irrigation, NCERWASS and related units of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

o Propose Program on Rural Clean Water Supply and Sanitation in Vietnam with a priority of promoting the WSP application.

• UNICEF: o Inform adequately about the supporting plan at the beginning, so

local organizations and public authority can be more active in planning activities and expenses, and reduce their expectation in project funding.

o Design and provide communication materials and give specific guidance on the implementation of the Water Safety Plan; cooperate with other communication materials on the harm of water source related diseases, causes, and prevention, as well as integrate water economizing method, etc.

o Compile and popularize summarized documents on the protection of and benefits from using clean water, and risks from using unclean one, etc.

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o Disseminating and sharing the results of the implementation of the Water Safety Plan model to related bureaus, organizations, and regions.

o During developing and operating the Water Safety Plan, it is necessary to consider using a technical consultancy team in planning, and taking advantage of their experiences to make the project run more efficiently and systematically.

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11 ANNEXES

11.1 ANNEX 1: TERMS OF REFERENCE

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSULTANCY ON

THE EVALUATION OF THE WATER SAFETY MODEL IN THUA THIEN HUE

(Rural Water Supply and Environment Project)

1. Background

In the last decade, Vietnam has achieved significant progress in rural water supply. Proportion of rural population with access to clean water supply increased from 32% in 1998 to 67% in 2007. However, water quality of rural water supply systems remains a huge concern. According to a recent survey on rural water supply quality conducted by the Ministry of Health (MOH), by the end of 2006, only 15.6% of the rural population uses clean water supply with quality that meets the clean water quality standards of MOH (Decision 09/2005/QD-BYT). Therefore, improvement of rural water quality management has been identified as one of the major priorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and UNICEF WES programme to contribute more effectively to the protection of public health, in general, and child health, in particular.

Recognizing the need to have a good model on management of water quality in rural areas, UNICEF and National Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (NCERWASS) have been supporting Thua Thien Hue Provincial Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (PCERWASS) and Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health (DPMEH) since 2006 in developing and implementing a model of Water Safety Plan (WSP) in Loc Binh Commune, Phu Loc District, Thua Thien Hue. The model was developed based on risk management approach developed by WHO for water quality management. The WSP comprises system assessment, operation monitoring and management plans, that involves community monitoring in all processes of water supply, from water sources to the end users.

After 2 year of implementation, the model has shown positive evidences of improvement of water quality of the rural water supply systems which have been managed by the communities: (i) The community authorities and people have become more aware and taken greater responsibility for monitoring and management of the water supply system; (ii) water quality was consistently improved as a result of regular monitoring by both commune’s operators and provincial authorities (PCERWASS and DPMEH) and IEC activities conducted by WSP team and (iii) health of people in the communes improved remarkably (case of dysentery reduced from 26 in 2006 to 1 in 2008 and diarrhoea reduced from, 92 in 2006 to 71 in 2008) . However, there are still some issues that need to be addressed and strengthened for further improvement, as maintaining documentation system at the commune level and sustaining the WSP once

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UNICEF support ends.

2. Scope and focus

Objective(s):

The objectives of the evaluation are as follows:

1. To assess the WSP model in Loc Binh, Thua Thien Hue for its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability. The following key research questions would be addressed:

Relevance: To what extent the WSP model serves/addresses and is pertinent to the needs of strengthening water quality monitoring of a rural water supply system?

Efficiency: Was the pilot model implemented in the most economical and cost-effective manner and on time? Did the implementation structure support the implementation of WSP? Was the methodology appropriate to the community based water quality management for rural water supply system?

Effectiveness: Was the pilot model implementation consistent with what was designed in the model proposal? Were all activities undertaken as planned? To which extent WSP model achieved the desired results of improvement of water quality and people’s health? Is water quality monitored regularly from source to households with participation of local people/ authorities as set in the objectives of the WSP?

Impact: What are the long-term positive and negative effects (in terms of health impact as well as of people’s awareness in water quality monitoring) in the target groups of the implementation of the model?

Sustainability: Will the activities and benefits from model implementation be retained/maintained after the assistance, both financial and technical, is completed/phased out? Is the model environmentally, technically, financially and socially sustainable?

2. To draw lessons learned from the implemented WSP model for possible replication and scaling up;

3. To recommend necessary improvements/ adjustments for better implementation of WSP in terms of methodologies, activities and implementation structures

4. To summarize model methodology, achievements, lesson leant and recommendations into a short document, that will be used as reference for further implementation of WSP in rural areas.

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11.2 ANNEX 2: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

Organization People need to meet Title Address Telephone Email

WHO Tôn Tuấn Nghĩa Program officer63 Trần Hưng Đạo, Ha Noi

091204837039433734

UNICEF

Thowai Zai WES section chief81 A Trần Quốc Toản, Ha Noi

04 9425706/ 205

Nguyễn Thanh Hiền WES specialist04 9425706/ 2350904340348

Lê Thị Thanh Huyền WES specialist 0913203933

NCERWASS – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Lê Văn Căn Director

73 Nguyên Hồng, Ha Noi

04 383558210936163619

Nguyễn Thành Luân Vice-director04 38559510913208232

Vương Gia PhúcDeputy of Technical department

04 383582600913509239

Institute of Environmental Science and Technology

Nguyễn Việt Anh Vice-directorUniversity of Civil Engineering

091320968904.38698317

vietanhctn@gmail.comwww.vietdesa.net

Thua Thien Hue Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (PCERWASS)

Phan Văn Thanh Director 0913492422

Tạ Quốc Dũng Head of Environment department

09740012480986054517

Thua Thien Hue Department for Provision Medicine and Health

Hoàng Hà TưHead of Environment Health department

0914202546

Centre of Health Provision – Ministry of Health

Trương Đình Bắc Manager135 Núi Trúc, P804, Ha Noi

091.212.5756

Loc Binh People’s Committee Lương Thế VĩnhVice-president of People’s Committee

Loc Binh Women Union Lê Thị Trang President of Women Union

Loc Binh Farmer Association Trần Đang President of Farmer Association

Loc Binh Youth Union Nguyễn Chính Secretary of Youth Union

Loc Binh Medical Centre Nguyễn Thủy TiênIn charge of commune Medical Station

Water supply cooperative Phan Bá Đề 0968956508

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11.3 ANNEX 3: Working time schedule in Thua Thien Hue

Date 5/1/2009 – in Huế- Introduction meeting and working program with the Provincial Centre for

Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (PCERWASS), and the Provincial Department for Provision Medicine and Health (PDPMEH) of Thua Thien Hue.

- Collect documents in provincial and commune level that related to establishment of water safety plan project in Loc Binh commune, Phu Loc district.

- Interview leaders and staffs of the Provincial Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (PCERWASS), and the Provincial Department for Provision Medicine and Health (PDPMEH).

Date 6/1/2009 – in Lộc Bình commune- Intervew representative of Loc Binh People’s Committee. - Visit the local water supply system in Loc Binh.- Interview operating staff of water supply system. - Distribute questionnaires to family, school_with support from local

representatives_collect immediately.

Date 7/1/2009 – in Lộc Bình commune- Interview representatives of Medical Centre, Women Union, Farmer

Association, schools, propagandists. - Distribute questioning table to family, school_with support from local

representatives_collect immediately.

Date 8/1/2009 – in Lộc Bình commune- Group discussion with children and with families. - Synthesize distributed questionnaires.- Summarize evaluation results.

Date 9/1/2009 – 9.30 am, in Lộc Bình commune- Present summarily the results with the participations of leaders and staffs

the Provincial Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (PCERWASS), and the Provincial Department for Provision Medicine and Health (PDPMEH), Loc Binh People’s Committee, representatives from groups that participated in the water safety plan, UNICEF representatives.

- Record suggestions, feedbacks.

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11.4 ANNEX 4: Discussion questions and questionnaires DISCUSION QUESTIONS

WITH WATER SAFETY PLAN GROUP

The questions include 6 parts (coordinate, communication, family characteristics, relization, activities, results, maintenance plan/ sustainability...) which are combined in order to make the discussion natural.

Participants in discussion: In Loc Binh commune

1. People’s Committee representatives

2. Representatives of water supply structure.

3. Village leaders: (2 from Hai Binh village & 1 from Tan Binh village)

4. Commune Medical Centre

5. Propagandists

6. Family representatives: 7 people.

Question List

1. What are the short-term and long-term goals of water safety plan?

2. Roles of Operating team of water safety plan and related parties, practical achievements compare to targets, duties?

3. How often a meeting about water safety is organized? Content? Participants? Who to popularize the minutes to? Through what medium?

4. How does information about water quality get popularized for the people? How often? Are the practical results popularized?

5. Do leaders from related parties participate in clean water training? Where? Evaluation about training program?

6. What are the steps in water safety plan? How far are the steps implemented? (compare to 9 steps like trained)

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7. Implementation structure: participated parties, role, content, responsible people. Fund, technology, plan, guidance, regulations during implementation?

8. Achieved results (documentation, activities) of Operating team during implementation of the project?

9. Your comments about cooperation between related parties in water safety project? (Water Centre, Local Medical Centre, People’s Committee, water supply station, medical station, propagandists)

10.Your evaluation about the efficiency of related parties’ activities (belong to water safety group) during implementation compare to initial plan?

11.What are the results of water safety project after 2 years of operation? According to your evaluation, how is the level of success compare to initial plan?

12.Your comments about awareness, attitude in using water of local people and operation of water supply station after implementing water safety plan? Detailed manifestation?

13.What are the most improved, the not so improved according to plan? Objective and subjective reasons?

14.Your comments about the level of suitability of the project with factual situation of the region (about solving water safety problem, increase water quality control, improve the steps in water safety system)

15.Your comments about implementation results compare to the project plan: establishment model, activities of related parties are right compare to plan? Level of commitment/participation of related parties? Wanted results?

16.Your comments on the project efficiency in implementation time according to plan, what are the most efficient activities of the project?

17.Your comments on the status of diseases related to water quality and cleanliness in Hai Binh village since the beginning of the project? Awareness, activities, achieved results? Short and long term effects?

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18.Your comments on the public’s agreement with the project (get support from related parties)? Do the nearby villages want to implement the project?

19.What are the advantages/disadvantages during the project implementation? Methods to overcome difficulties?

20.The experiences learnt from implementing the project? (about cooperation, communication)

21.According to you, what can we do more to improve the efficiency of the water safety project at local level?

22.What is your (related parties) next plan with water safety? Implementation expenses?

23. Your comments on the project sustainability? After the project finishes, which parts will be continued? Will the project results be maintained? Suggestions to maintain and develop achieved results? (Funds/expenses, technology/environment, staff training, role of local government)

24.Your comments on the expansion possibility of the project? Will it be affected by regional characteristics? Attitude of related parties with the project?

Notes:- At each level of water safety plan group, please provide report on the

situation of the pilot project activities belong to water safety plan during the beginning and ending to the project.

- How much time does the interviewee spend on the project (follow the project continuously, write or read reports related to the project)

If the interviewees participate in many water safety project plans then what are their idea about the project in Hai Binh village?

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TABLE OF QUESTIONAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDWater safety plan project

This questioning table is created to evaluate the results of implementing water safety project plan after 2 years, to learn from experiences and give recommendations in order to improve the operation and expand this model. Thank you for filling this questioning table.

I. General information:- Name of the interviewee:……………………………………..Village:………………………- Sex: Male Female Age:…….- Number of members in the family:

Male:……. Female:……….. Children under 15:………

II. Interview section: (circle around the choices)

1 Your education level

a. Illiterate

b. Know how to read, write

c. High school

d. College, university and above

2 Your occupation

a. Farmer

b. Workers

c. Official

d. Trading

e. Pupil/Student

f. Other……………………

3 Your family’s drinking water is from a. River/stream waterb. Well/bore well waterc. Rain

d. Tap watere. Other……………………

4 Your family’s cooking water is from a. River/stream waterb. Well/bore well waterc. Rain

d. Tap watere. Other……………………

5Your family often use domestic/washing water from

a. River/stream waterb. Well/bore well waterc. Rain

d. Tap watere. Other……………………

6Since when your family use tap water (supplied from pipes)?

a. Never

b. About a month

c. About 3 months

d. About 6 months

e. About 1 year

f. More than 1 year

7What does your family often use tap water for?

a. Drinking

b. Cooking

c. Domestic activities/washing

d. Other……………………

8How much does your family have to pay per month for tap water? (Write in number)………………………………thousand VND

10 What is the cost for 1 m3 of water?(Write in number)………………………………thousand đồng/m3

11Is your family willing to pay more for cleaner water? a. Yes …..……..đồng/m3 b. No

12What problems did the tap water your family use have in the last month? How many times?

a. Unclear……………..time(s)

b. Have odour…………. time(s)

c. Have iron…………….. time(s)

d. Other………………. time(s)

13 What do you think is the reason for a. Polluted water source d. Water storage place in the

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your water source to be dirty?

b. Processing water at supply station

c. Pipes from supply station to family

family

e. Other………………

14In the last month, how many times did water from supply station not come to your house?

a. None

b. 1 to 2 times

c. 3 to 4 times

d. 5 to 6 times

e. More than 6 times

f. Other………………….

15When there is a problem with water quality or water doesn’t come, you often

a. Do nothing

b. Inform water supply station staffs

c. Inform village/commune staffs

d. Inform propagandists

e. Other……….………...

16How often do you see water supply station staff checking pipes?

a. Do not know

b. None

c. Once per week

d. Once per month

e. Once per 3 months

f. Other…………………...

17Do you know your village is doing water safety plan?

a. Yes b. No

18You know your village is doing water safety plan through?

a. Family member

b. Commune radio station

c. Propagandists

d. Announcement from village/commune government

e. Other ………....………….

19Do you know about village/commune policies on protecting water source/water supply station?

a. Yes b. No

20 What are those policies?…………………………………………………………........

21Do you receive information about water quality? How often? How?

a. Yes

Once per……………..monthThrough……………...

b. No

22You saw others did the following actions

a. Dispose garbage/dirty water into water source

b. Graze cattles near water source/station

c. Cultivate/irrigate near water source

d. Destroy water pipe

e. Take bath at water source

23 To maintain and protect the clean water source, you

f. Do not have to do anything

g. Use water economically

h. Do not dispose garbage/dirty water into water source

j. Do not cultivate/irrigate near water source

k. Protect water pipes

l. All of the above

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i. Do not graze cattles near water source/station

m. Other ………………….…

24According to you, water safety project plan helped the village in

a. Knowing the benefit of clean water

b. Knowing how to protect clean water source

c. Having cleaner water source

d. Reduce diseases cause by lack of clean water

e. Other……………………

25In this year, do your family members have the following diseases?

a. Related to bowel

b. Worms

c. Petechia

d. Trachoma

e. Skin related

f. Other

26Since implementing water safety project, the number of children/women having diseases related to water source

a. Do not know

b. Stay the same

c. Reduce rapidly

d. Reduce

e. Increase

27 Your satisfaction with this project

a. Very satisfied

b. Satisfied

c. Not satisfied

d. Other…………………….

28What should be done to have better results?

a. Nothing

b. More propaganda

c. More detailed guidance

d. Other……………………..

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TABLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE AT SCHOOLWater safety plan project

I. General information:- Name of student:……………………………..……live in village…………………………- School name:…………………………………………………………….Class:…………………- Sex: Male Female

II. Question section: (circle around choices)

1 How many members are in your family? ………………….members

2 How many older siblings do you have? ………………….brother(s) ………………….sister(s)3 How many younger siblings do you have? ………………….sibling(s)

4Where do your family take drinking and cooking water from?

a. River/stream

b. Well

c. Tank to store rain drop

a. Tap water

b. Do not know

5 Where do your family take washing water from?

d. River/stream

e. Well

f. Tank to store rain drop

c. Tap water

d. Do not know

6Do you follow teachers or adult’s guidance about using and protecting clean water?

a. No b. Yes

7Do you know whether your family have tap water or not?

a. No b. Yes

8Do your family’s tap water tanks, barrels have moss, weed, and dregs?

a. No b. Yes

9 When in need of water, you often?

a. Take water from tap

b. Use usual tool to scoop water

a. Use anything

b. Use your hands

c. Ask adults to help

10Do you see buffaloes, cows, pigs, and chickens near water source/supply station? A lot or a few?

a. No b. Yes_ a lot

c. Yes_ a few

11Do you see garbage near water source/supply station?

a. No b. Yes

12 Did you see others play in water supply station? a. No b. Yes

13Since the beginning of summer, have u had sore eyes?

a. No b. Yes

14Since the beginning of summer, have u felt itchy and need to apply cream?

a. No b. Yes

15Have you seen other friends having the following actions?

a. Pee/poop at wrong place

b. Through garbage at wrong place

c. Play with water pipes

d. Graze cattles near water source/supply station

16 To keep clean water what did you do? a. Pee/poop at right place

b. Through garbage at

d. Do not play with water pipes

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right place

c. Graze cattles far away from water source/supply station

e. Inform adults when see water pipes leak

f. Do nothing

17Does your village/commune have policies about protecting water source/supply station?

a. No b. Yes

18 What are those policies? ………………………..…………………………………..

Thank you and good luck with your study!

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11.5 ANNEX 5: LIST OF REVIEWED AND STUDIED DOCUMENTS

1. Construct water safety plan2. Safety water supply plan3. Foreseen training program for WSP plan for water safety group members

in Loc Binh commune, Phu Loc district, TT Hue4. Process the risks of water quality in rural area5. Notebook of water safety tracking6. WHO new guidance of domestic water quality7. PCERWASS water safety project plan report.8. Notebook and records from water supply cooperatives9. Rules of operating rural water structures in Loc Binh commune10.Rules of protecting forest at water source in Loc Binh commune11.Repairing, maintaining, supervise minutes, and daily record of water

supply cooperative12.Report on results of testing water quality13.Report on related to water source diseases status from the commune

medical centre14.Regular reports and minutes of Loc Binh commune water safety group

meetings15. Decision number 104/2000/QĐ- TTg_ decision of the Prime Minister on

approving national strategy on clean water and rural sanitation till 202016. Decision 227/2006/QĐ-TTg, decision that approved the national targets

program of clean water and rural environment sanitation in the 2006-2010 period

17.Decision 1423/QĐ-BNN decide to establish Office of coordinating partnerships in water supply and rural sanitation( Head office is the leader of International cooperation department)

18. Decision 340/QĐ- BNN 5/2/07 to establish duty office of national target program on clean water and rural environment sanitation in the 2006-2010 period_The Office is located at Water Resources Department

19. 1464/QĐ 24/5/07_ give the Water Resources Department responsibility on operating duty office of Program of national targets of clean water and hygienic rural environment in the 2006-2010 period and adjust the system of the duty office

20.Joint Circular 80/2007 BCT-NN, 11/7/07, guides on management system, using national funding for Program of national targets of clean water and hygienic rural environment in the 2006-2010 period.

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11.6 ANNEX 6: NOTES1. WHO – Water Safety Plan 20052. http://www.cerwass.org.vn/?act=tinchitiet&id=803&lang=&catid=1

http://www.cerwass.org.vn/html/include/Nam_2006/hoithao_01.htm3. http://vovnews.vn/Home/Cong-trinh-cap-nuoc-nong-thon-Lam-10-hong-

7-con-3/20076/61774.vov 4. http://www.quangngai.gov.vn/quangngai/tiengviet/sbn_22/2007/25143/ 5. http://www.kientruc.vn/phong_su_ky_su/vi-sao-chin-cong-trinh-cap-

nuoc-sach-nong-thon-o-hai-duong-bi-dap-chieu/1130.html6. http://home.nau.vn/News/Tin-Tuc-Thoi-Su/Tin-Trong-Tinh/Ton-tien-ti-

nhung-khong-hieu-qua/Print-6230/

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