Evaluation of currency and stamp papers - NISTNBSIR74-431(/?) EvaluationofCurrencyand StampPapers...

NBSIR 74-431 (/?)

Evaluation of Currency and

Stamp Papers

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

January 2, 1974

Progress Report covering the period

July 1 - December 31, 1973

Prepared for

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D. C. 20401

NBSIR 74-431

EVALUATION OF CURRENCY AND

STAMP PAPERS

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Institute for Materials Research

January 2, 1974

Progress Report covering the period

July 1 - December 31, 1973

Note:

This document has been prepared for the use of

the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Responsibility

for its further use rests with that agency.

Prepared for

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D. C. 20401

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts, Director

CONTENTS

Page

1. SUMMARY 1

2. STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN HANDSHEETS MODIFIED WITHACRYLIC RESINS BY BEATER ADDITION 3

3. MODIFICATION OF HANDSHEETS MADE FROM CURRENCYBEATER STOCK BY TREATMENT WITH ACRYLIC RESINS ... 5

3 . 1 Background 5

3.2 Experimental 5

3.3 Results and Discussion 6

4. MODIFICATION OF WOOD PULP HANDSHEETS WITH ACRYLICRESINS BY BOTH BEATER ADDITION AND SATURATIONTECHNIQUES 8

4 . 1 Background 8

4.2 Experimental 9

4.3 Results and Discussion . 11

5. EFFECT OF WET PRESSING ON THE PHYSICALPROPERTIES OF HANDSHEETS 13

5.1 Background 135.2 Experimental 135.3 Results and Discussion 14

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

1. SUMMARY

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engravingand Printing of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, theeffect of acrylic resins on the structure of handsheets andthe possibility of improving stiffness retention with acrylicresins was studied. In addition, the effect of wet pressingon the structure of handsheets was investigated.

When wood pulp handsheets are modified with certainacrylic resins by beater addition, there is a decline in tensilemodulus and strength of the paper which could be attributedto the rheological properties of the resin. However, theresin modification also leads to an increase in air permeabil-ity which cannot be explained by the rheology of the resinand is likely caused by structural changes of the paper.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of handsheets treatedwith certain acrylic resins indicate a marked decrease infibrillar content. This decrease in fibrillar content resultsin a decrease in the formation of film-like material (matrix)in the interstices of the fibers. The matrix appears toaffect a multitude of paper properties one of which is airpermeability. Apparently, the acrylic latex causes the fibrilsand cell wall debris to precipitate onto the fiber surfacemaking them unavailable for matrix formation. The decreasein matrix permits stress to dissipate in the direction ofleast resistance when paper is strained, as in the lateralmovement and/or twisting of fibers, which could account inpart for the reduced modulus and strength. In essence, thechanges in the properties of paper are not only due to therheology of the resin but also to the structural changes ofthe resulting handsheets. Investigations show that thesesame acrylic resins not only affect the structure of woodpulp handsheets but also currency type (linen-cotton) hand-sheets .

Some acrylic resins improve retention of stiffnessbest when introduced into handsheets by beater addition,while others perform best when applied to paper by the satu-ration technique. If the improvement in stiffness retentionbv the two different modification techniques were additive,then a greatly improved stiffness retention could result ifthe paper were modified first with one acrylic resin bybeater addition, then followed by a second treatment withanother resin by the saturation technique.

2

Once handsheets have been modified with acrylic resinsby beater addition and dried, there is a significant resis-tance to wetting, and onlv small Quantities of the second resinwere introduced into the sheet by saturation. Even thoughonly small weight gains resulted with saturation, the improve-ment in stiffness retention was encouraging. In an effortto increase the weight gain of acrylic resin with saturation,the handsheets were saturated immediately following wet press-ing to overcome the resistance to impregnation of the drysheets. This resulted in further improvements in stiffnessretention.

The second wet pressing caused the properties of thecontrol handsheets to change significantly. In a separateexperiment it was demonstrated that the pressing procedureaffected the structure of handsheets. In order for the hand-sheets to be more uniform and for results to be reproducible,it appears that consolidation of the web on the forming wirebe accomplished with minimum pressure, the sheet removed fromthe wire, and placed between felts and pressed at the desiredpressure a second time.

3

2. STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN HANDSHEETS MODIFIEDWITH ACRYLIC RESINS BY BEATER ADDITION

Work done previously on the modification of wood pulphandsheets with acrylic resins by beater addition [2] gener-ated some interesting questions. The softest resins causeda decrease in modulus and breaking strength and an increasein elongation to break. It was easy to attribute thesechanges to the rheological properties of the acrylic resins,but as the strength properties were decreasing, air permeabil-ity was increasing, and this could not be attributed to therheological properties of the resins. An increase in airpermeability can be accounted for only by changes in paperstructure.

Three handsheets were prepared consisting of a controland two sheets modified by beater addition of acrylic resins.One sheet contained resin AC-61, and the other sheet containedresin E-631. The sheets modified with AC-61 showed only aslight increase in air permeability, while those treated withE-631 exhibited a very large increase in air permeability.Scanning electron photomicrographs from these three sheetsare shown in Figure 1. The photomicrographs indicate thatthe treatment with acrylic resins significantly affected thefibrillar component of the paper structure. Resin AC-61appeared to cause a noticeable reduction in the fibrillarcomponent compared with the control, but resin E-6 31 practi-cally eliminated the fibrillar component as a visible struc-tural entity. The result was a paper with large "holes"v/hich apparently are responsible for the large increase inair permeability. Apparently, the acrylic latex causes thefibrils to redeposit on the fibers so they cannot functionin the normal fashion in sheet formation. Although data onloss of fines among the three sheets were not obtained, sig-nificant differences in basis weight were not noted.

It is proposed that the decline in modulus and strengthand increase in extensibility are at least partially a resultof structural changes in the paper and are not entirely dueto the rheological properties of the resins. The absence ofmaterial in the interstices between the fibers allows thefibers to move laterally and to twist when the sheet isstrained. This permits stresses in the sheet to dissipatein the direction of least resistance and for elongation tooccur without affecting fiber bonds or requiring fiber elon-gation at low stress levels. In the control handsheet, where

4

the interstices contain fibrillar material, lateral movementand twisting of the fibers is restrained, requiring greaterforce to strain the paper a given amount. This results inhigher modulus, higher strength, and lower elongation in com-parison with the sheet containing resin E-631.

This investigation indicates that the modification ofpaper by beater addition of acrylic resins is not entirelydue to the rheological properties of the polymer but probablyis due in part to structural changes of the paper.

5

3. MODIFICATION OF HANDSHEETS MADE FROM CURRENCYBEATER STOCK BY TREATMENT WITH ACRYLIC RESINS

3 . 1 Background

In earlier work [2] it was shown that treatment of woodpulp handsheets with acrylic resins produced better stiffnessretention when the treatment was accomplished by a saturationtechnique rather than by beater addition. In the last NBSReport [1] to BEP, it was shown that the treatment of hand-sheets, made from currency beater stock, with acrylic resinsby saturation produced changes in properties similar to thoseobserved in wood pulp handsheets. It remained to be deter-mined whether treatment of the currency-type handsheets withacrylic resins by beater addition, rather than by saturation,resulted in less improvement of stiffness retention as occurredwith wood pulp handsheets. It was especially important todetermine whether certain acrylic resins affected the structureof the currency-type handsheets similarly to that found inwood pulp handsheets (section 2 of this report)

.

3.2 Experimental

Sufficient amounts of currency beater stock to make a12" X 12" handsheet of 70 g/m^ basis weight was diluted with1.5 liters distilled water and disintegrated for 7,500 rev-olutions in a British disintegrator. The pH was adjusted to9 using 1 N NaOH. A retention aid was added to the pulpslurry in the amount of 2 percent based on latex solids to bedeposited on the fibers. The retention aid was added from asufficient quantity of a 1 percent solution diluted with30 cm^ distilled water. Only two thirds of the retentionaid was added at the start. The mixture of pulp suspensionand retention aid was stirred 5 minutes prior to latex addi-tion to exhaust the retention aid from solution. The pH ofthe mixture was then decreased to 4.0 with 0.5 N H2SO4.

The acrylic emulsion was diluted with approximately50 cm~^ distilled water and added to the pulp suspension inthree equal portions with moderate stirring. Five minuteswas allowed between each addition to exhaust the acryliclatex. Only moderate stirring was used in order not toremove any adsorbed polymer by shearing. After all of thelatex was added, the remainder of retention aid was addedand the mixture stirred for an additional 5 minutes. Hand-sheets were then prepared by placing the mixture in the

6

deckle box of the handsheet machine and forming the sheetin the usual way using tap water. The sheets were dried at95°C for approximately 3 minutes on a drum dryer.

The effect of the acrylics on the retention of cantileverstiffness was evaluated by determining the decline in canti-lever stiffness after 1,000 double flexes over 1/8" rollerson the NBS paper f lexer. All of the tensile properties andother physical properties were determined in addition to thecantilever stiffness. The results are given in Tables 1 and2 and the standard deviation of the results are given inTables 3 and 4. Six acrylic emulsions designated K-3, E-631,P-339, AC-61, HA-16, and AC-201 were evaluated. The acrylicscovered a wide range of film stiffness.

3 . 3 Results and Discussion

There was good agreement between the results obtained onthe currency stock handsheets and the wood pulp handsheets

.

The extensional stiffness declined below that of the controlsfor the three softest acrylics, K-3, E-631, and P-339, whilethe air permeability increased. It is believed that the de-cline in handsheet extensional stiffness was not entirely dueto the low resin stiffness but primarily caused by a changein structure resulting from the treatment. This structuralchange can also account for the increase in air permeabilityover the two controls (section 2) . The extensional stiffnessincreased steadily as the polymer stiffness increased withthe remaining three latexes, AC-61, HA-16, and AC-201.

In addition to extensional stiffness, an increase inbreaking strength, energy to break, load at yield, and plas-tic stiffness increased with increasing film stiffness.Little or no increase in elongation to break and elongationat yield with increasing film stiffness was observed.Ihere was no adverse effect by any of the resins on Elmendorftear and a varied effect on folding endurance. A decline infolding endurance was observed in the handsheets treatedwith K-3, while an improvement in fold was observed for allthe other resins.

Of the six resins, HA-16 appeared to improve stiffnessretention with flexing to a greater extent than any of theother resins. The improvement with HA-16 was almost as greatas that observed with currency stock handsheets modified withacrylics by saturation. Apparently some of the acrylic resinsproduce better results when applied by beater addition, whileothers perform best when applied by the saturation technique.

7

The stiffest of the acrylic resins, AC-201, apparentlycracks during flexing resulting in a greater decline ofcantilever stiffness. This same behavior was observed whenwood pulp as well as currency stock handsheets were treatedwith AC-201 by saturation. Apparently there is an optimumfilm stiffness beyond which no improvement in stiffnessretention with flexing occurs.

8

4. MODIFICATION OF WOOD PULP HANDSHEETS WITH ACRYLICRESINS BY BOTH BEATER ADDITION AND SATURATIONTECHNIQUES

4.1 Background

The results of the investigation on modifying currencybeater stock handsheets with acrylic resins by beater addition(section 3) and by saturation techniques [2] indicated thatappreciable improvements in stiffness retention are possibleby either technique providing the proper resin is employedin each treatment. Acrylic resin, HA-16, imparts greater im-provement in stiffness retention with flexing by beateraddition, while AC-61 performs best in the saturation tech-nique. Since the distribution of the resin throughout thepaper is different with the two techniques, it would appearthat decline in stiffness with flexing occurs by at leasttwo separate mechanisms.

It has been demonstrated previously [3, 4, 5, 6] thatthe deterioration of the film-like constituent or matrix ofpaper is probably most responsible for the decline in bendingstiffness. Stabilization of the matrix by some modificationresults in an improvement in stiffness retention with flexing.

While the matrix contributes significantly to stiffnessretention, the stiffness of paper must result from otherfactors as well. Wood pulp papers, having an apparent densityequal to that of highly beaten rag paper but with little orno matrix, are as stiff as the rag papers. Apparently, thestiffness of the fibers must contribute greatly to the stiff-ness of the sheet. However, stiffness declines rapidly andextensively when the wood pulp paper is flexed.

In beating of pulp, the fibers become gelatinous. Ithas been proposed by Clark [7] that the surface of beatenfibers is covered with a colloidal suspension of water andcellulose which serves as the bonding material or adhesive.This colloidal material may contribute significantly to thestiffness of fibers in addition to serving as bonding mate-rial, especially in the areas where no interfiber bondingtakes place. The colloidal material might be viewed as a

substance similar to a starch suspension that forms a stifffilm when it dries. Upon drying over the surface of thefiber, it im.parts added stiffness to the fibers. Unfortunately,the film is brittle and cracks when bent.

9

In cases where little, if any, matrix is present in thepaper, stiffness is mostly derived from fiber stiffness.When flexed, the paper stiffness declines sharply becausethe brittle film cracks and causes a sharp decline in paperstiffness.

Had this same paper contained a matrix which did notcrack with flexing, the stiffness of the paper would not havedeclined as extensively even though fiber stiffness declinedsharply. The matrix spans the areas between the fibers,causing a shortening of the effective fiber segment length,and also prevents fiber twisting and/or lateral movement offibers when the paper is strained. The shortening of thefiber segments leads to an increase in bending stiffness, asthe apparent fiber stiffness increases with decreasing fiberlength. Consequently, a greater force will be necessary tobend or strain the paper when the matrix is present even iffiber stiffness is greatly reduced with flexing.

If the above hypothesis is correct, then maximum stiff-ness retention can be achieved by modifying the fiber surfaceas well as the matrix to prevent or retard breakdown of thefilm-like materials. Treatment of the pulp by beater additionwith a suitable resin would modify the fiber surface makingit more resistant to breakdown on flexing, and saturation ofthe resulting paper with a suitable resin would improve thecracking resistance of the matrix. The two treatments shouldresult in a sheet of paper with very superior retention ofstiffness with flexing.

4.2 Experimental

A bleached kraft wood pulp was beaten in a PFI laboratorynill at 10 percent consistency with no clearance between bed-plate and roll for 5,000 revolutions at 3.4 kilograms- forceand a relative velocity of roll to bedplate of 6 m/sec. Thebeating was done in distilled water. Forty grams of pulpwere beaten for each of the seven variables investigated.Six aliquots were taken from each beater run sufficient tomake a 12" x 12" handsheet of 70 g/m^ . Depositions of acryliclatex by beater addition was done exactly as described insection 3.2 of this report.

10

The sheets modified with acrylic resin by beater addi-tion were then saturated with an acrylic resin as follows.The felts which are used in wet pressing of handsheets weresaturated with a 10 percent emulsion of the acrylic resin.A handsheet was placed between the felts and passed throughthe calender rolls of the sheet machine. As the felt passedthrough the calender rolls, the excess latex was squeezed outof the felt saturating the paper with latex. As the felt andpaper proceeded through the rolls, the excess latex in thepaper was squeezed out. The wet sheet, saturated with acrylic,was lifted from the felt and dried on the drying drum at 95°Cfor approximately 3 minutes. The saturation controls weretreated in the same manner, except the felts were saturatedwith water only.

Three resins were investigated, HA-16, which improvesstiffness retention appreciably when applied by beater addi-tion, AC-61, which has been found to be one of the bestsaturants for improving stiffness retention, and P-339, whichdoes not improve stiffness retention appreciably by any methodof application. The use of P-339 was for control purposesprimarily.

Unfortunately, the sheets treated with acrylic resinsby beater addition, especially with HA-16 and AC-61, resistedwetting resulting in a non-uniform treatment and low weightgains. Therefore, additional experiments were conducted inan effort to reduce the effect of water resistance of thehandsheets treated with acrylic resins by beater addition.

The beater addition was performed as before, but thesheets were not dried immediately following wet pressing.Instead, the sheets were removed from the wire after wetpressing and couched between felts saturated with an acrylicresin and passed through the calender rolls of the sheetn achine to effect saturation of the wet handsheet similarto that described for dry handsheets.

The effect of the acrylic treatments on the retentionof cantilever stiffness was evaluated by determining thedecline in cantilever stiffness after 1,000 double flexesover 1/8" rollers on the NBS paper flexer. Half of each hand-^heet was used for flexing, while the other half remained un-flexed. All of the tensile properties and other physicalproperties were determined in addition to cantilever stiff-ness. The results of the experiment involving beater addi-tion and saturation of the dried handsheets are given in Tables5 and 6, with the standard deviation of the results in Tables7 and 8. The results of the experiment involving beater addi-tion and saturation of the wet handsheets are given in Tables9 and 10, with the standard deviation of the results in Tables11 ^nd 12.

11


As mentioned above, the saturation of handsheets withacrylic resins which were previously treated with acrylicresins by beater addition was non-uniform because of theirresistance to wetting. However, the results were encouragingas the handsheets which were treated with AC-61 by bothtechniques retained 75 percent of their initial stiffnessafter 1,000 flexes. This represents the highest stiffnessretention ever realized with any paper evaluated so far. Itappeared that modification of handsheets with acrylic resinsby both techniques would result in a paper with extremelygood stiffness retention if only the saturation treatmentwere more uniform and more resin could be deposited.

An attempt at obtaining a more uniform treatment andgreater weight gains was made by saturating the handsheetsimmediately after wet pressing and before drying. Unfortu-nately, greater weight gains with saturation were not realizeibut the treatment was more uniform. In addition, the reten-tion aid did not function properly, and the weight gain inbeater addition were approximately half of that intended.Nevertheless, there was a marked improvement in the stiffnessretention of the handsheets with flexing especially with thehandsheets containing HA-16 by beater addition and AC-61 bysaturation. The retention of stiffness after flexing was animpressive 82 percent.

A first glance at the stiffness retention data in Table10 is not impressive when one considers the final stiffnessvalues. However, the stiffness of the unflexed sheets arelower than usual so that even with an excellent stiffnessretention, the final stiffness is not greater than has beenrealized with other handsheets having a high stiffness beforeflexing

.

The reduced stiffness of the handsheets which weresaturated immediately after wet pressing is due to a markeddecrease in thickness of the handsheets as seen in Table 10.Apparently the second pressing off the forming wire in thesaturation procedure led to the decline in thickness. Aseparate investigation, concerning the effect of wet press-ing on the properties of handsheets, was conducted and isreported in section 5 of this report.

12

The various investigations involving modification ofhandsheets with acrylic resins by the saturation techniquehave led to the conclusion that the procedure used to saturatethe handsheets is unacceptable because it is difficult tocontrol and to reproduce results. As a consequence, special-ized equipment is being obtained to improve this situation,and no further saturation work will be performed until thenew equipment is operational.

13

5. EFFECT OF WET PRESSING ON THE PHYSICALPROPERTIES OF HANDSHEETS

5 . 1 Background

The results of the investigation of saturating handsheetsimmediately after wet pressing on the forming wire withacrylic resins raised some interesting questions regardinghandsheet preparation. The results obtained with the controlswere most interesting. When the control handsheets were re-moved from the wire after pressing and pressed a second timebetween felts, there was a marked change in the properties ofthe handsheets. Most noticeable were the changes in modulus,breaking strength, elmendorf tear, cantilever stiffness, airpermeability, and thickness. Modulus and breaking strengthincreased while the other properties decreased. Since con-siderable work on handsheets is being performed at NBS andBEP , it was decided to investigate variables in wet pressingthe handsheets.

5 . 2 Experimental

A bleached kraft wood pulp was beaten in a PFI laboratorymill as described in section 4.2 of this report. Forty gramsof pulp were beaten for each of the seven variables investigated.Six aliquots were taken from each beater run sufficient tomake 12" x 12" handsheets of 70 g/m^ . Each aliquot was dis-integrated for 7,500 revolutions in a standard disintegratorand transferred to the deckle box of the handsheet machinecontaining the appropriate amount of water, and the sheet wasformed by the standard procedure. The sheets were then pressedin a variety of ways as given in Table 13.

One half of each handsheet was designated at random forflexing. The effect of pressing on the retention of cantileverstiffness was evaluated by determining the decline in cantileverstiffness after 1,000 double flexes over 1/8" rollers on theNBS paper flexer. The long direction of the flex samples wasin the direction the handsheets were passed through the calenderrolls. The results are given in Tables 13 and 14, and thestandard deviation of the results are given in Tables 15 and16.

!

I

14


The differences in the physical properties between hand-sheets which were wet pressed under high or low pressureswould be due to the degree of consolidation of the web. Morefiber bonding occurs when the sheet is wet pressed under highpressure resulting in greater strength and higher apparentdensity. The results in Table 13 indicate that this basicallyis the case.

A second pressing of the sheet between felts after re-moving the sheet from the forming wire following the firstwet pressing produces further changes in the physical prop-erties of the paper. This is true whether the first pressingwas at low or high pressure. One might expect that two wetpressings at low pressure might result in better web consoli-dation than with just one wet pressing. However, it is dif-ficult to imagine that an improvement in web consolidationwould occur with a second wet pressing at low pressure whenthe first wet pressing was done at high pressure. Nevertheless,a significant increase in modulus and strength, and a signif-icant decrease in thickness occurred when the handsheets whichwere wet pressed on the forming wire were pressed off thescreen a second time at low pressure.

The second pressing at low pressures on the felt isaccompanied by a large decrease in air permeability when thesheets were pressed on the wire at low pressure, and a siiallerdecrease when the first pressing was done at high pressure.These differences in air permeability must result from changesin the structure of the paper.

Apparently, wet pressing the web on the forming wirecauses a heterogeneous web consolidation. The area of thesheet making contact with the wire of the forming screenconsolidates satisfactorily while the area in the intersticesof the wire are poorly consolidated because it is underlittle or no pressure even at high calender roll pressures.

This heterogeneous consolidation can explain the causefor the substantial decrease in thickness after two wetpressings at low pressure. The thickness of paper pressedon the forming wire is dominated by the areas which werelocated in the interstices of the forming wire. These areashave a lower density than the areas which were in contactwith the wire. The second wet pressing off the screenproduces a more homogeneous web consolidation resulting ina higher overall density and lower thickness. When thesecond wet pressing is done at high pressures, the consolida-tion is even greater and the thickness is further reduced.

15

Wet pressing has essentially no effect on the retentionof stiffness with flexing. The stiffness of the handsheetssubjected only to low pressure pressing declined more exten-sively than any of the other handsheets. This was due to thehigh initial stiffness caused by their greater thickness. Uponflexing, all of the handsheets declined to approximately thesame level of stiffness.

While wet pressing has little, if any, effect on stiff-ness retention, it has a significant effect on paper structure.This is an important consideration in research work on paperinvolving handsheets. Surely, the results of an experimentwill be affected by paper structure. Since wet pressing ona wire screen can affect the structure significantly, itappears that all handsheets should be prepared by using aminimum pressure in consolidating the sheet on the screenfollowed by a second pressing between felts at some desiredpressure.

16

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBSIR 73-274, August 15, 1973.

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBSIR 73-124, January 30, 1973.

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 336, September 17, 1970.

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., Evaluation of Currencyand Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 465, August 9, 1971.

Graminski, E. L. , Toth, E. E., and Smith, M. A., Evalua-tion of Currency and Stamp Papers, NBS Report 10 802,February 15, 1972.

Graminski, E. L.,"The Effect of Flexing on the MechanicalProperties of Paper," The Fundamental Properties of PaperRelated to Its Uses (Technical Section, BP&BMA, London)in press.

d'A Clark, J., Paper Ind. , No. 5, 507-10, August 1943.

Figure 1. Scanning electron photomicrographs of handsheets containingacrylic resins. Top - waterleaf control; Center - 10% AC-61;Bottom - 10% E-631." Magnification approx. 400 X.

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NBS-1 14A IRE V. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PL nLK:ATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 74-431

2. Gov't AccessionNo.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SL'HTri LH

Evaluation of Currency and Stamp PapersJuly 1 - December 31, 1973

5. Publication Date

2/7/746. Performing Organization Code

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth8. Performing Organ. Report No.

NBSIR 74-4319. PLK FORMING ORGANIZATION NA.ME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEWASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Projccr/ Task/ Work Unit No.

300044311. Contract / Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address fSfreef, City, State, ZIP)

Bureau of Engraving and PrintingU.S. Department of the TreasuryWashington, D.C. 20401

13. Type of Report & PeriodCovered _Progress

,

7/1 - 12/31/7314. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY! NOTES

16. ABSIR.ACl (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engraving andPrinting of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the effect of acrylicresins on the structure of handsheets and the possibility of improvingthe stiffness retention of paper with acrylic resins was studied. Itwas shown that certain acrylic resins affect the structure of paper,apparently by causing the fibrils and cell wall debris to precipitateonto the fiber shafts, resulting in a m.arked decrease in the materialwhich normally is found in the interstices of the fiber network ofpaper. It appears that superior stiffness retention of paper can beeffected by treating papermaking fibers, while still suspended inwater, with acrylics, forming the sheet, and then treating the dryformed sheet by a saturation technique with a second aery .lie resin.Finally, the structure of paper is significantly affected by thetechnique used in pressing the wet sheet. It appears that consolida-tion of the sheet on the forming screen should be done at minimumpressure, removed from the wire, and pressed a second time betweenfelts

.

17. KEV UORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only tlie first letter of the first key wotd u;7/ess a propername; separated by semicolons)

Acrylic resins; paper; paper durability; paper structure; stiffnessretention.

18. AVAILABILITY [2_ Unlimited

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

{2 ' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington. D.C. 20-iO:, SO Car. No. CH

[~ Order I-'rom National Technical Information Service (NTIS)Springfield, \'irginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

36

20. SECURITY CLASS(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74

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