Evaluating Social Change

7/31/2019 Evaluating Social Change

1/33

Gxmewm~dj`Ykidme Icmj`g


2/33

Xm`mqn Ikbbdim~dky

1=1= L Yqgg% JP% Ywdg 876

Pmycdj`kj% NI 16690

161*99=*>919

ppp*xmjik*ik

Okd ~g ikxgqym~dk?

Fxmjik )VEVQ

Hmigakkl*ik+xmjik

Vdjgqgy*ik+xmjik

,xmj`wmqn ikwjdimdkjy


3/33

^g kjet bmj pck agcmxgn ygjydaet pmy bt ~mdekq< cg ~kkl btbgmywqgbgj~ mjgp gxgqt ~dbg cg ymp bg% pcdeg mee ~cg qgy~ pgj~ kjpd~c ~cgdq ken bgmywqgbgj~y mjn gsvgi~gn ~cgb ~k ~ bg*

@gkq`g Agqjmqn Ycmp

Gxmm~d` Ykidme Icmj`g

M hqk

Xmj`wmqn Ikwjdimdkjy


4/33

FXmjIkbb )VEVQGxmewm~dj` Ykidme Icmj`g

Dkxm~dk* Vmyydk* D~g`qd~* ]md~*


5/33



6/33

Ik~g~y

Pcm~ cmxg tkw nkjg hkq bg em~get; =

P Gxmm~g; 1

Gxmm~dk^g Y~mq~d` Vkd~ 7

`ky n Kaogigy 7~cg Ygy k Icg 0

eki Bkngy 3

Gxmm~dk Mvvdgn =9

Hkqbg Gk =9

Ybbg Gk =0

Vqkigyy Gk =0

Kikbg Gk =4

dbvi Gk 16

Iky"Agg n Iky"Ggiggyy mtyy 1=

V~~d` D~ M ^k`g~gq? ^g Gxmm~dk Vm 11

Ykbg vmq~dj` mnxdig 19

Qggqgigy 1>


7/33

=


P c M ^

e M ^ G e tcmxg tkw nkjg hkq g;


8/33

1



9/33

9


Mxkdndj` Wjdjgjngn Ikjyg}wgjigy

Ykbgbgy% kq zg k icg cg pkqn% pg kqg k lg ygv ail n gg pcgcgq yqgt p% i% nk kkn

kq iyg bkqg cqb* ~l k tkq ngig agkqg tk gy bkgt ibv i cgv tk ggqg cg qc ln k azz*

~k yqg% pg kgq cy ikqt g?

~cg e}kq Ikqk Ikbbyyk k Vgyt k ic cg iikvckt k ibv kg pqk pc k gk

bgyqgy k yg qc* dy Ikqk ~kc ibv py ngygn k gbvkpgq tk pkbg% a iikbvycgn cg kvvkyg*

~cg ikqg bgyyg py ckkqag? Ag iqg pcg tk nql ikck yk tk i kn gg yky lg nql nq%

yki gbaqqyybg n ygs yy* Bgyygy c pgqg lgt k gygn bk qg ngigy pgqg vgqiggn y

ib"ab* Gq `kq Qt pq Ogzgag gqvqggn cg n y ygy% d tk nql kk bic ikck n gn v

g qvgn% tk yckn abg akc tkq kp nql yy n tkq qgny* wkqgt kq cg ikbbikqy agcn cy

ibv% kt cg ygs yy bgyyg yil n qgyvkyg% cg pckg ibv ibg ba nkp* d cy gsbvg%

g kqbg gk ikn cg kg k pt nggkv ibv c iqggn bvi qcgq c y

#Agqlgpn% 16=1$*


10/33

>


Pcky Cwj`qt;

Yk% kp c tkg ic cg gk a% tk

bt ag cqt kq g bkqg kqbk ak cg

vqivgy c ng gk vqkigyy n vqiig

ikbbiky* Cgqg qg ykbg qgykqigy k g

tk k?

G~dim Y~mnmqny mn @dngdgy kq Vadi Qgm~dky

Qgygmqi mn Bgmyqgbg~?

ppp*ygkqvq*kq+pv"ikg+vkny+Gci"

ynqny"n"nggy"kq"vai"qgky"qgygqic"gq"

=*=*vn

P*L* Lgk`` Hknm~dk Gxmm~dk cmnakkl?

ppp*pll*kq+lkpgng"iggq+qgykqigy+16=6+P"

L"Lgk"Hknk"Gk"Cnakkl*yvs


11/33

7


Gxmm~dk^g Y~mq~d` Vkd~Hdqy~ k% `dxg tkwqyge m qkwjn k mvvemwyg kq ngidndj` ~k djxgy~d`m~g ckp ~k mi~wmeet gxmewm~g

ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~y* ^dy dy mj dbvkq~mj~ y~gv% gyvgidmeet agimwyg bky~ vgkveg nkj~ `g~

vmy~ ~cg DNGM k gxmewm~dkj* D tkwxg gxgq yg~ kw~ ~k iegmj wv tkwq ld~icgj mjn gjngn wv

yvgjndj` ~pk ckwqy kq`mjdzdj` ~cg ydexgqpmqg nqmpgq% tkwqg ndyvemtdj` ~cg ikbbkj ~qmd~y k

mj gxmewm~dkj mxkdngq*

D~ imj igq~mdjet ag nmwj~dj` ~k ljkp pcgqg ~k y~mq~* Pgxg aggj ~mw`c~ ~cm~ m qgme gxmewm~dkj ~mlgy

ek~y k bkjgt mjn bmjt% bmjt bdeegjdm ~k ~qwet bgmywqg icmj`g* Aw~ d tkw nk tkwq qgygmqic%

tkwee jn ~cm~ dj vqmi~dig% gxmewm~dkj imj ag }wd~g y~qmd`c~ kqpmqn mjn bd`c~ gxgj agikbg kq

gp AHH*

^pk Ikbbdim~dk Ikydy? ^g Qkg k @kmy mn

Kaogi~dxgy d Gxmm~dk

Makw~ ~cm~ imlg* Mqg tkw xdywmedzdj` bmldj` d~; Bdsdj` ~cg g``y mjn yw`mq* Mnndj` owy~ ~cg qd`c~

mbkwj~ k ickikem~g* Bbbb *** KL* Amil ~k pkql* Jkp ~cdjl makw~ bmldj` ykbg~cdj` geyg

jk~cdj` yvgidi owy~ ykbg ldjn k amlgn `kkn* Jgs~ y~gv% bgmywqg ~cg dj`qgndgj~y* Pcm~;

Tkw nkj~ ljkp pcm~ ~cg dj`qgndgj~y mqg; Kc% ~cm~y agimwyg tkw nkj~ ljkp pcm~ gsmi~et tkwqg

amldj`- Tkw imj ygg ~cg gxmewm~dkj egyykj ikbdj` cgqg% qd`c~;

Yg~~dj` m `kme kq m ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~ dy ~cg ymbg my ng~gqbdd` pm~ kqg amld`* Mjn

~cg kaogi~dxgy tkw `wgyygn d~ ~cgtqg gmic k ~cg y~gvy dj ~cg vqkigyy qkb dj`qgndgj~y ~k

ngedidkwy imlg* Yk k~cgq ~cmj bmldj` tkw xgqt cwj`qt% pcm~ nkgy ~cdy cmxg ~k nk pd~c gxmewm~dkj;

Gj~gq ~pk ikbbwjdim~dkj ikwydjy? @kmey mjn Kaogi~dxgy* @kmey mqg aqkmn `gjgqme y~m~gbgj~y

k pcm~ pg pdyc ~k miikbvedyc dj ~cg ekj` qwj* Kaogi~dxgy% kj ~cg k~cgq cmjn% aqgml `kmey nkpj

dj~k ~mq`g~gn djiqgbgj~y ~cm~ mqg yvgidi mjn bgmywqmaeg% bmldj` ~cg kxgqmee gxmewm~dkj m ad~

gmydgq ~k icgp*

Amil ~k ~g imlg- Djy~gmn k bds% qkee mjn qky~% ikbbwjdim~dkj kaogi~dxgy yckwen ag iqm~gn wydj`mi~dkj xgqay edlg djiqgmyg% ngxgekv% gsvmjn% qgnwig% vqkbk~g mjn mnxgq~dyg #Qktyg% ^tgq mjn

Vmn`g~~% 16=6$* Mjn pcdeg ~cgyg bmt yggb m ad~ y}wdyct pd~ckw~ mi~wme jwbagqy% micdgxdj` ~cgb

nkgy yw``gy~ vqk`qgyy dj ~cg bky~ qgmedy~di mjn vked~dimeet vkvwemq k pmty djiqgbgj~me-


12/33

8


mq`g~ kaogi~dxgy meyk imj ag m qm~g% ywic my ~cg vqkvkq~dkj k qgydngj~y dj m ~kpj pck aqdj`

qgwymaeg am`y ~k ~cg `qkigqt y~kqg* D~ imj ag mj mi~wme jwbagq% ~kk% ywic my ~cg jwbagq k vgkveg

pck yd`j m vg~d~dkj ywvvkq~dj` m jgp iegmj mdq qg`wem~dkj* Yg~~dj` m ~mq`g~ ~kk cd`c bgmjy mdewqg

dy bwic bkqg vqkamaeg ~cmj ywiigyy% ckpgxgq% mjn gxgj dbvqgyydxg `mdjy pdee ag kxgqycmnkpgn

at wjbg~ ~mq`g~ jwbagqy* Yk tkw bwy~ amemjig pcm~ tkwn qgmeet edlg ~k miikbvedyc pd~c pcm~ dy

qgmeet micdgxmaeg mjn yg~ tkwq ~mq`g~y miikqndj`et*

@g YbMQ~

Gky i agg qkb gq YBMQ^ kaogigy% pcic nkgy k bg c cgt qg qgnt kq cg dt egggigyyqt% a qcgq c cgt qg?

Yvgii Pc gsit y cg ik% n pc y cg vkvk kq yg;

Bgyqag dy }ag% n i pg bgyqg ;

Micgag I pg qgyit icgg cy k pc cg qgykqigy n bg pg cg;

Qgyi Nkgy cg kaogig nnqgyy cg yikvg k cg vqkqb n vqkvkyg qgykag ygvy;

^bg"vcygn Pcg p cg kaogig ag iikbvycgn;

#Tk ikn qg c g cgyg kaogigy kq kgy cc yickk gsvgqgig% kq gsbvg% pkwenq cb kq cgq nbyyk

k dt egg yickk% a cy kcgq ykqt*$

my tk v kgcgq YBmQ~ kaogigy% blg yqg tk i ypgq cg kkp }gyky?

PCGj? Ngyiqag cg bgqbg kq icg cg kaogig

PCK? dngt cg nny gsvgign k icgg cg kaogig

PCGQG? dngt cg yvgii gkqvci kik

PCm~? Ngyiqag cg ik kq gngn kaogig

CKP BwIC? ]t cg gsg kq ngqgg k cg kaogig

#Ikq Y~N+Cdx Vqggk ~q Iggq$

Ymbveg YBMQ^ kaogi~dxg?

^k djiqgmyg w~dedzm~dkj kh hqgg CDX bkadeg yiqggjdj` ygqxdigy #yvgidhi$ mbkj` Mhqdimj"Mbgqdimj bmegy m`gy =3 ~k 1= dj Pmqny 0 mjn 3

#qgmedy~di$ dj Pmycdj`~kj% N*I*% at =6 vgqigj~ #bgmywqmaeg$ at ~cg gjn kh 16=1 #micdgxmaegmjn~dbg"vcmygn$*


13/33

0


Mvvqgidm~d` ~g Y~m`gy k Im`g

^djl k mj dyywg ~cm~ y~klgy tkwq vmyydkj* Bmtag d~y gjgq`t ikjygqxm~dkj* Vgqcmvy tkw imqg

nggvet makw~ cgme~c imqg* Kq tkw bd`c~ owy~ qgmeet pmj~ ~k vqk~gi~ miigyy ~k ekj`% ikzt jmvy*

#Jk~ qd`c~ jkp* qt ~k y~mt mpmlg wj~de ~cg gjn k ~cg vmvgq* D~y pkq~c d~-$

Pcm~gxgq y~klgy tkwq qgy% ~cgqgy m `kkn icmjig ~cm~ bmjt k~cgq vgkveg nkj~ gge ~cg dyywg

my nggvet my tkw nk* Pcdeg tkw bd`c~ ag meqgmnt icmj`dj` tkwq agcmxdkq% k~cgqy mqg owy~ jkp

~cdjldj` makw~ pcg~cgq ~k ~cdjl makw~ d~* Pg mee cmxg xmqtdj` vgqyvgi~dxgy makw~ dyywgy* gyg

djwgjig kwq maded~t ~k icmj`g kwq m~~d~wngy kq agcmxdkqy dj qgem~dkj ~k ~cm~ dyywg* Myl kjg vgqykj

d tkwq gkq~ pmy ggi~dxg mjn ~cgt bmt ekkl m~ tkw iqkyy"gtgn% pcdeg k~cgqy pkwen ~gee tkw tkwq

pkql icmj`gn ~cgdq edxgy*

^dy itieg k wjngqy~mjndj % miigv~dj` mjn ~cgj ~mldj` mi~dkj dy ngjgn my ~cg y~m`gy k icmj`g

#Vqkicmylm mjn NdIegbgj~g% =439$* Qgygmqicgqy cmxg kwjn ~cm~ pcgj vqgygj~gn pd~c m yd~wm~dkj%

vgkveg y~mq~ ykbgpcgqg kj m ikj~djwwb* gt bmt jk~ pmj~ ~k agedgxg pcm~ tkwqg ~geedj` ~cgb

#~cdy dy imeegn vqgikj~gbvem~dkj$* gt bmt ~cdjl pcm~ tkw cmxg ~k ymt dy dj~gqgy~dj`% aw~ ~cgtqg

jk~ pdeedj` ~k mi~ kj pcm~ tkwxg ymdn #ikj~gbvem~dkj$* gt bmt ag ikjydngqdj` ~mldj` mi~dkj

amygn kj pcm~ tkwxg ~ken ~cgb #vqgvmqm~dkj$* ^gt bmt awt pcm~ tkwqg ygeedj` ckkl"edjg"mjn"

ydjlgq% mjn owbv dj gg~ qy~ #mi~dkj$* Kq% ~cgt bmt ~cdjl pcm~ tkwqg ~geedj` ~cgb dy ken jgpy

~cgtxg aggj ~cgqg% nkjg ~cm~ mjn jkp ~cgtqg ydbvet ~qgmndj` pm~gq #bmdj~gjmjig$*

Pcm~y ~qdildgy~ pcgj gxmewm~dj` ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~y dy ljkpdj` pcgqg tkwq mwndgjig yd~y kj

~cg ikj~djwwb* Ykbg pckb tkw gj`m`g bmt ag m~ ~cg mi~dkj y~m`g% qgmnt kq ~cg `wdnmjig ~cm~

tkw kgq* K~cgqy cmqnet agedgxg tkwq kvdjdkj mjn pdee ~mlg mq ekj`gq ~k bk~dxm~g* Wjngqy~mjndj`

~cdy pdee cgev tkw ng~gqbdjg ckp mq tkw imj `g~ tkwq mwndgjigy ~k bkxg* Ljkpdj` ~cgyg

edbd~m~dkjy dy mj dbvkq~mj~ vmq~ k ngxgekvdj` m qgmedy~di imbvmd`j mjn m qgmedy~di yg~ k

bgmywqgy kq tkwq gkq~*

VQGIKj^GBVeM^DKj

d nk aggg tk*

IKj^GBVeM^DKj

~c ykny ikk%

a db k yqg

VQGVMQM^DKj

eg bg b kgq

ykbg bkqg*

MI^DKj

Ik bg -

BMDj^GjMjIG

dg agg cg

kq tgqy*

Hqg =* ~cg Icg Ikb

16=1 Xmj`wmqn Ikwjdimdkjy% Dji* Gxmewmdj` Ykidme Icmj`g D FXmjIk )VEVQ


14/33

3


^dl ek`dim? Dikqvkqm~d` ek`di Bkngy d

Gxmm~dk Vmd`

D tkwxg gxgq ikkqndjm~gn m pgnndj` kq mjk~cgq ad` gxgj~% tkw ljkp ~cm~ ygm~dj` dy m ad` ngme* Tkw

nkj~ pmj~ Mwj~ Agq~cm yd~~dj` jgs~ ~k Wjieg Y~gxg% kq cd``egnt"vd``egnt pdee gjywg* Pcgj tkwqgvemjjdj` pck pdee yd~ pcgqg% d~ nkgyj~ qgmeet pkql ~k lggv d~ mee dj tkwq cgmn* Tkw jggn ~k vek~ d~

kw~ kj m icmq~% m jmvldj kq 766 y~dilt jk~gy* Vemjjdj` ~k gxmewm~g m ywiigyywe imbvmd`j qg}wdqgy

~cg ymbg ~tvg k xdywme m~~gj~dkj* Gj~gq ~cg ek`di bknge* Nwb% nwb% NMC-

Ek`di bkngey mqg m pmt ~k xdywmedzg mjn bkjd~kq ~cg

vqk`qgyy k m imbvmd`j% m ek~ edlg m ygm~dj` icmq~ kq

m aewgvqdj~ kq ~cg ikjy~qwi~dkj k m awdendj`* Bky~

vgkveg mqg mbdedmq pd~c ek`di bkngey my ~cgtqg wygn

dj vwaedi cgme~c mjn ykidme ygqxdigy vqk`qmbbdj`%

aw~ ek`di bkngey mqg mj dj~wd~dxg ~ kq ~cg pkqen

k ikbbwjdim~dkjy% ~kk* ^gt ~mlg xgqt ikbvegsdngmy% ikvdkwy mbkwj~y k iqgm~dxd~t mjn ek~t

`kmey mjn ikjxgq~ ~cgb dj~k m ydbveg% kjg"vm`g

xdywme qgvqgygj~m~dkj* g ek`di bknge imv~wqgy ~cg

imbvmd`jy gikyty~gb dj d~y gj~dqg~t mjn imj gmydet ag

ycmqgn pd~c lgt y~mlgckengqy ~cqkw`ckw~ ~cg vqkigyy*

^gyg aewgvqdj~y meyk cken m ~gmb miikwj~maeg ~k gxgqt~cdj`% qkb ~cg kxgqmqicdj` y~qm~g`t ~k

~cg yvgidi kw~ikbgy* gt edjl gxgqt myvgi~ k m imbvmd`j mjn vqkxdng qggnkb mjn gsdaded~t

at miikwj~dj` kq idqiwby~mjigy mjn mi~kqy ~cm~ mqg dj~gqngvgjngj~ mjn+kq agtkjn tkwq ikj~qke*

Nkj~ tkw pdyc tkw cmn kjg kq gxgqt mqgm k tkwq edg;

^g k`di bkng

imv~qgy ~g

imbvmd`ygikyy~gb d d~y

Gj^DQG^t*


15/33

4


^gqg dy jk QD@C pmt ~k vqgygj~ m ek`di bknge* gt imj ag ad` kq ybmee% dj ikekq kq aemil mjn

pcd~g% aw~ ~cgt wywmeet djikqvkqm~g ~cg keekpdj` ygi~dkjy?

Yd~m~dk

Yd~wm~dkj ngyiqdagy ~cg gjxdqkjbgj~ ~cm~ ywqqkwjny tkwq ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~* Pgqg jk~ ~meldj`

~qggy cgqg* dy dy makw~ ~cg m~~d~wngy mjn idqiwby~mjigy ~cm~ egmn tkw ~k agedgxg tkw jggn m

imbvmd`j dj ~cg qy~ vemig*

Vqdkqd~dgy

Vqdkqd~dgy mqg ~cg bwy~ymy tkw ygg ~cgb* ^g imbvmd`j BWY keekp tkwq bdyydkj* ^g imbvmd`j

BWY qggi~ tkwq xmewgy* ^g imbvmd`j BWY djiewng m amjok vemtgq* Tkw `g~ ~cg dngm*

Dv~y

Djvw~ymqg tkwq djxgy~bgj~y dj m imbvmd`j% djiewndj` wjndj`% gsdy~dj` kq`mjdzm~dkjy% vk~gj~dme

ikeemakqm~dj` vmq~jgqy% jg~pkqly% y~m mjn xkewj~ggqy% ~dbg% mided~dgy% g}wdvbgj~ mjn ywvvedgy*

K~v~y

Kw~vw~y mqg pcm~ pg nk pd~c ~cg djxgy~bgj~y% qkb vqknwi~y mjn vqkbk~dkjme bm~gqdmey ~k

qgem~dkjycdvy mjn imvmid~t"awdendj`* gt qggi~ pcm~ tkw nk mjn pck tkw qgmic my vmq~ k ~cg

ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~*

K~ikbgy

Kw~ikbgyngyiqdag ~cg qgywe~y tkw gsvgi~ ~k ygg% ak~c m~ mj djndxdnwme mjn m yty~gb egxge*

^gt bd`c~ djiewng yvgidi icmj`gy dj m~~d~wngy% agcmxdkqy% ljkpegn`g% yldeey% y~m~wy kq egxge k

wji~dkjdj`* Kw~ikbgy bd`c~ meyk djiewng ek~t icmj`gy ~cm~ ikwen ~mlg m pcdeg% edlg m gp tgmqy

kq gxgj m ngimng* Pgqg ~meldj` dbvqkxgn ikjnd~dkjy% djiqgmygn imvmid~t mjn+kq icmj`gy dj ~cg

vkedit mqgjm*


16/33

=6


Myybv~dky

Myywbv~dkjymqg ~cg mi~kqy ~cm~ bwy~ meqgmnt ag dj vemig kq tkwq ek`di bknge ~k ag% pgee% ek dime*

Amil ~k ~cg pgnndj` gsmbveg? Dj kqngq kq tkwq ygm~dj` vemj ~k gxgj bmlg ygjyg% tkw myywbg Agq~cm

mjn Y~gxg pdee ak~c m~~gjn ~cg gxgj~ mjn ~cm~ ~cg pgnndj` pkj~ ag imeegn k nwg ~k icdeet gg~*

G~gqm mi~kqy

Gs~gqjme mi~kqy mqg ~ckyg ~cdj`y ~cm~ bd`c~ cmvvgj kw~ydng k tkwq ikj~qke ybmee mjn emq`g

dyywgy ~cm~ ikwen pmtemt tkwq gkq~y* Tkwqg ~cdjldj` cwqqdimjg% qd`c~; Pcdeg ~cm~ igq~mdjet

pkqly dj ~cg pgnndj` gsmbveg% d~y dbvkq~mj~ ~k bmlg ~cg gs~gqjme mi~kqy egyy aqkmn mjn bkqg

qgegxmj~ ~k ~cg jggny mjn kaogi~dxgy k ~cg imbvmd`j% ywic my iwqqgj~ gxgj~y ~cm~ bmlg tkwq gkq~

wjjgigyymqt kq ikbvg~dj`% ydbdemq ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~y*

Yiigyy dndim~kqy

Ywiigyy djndim~kqy mqg ~cg bky~ ndqgi~ edjl ag~pggj ~cg ek`di bknge mjn tkwq gxmewm~dkj% mjn ~cgt

mqg ~cg amydy kq tkwq gxmewm~dkj }wgy~dkjy* dy ygi~dkj gsmbdjgy gxgqt vmq~ k ~cg imbvmd`j ek`di

mjn myly% Pcm~ d ; Eg~y y~mq~ at ekkldj` m~ djvw~y* Tkw ymt mj djvw~ dy wjndj` qkb m ekime

kwjnm~dkj* ^g mvvqkvqdm~g ywiigyy djndim~kq% ~cgj% dy ~cm~ wjny pgqg MIWMEET mxmdemaeg* D

tkwq imbvmd`j meey mvmq~ m~ mj gmqet y~m`g% ~cdy dy ckp tkw ljkp pcm~ cmvvgjgn*

^m~ pmy m ydbveg kjg* Eg~y ~qt kjg qgem~gn ~k kw~vw~y* Vgqcmvy mj mi~dxd~t wjngq kw~vw~y dy mj

mpmqny igqgbkjt* M iqd~dime ywiigyy djndim~kq bd`c~ ag pcg~cgq tkw mi~wmeet `g~ jkbdjm~dkjy kq

~cg ckjkqy*

Hdjmeet% m cmqngq icmeegj`g* Ckp pdee tkw ljkp d tkwqg `g~~dj` iekyg ~k tkwq kw~ikbgy; Pcm~

dy ~cg gxdngjig; D tkw ckvg m imbvmd`j pdee qgywe~ dj bkqg vgkveg mnxkim~dj` kq tkwq dyywg% m

ywiigyy djndim~kq ikwen ag ~cm~ m jm~dkjme ndmek`wg dy gbgq`dj`*


17/33

==


Mvvd` m ek`di Bkng ~k Ikbbdim~dk Y~qm~gÀgkqg tkwq jgs~ aqmdjy~kqbdj` ygyydkj% jn kq bmlg m ~gbvem~g tkw edlg% mjn wyg m ek`di bknge

~k `wdng dngmy% djyvdqg vkyydaded~dgy mjn y~qwi~wqg ~cg icmj`g tkw yggl* Cgqg mqg ykbg ~dvy ~k

qgbgbagq?

=* Tkq ngyqgn kikbgy n bvi yckn pty nqg cg ki bkng vqkigyy*

1* m ki bkng y pty nq kqb< vy% igy n kvy yckn gkg y cg v gkgy*

Ag yqg k qgy tkq ki bkng qgq gqy k lggv tk n tkq gb k qil*

9* eki bkngy ik y kk kq ikygyy kqz* d y gqt bvkyyag k ikbvgg ki bkngpck v qkb ggqtkg k tkq gb* d cg vqkigyy k nggkv cg bkng% cgqg y il k

ikygyy% p bky lgt ag yq tk cg ig* ~cy KL% kk ikgq vy ikbb

ngqyn y vq k cg vqkigyy*

>* eki bkngy i iqgyg vqkqb gybg* ~cgq ikbvqgcgyg n y vvg cy vkg k

vqgyg yqk iyg kq lgt ngiyk blgqy k gy cg qgy k tkq ibv c ggn bky*

IKBBwjDIM^DKjYeK@DI BKNGe

YD^wM^DKj VQDKQD^DGY

Pc y cg yyg kq icgg; Pc qg cg byyk% yk% gy n t bngy;

DjVw^Y Kw^Vw^Y KwÎKBGY

Pc qg tk k k gy #ingbg% bkgt% y% qgygqic% bgqyn gickkt$;

MI^DXD^DGY MwNDGjIGY YcKQ "^GQB BDN"^GQB eKj@"^GQB

Pc nk pg v k nk; Pc bgqy% ggy%

q% vqgqycvy%bgn+yki bgn% gi*%nk pg ggn;

Pck nk tk p kqgic;

Pc yckq"gqb qgyynk tk gsvgi iqgygnpqggyy%ggbg%icgn kvky%gi;

Pc qg cggsvgign qgyy agckq icgy%vkit icgy%ik"kqggnqgyvkygy% gi*;

Pc qgcg ykigbviky;

Ckp cy ngigyvvkq qkp kqcg yyg;

MYYwBV^DKjY Gs^GQjMe HMI^KQY

Pc yybvky qg tk bl c p nggqbg pcgcgq tkqg yiigyy;

Pc gsgq ikqy ikn gag kq cngq tkq yiigyyy;

YwIIGYY DjNDIM^KQY

DjVw^ AGjIcBMQLY

Nn tk g cg gybg ggngn;Kw^Vw^ AGjIcBMQLY

Pgqg cg igy bvgbggn y vgn;Pgqg ngigy pcgqg tk ckc cgt pgqg k cg

ikb;

KwÎKBG AGjIcBMQLY

Nn tk icgg pc tk gsvgign cg yckq"% bn" n k"gqb;

Hqg 1* Ikbbiky eki Bkng

16=1 Xmj`wmqn Ikwjdimdkjy% Dji* Gxmewmdj` Ykidme Icmj`g D FXmjIk )VEVQ


18/33

=1


Pcmy cg Vemj% Ymj;

Ckvgt% kp y igq tk i gg pck v* Lkp pc tkqg bgyq n ng pc yiigyy kkly

lg k tk kpy kq ggig gk vqiig* P k n g nggvgq k k" n kaogig"yg% ki bkngy kq

ngigy; ~cgyg qgykqigy p g tk cgqg?

M Kq`mdzgqy kkld~ ~k Gxmm~g Ikbbdim~dky Ggi~dxggyy?

cv?++iggqkqbgnoyig*kq+16==+69+96+bgyq"bvi

@kyymq k Dny~q ^gqbdkk ?

cv?++bgikq*ikb+16=1+68+kyyqt[v[yvgl

^qkw`ckw~ ~cg vqkigyy% qgbgbagq ~cm~ imv~wqdj` mj gj~dqg imbvmd`j dj m kjg"vm`g `qmvcdi ~mlgy

~dbg mjn gkq~* Ag vm~dgj~ ~k meekp iqgm~dxd~t mjn dj`gjwd~t ~k ~mlg ycmvg% mjn ikjnwi~ qgygmqic ~k

bmlg ywqg ~cm~ tkw mqg qgmedy~di dj tkwq vqgndi~dkjy*

Kjpmqn-


19/33

=9


Gxmm~dk Mvvdgn^gqgy jk mxkdndj` d~ jkp* M~gq ywiigyyweet emtdj` ~cg `qkwjnpkql kq gxmewm~dkj at gy~maedycdj`

`kmey mjn kaogi~dxgy mjn iqgm~dj` m ek`di bknge% tkw mqg kj tkwq pmt ~k qgmeet dbvegbgj~dj` m

ikbbwjdim~dkj gxmewm~dkj vemj*

Agkqg tkw nk% d~y dbvkq~mj~ ~k wjngqy~mjn ~cm~ ~cgqg mqg qgmeet ~pk ~tvgy k gxmewm~dkj ~ckyg

~cm~ kiiwq agkqg mjn nwqdj` m imbvmd`j #kqbm~dxg bgmywqgy$ mjn ~ckyg ~cm~ kiiwq my tkw `m~cgq

mjn vqkigyy imbvmd`j nm~m #ywbbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj$*

Hkqbm~dxg Gxmm~dk^djl k kqbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj my ikbbwjdim~dkjy qgikj* D~ vqknwigy djkqbm~dkj ~cm~ dy gn

amil nwqdj` ~cg ngxgekvbgj~k m imbvmd`j ~k cgev dbvqkxg d~ #Yiqdxgj% =480$* D~ imj ag`dj pd~c

mi~"jndj` bdyydkjy wydj` ed~gqm~wqg qgxdgpy% ikbbwjd~t kiwy `qkwvy mjn dj~gqxdgpy pd~c lgt

y~mlgckengqy*

^g ikqg gegbgj~y k kqbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj mqg vemjjdj`

mjn mjmetydy* Pg ljkp* Pg ~ken tkw makw~ `kmey mjn

kaogi~dxgy gmqedgq% aw~ ~cgyg mqg ywic iqd~dime gegbgj~y

k ggi~dxg gxmewm~dkj% pg pmj~ ~k qgdjkqig ~cg

vkdj~? Tkw imj~ gxmewm~g pd~ckw~ m xdydkj kq pcm~

tkwqg gxmewm~dj`* Yg~ ekj`"~gqb `kmey ~cm~ ngyiqdag

~cg kw~ikbgy tkw pmj~ ~k micdgxg mjn ngjg ~cg

bgmywqmaeg y~gvy kaogi~dxgy ~cm~ pdee meekp tkw ~k

~qmil vqk`qgyy ~kpmqn ~cm~ `kme*

^dy dy pcgj tkw ag`dj ~k wjngqy~mjn ~cg jggny mjn bk~dxm~dkjy k tkwq ~mq g~ mwndgjig #Amwbmj%

166>$ mjn ~k egmqj pcm~ mgi~y ~cgdq agcmxdkq* Hkqbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj imj cgev tkw mvvqgidm~g pcgqg

tkwq mwndgjig meey kj ~cg icmj`g ikj~djwwb mjn imj gy~maedyc ~cg amygedjg kq w~wqg gxmewm~dkj*

Ndn tkw bkxg tkwq mwndgjig qkb vqg"ikj~gbvem~dkj ~k ikj~gbvem~dkj; Mqg ~cgt qgmnt ~k ag`dj

ikjydngqdj` m agcmxdkq icmj`g pcgj vqgxdkwyet ~cgt pgqg mxgqyg ~k ~cg dyywg;

@kdj` kj `wgyygy kq `w~ djy~dji~ dy edlget ~k ygjn tkwq pckeg ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~ dj ~cg pqkj`

ndqgi~dkj* Mjmetydy dy ~cg ikbbwjdim~kqy edgedjg ~k ~cg yidgjig k gxmewm~dkj* Pcgj pg emwjic

dj~k m ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~% pg cmxg myywbv~dkjy makw~ pcm~ kwq mwndgjig ~cdjly mjn ggey% mjn

ckp ~cgt bd`c~ mi~ dj qgyvkjyg ~k kwq imbvmd`j gkq~y* Tkw pdee cmxg imv~wqgn ~cgyg ywa~eg~dgy

dj tkwq ek`di bknge* g kqbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj y~m`g dy tkwq icmjig ~k ~gy~ tkwq ctvk~cgydy mjn

^dl k kqbm~dxg

gxmm~dk myIKBBwjDIM^DKjY

QGIKj*


20/33

=>


ng~gqbdjg d tkwq myywbv~dkjy mqg qd`c~* dy jg"~wjdj` dy pcm~ d~ ~mlgy ~k vw~ tkw kj ~cg vm~c ~k

ywiigyywe ikbbwjdim~dkjy*

Gmbvgy k Hkqbm~dxg Bgmyqgbg~y

Qgbgbagq ~cg qy~ ~dbg tkw ngidngn ~k y~dil tkwq ~kg dj ~cg nm~dj` vkke; Pcdeg ykbg vgkveg edlg

~k owy~ ndxg qd`c~ dj% k~cgqy mqg bkqg imw~dkwy% myygyydj` ~cgdq kpj pgmljgyygy mjn y~qgj`~cy% ~cgj

ng~gqbdjdj` pcm~ ~cgt bd`c~ jggn dj m vk~gj~dme bm~g* kyg mqg ~cg kely pck wjngqy~mjn ~cg

dbvkq~mjig k m ggny myygyybg~ ~k ~cg ywiigyy k m imbvmd`j*

M bg~ckn k kqbm~dxg qgygmqic% m jggny myygyybgj~ bd`c~ ag`dj pd~c mj mwndgjig mjmetydy kq

gjxdqkjbgj~me yimj ~k egmqj makw~ mj mwndgjigy agcmxdkqy mjn agikbg mbdedmq pd~c gxgj~y mjn

~qgjny dj ~cg gjxdqkjbgj~ #Emwzgj% =447$* ^dy imj ag ~ckw`c~ k my ~cg dj~geed`gjig"`m~cgqdj`

vcmyg*

Iyg Ynt? Hkqmdxg Gxmewmdkj kh cg XGQA Imvmd`j

Img`g? ~cg w*Y* Ngvqbg k Cgc n Cb Ygqigy Iggqy kq Nygyg Ikqk n Vqggk yp ggn k

iqgyg n b vctyi it bk pggy% kq tkc gy 4=9* wngqyn c lny qg hgign at k k

vgkvg% kcgq ibv ngig qkvy ingn vqgy n hg ny% yic y gicgqy% vctyi gnik n cgc

vqkgyyky% vgnqiy% cgc iqg vqkngqy n ikicgy*

Dkxm~dk? Ibv nqgikqy iknign kqbg gk agpgg Ngigbagq 166= n Bqic 1661 k nggkv cg aqn%gy ibv bgyygy n bgq y% n nggqbg cg bgn kgy pcic cg gb yckn ngqyg #Agqlkpz% 1663$*

~cg vqkigyy ag pc gsgyg gqqg qggp k aggq ngqyn cg qg ngig n y ngy% aggy n

vgqigvky k yki yqqkny* Qgygqicgqy cg iknign yggq gqgpy n kiy qkvy pc qit n iqt

ngqyg ybvg k pggy n ny k cgq kqbk c pkn cgv iqgg vgqyyg bgyyg* ~pggy lgn ak

ckp cgt yvg cgq qgg bg n g ggnail k yggq ibv ikigvy*

Aygn k cgyg gqgpy% qgygqicgqy g c cg ibv yckn kiy k gci yg"gyggb lny at gikq cgb

k gg igy n nyikgq vyyk kq ag ig* Ht% cg ibv gb iknign bgyyg gy mvq

1661% y gqgpy n kiy qkvy k gi ggnail k pk aqn ikigv vkyyagy* ~cg vqivy pgqg ylgn k

pgc k aqn iqt% qggig% iigvat n iqgnat*

Qgy~y? Aygn k cgyg ny% k pc vqkq ikigv gy% cg INI yggign xGQA*D~y pcm~ tkw nk-y cg aqn

bg n ikigv* ~cg ibv q qkb 1661 k 1668 n yqvyygn y pqggyy kaogigy pc cg qy 8 bkcy* ~cg

ikigv py yk qc k c% gg ckc qgygqicgqy nn gsvgi agckq icg% cgt yp yi iqgygy pggy

it ggy*


21/33

=7


K~cgq y~qm~g`dgy ~k ikjydngq mqg gsvekqm~kqt qgygmqic% pcdic yggly ~k dngj~dt ak~c gjmaegqy k mjn

amqqdgqy ~k mi~dkj% mjn vqg~gy~dj`% pcgqg vdek~gn bgyym`gy mqg ~gy~gn ~k ka~mdj mwndgjig qgmi~dkjyvqdkq ~k jmedzdj` m imbvmd`j #M~ldj mjn Hqgdbw~c% 166=$*

kkey kj ~cdy qkj~ djiewng?

Yqxgy? Ikjnwi~gn kjedjg kq kdjg% ywqxgty imj ag vkpgqwe ~kkey ~k myl mj mwndgjig

ndqgi~et makw~ kvdjdkjy qgem~gn ~k m ykidme dyywg% mj kq`mjdzm~dkjy bgyym`g% y~qwi~wqg k

pga ikj~gj~ agdj` vqgygj~gn kq ~cg xmewg k m ikbbwjd~t iqgm~gn dj m nd`d~me yvmig%

kq gsmbveg*

Hkiy qkvy? qmnd~dkjme kiwy `qkwvy% ikjnwi~gn dj"vgqykj kq kjedjg% bkqg djkqbme

ndyiwyydkj `qkwvy mjn kjg"kj"kjg dj~gqxdgpy mqg ~gqqdi kq `m~cgqdj` djkqbm~dkj

ndqgi~et qkb mj mwndgjig* Tkw imj egmqj pcg~cgq ~cg kw~qgmic icmjjgey ~cm~ pgqgdngj~dgn dj ~cg qgygmqic vcmyg ~wqjgn kw~ ~k ag eg`d~* Hkq gsmbveg% pkbgj mqg ~cg

bky~ edlget ngbk`qmvcdi `qkwv ~k `g~ cgme~c djkqbm~dkj kjedjg* Ckpgxgq% tkw bmt

jn ~cm~ ~cg pkbgj pck ikbvqdyg tkwq mwndgjig mqg egyy edlget ~k vmq~didvm~g dj

ndyiwyydkjy kj cgme~c dyywgy kj ykidme jg~pkqly mjn bkqg edlget ~k gj`m`g dj ywic

ndyiwyydkjy wydj` bkqg vqdxm~g icmjjgey*

Cgqg mqg ykbg k~cgq ikbbkj ~kkey ~cm~ pkwen ag ikjydngqgn vmq~ k m kqbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj?

Bgndm mmydy

Meyk ljkpj my ikj~gj~ mjmetydy% ~cdy ~gicjd}wg dy m aqkmn mjn yty~gbm~di mjmetydy k ~cg jm~wqg

k ~qmnd~dkjme mjn nd`d~me bgndm qgvkq~dj` kj m vmq~diwemq ~kvdi* g mdb dy ~k ng~gqbdjg pcm~

yvgidi dyywgy mqg agdj` ndyiwyygn mjn ckp ~cgt mqg agdj` qmbgn #d*g*% dj m vkyd~dxg kq jg`m~dxg

ed`c~$ #Cw`cgy% 16==$* #Dj nm~dj` ~gqby% ~cdy dy ~cg y~m`g pcgqg tkwn @kk`eg ~cm~ vgqykj pck owy~

pdjlgn m~ tkw kj Bm~ic*ikb ~k bmlg ywqg ~cgt mqgj~ bmqqdgn meqgmnt kq mqg ykw`c~ at ~cg HAD*$

Bgndm mjmetygy imj djxkexg ikeegi~dkj k gd~cgq }wmj~d~m~dxg kq }wmed~m~dxg nm~m*

Bgyym`g mnd~

Ydbdemq ~k m bgndm mjmetydy% m bgyym`g mwnd~ gsmbdjgy ~cg ykwqig% ~kjg mjn ikj~gj~ k yvgidi

ikbbwjdim~dkj bgyym`gy% my kvvkygn ~k m aqkmngq gsmbdjm~dkj k bgndm #BiImq~ct% 1663$*#^dy dy pcgqg tkw bd`c~ icgil kw~ m vqkyvgi~dxg nm~gy Hmigakkl vm`g ~k ygg pcm~ ldjny k

ikbbgj~y ~cgdq qdgjny pqd~g \mqg ~cgt pd~~t% kq aemc;R% ygg d tkw jn mjt gbamqqmyydj` vdi~wqgy%

g~i* D~y mee makw~ ljkpdj` pcm~ tkwqg `g~~dj` dj~k mjn ckp tkw yckwen ikbbwjdim~g `kdj`

kqpmqn*$ Bgyym`g mwnd~y imj cgev mj kq`mjdzm~dkj gxmewm~g mjn dbvqkxg ~cg ggi~dxgjgyy k ~cgdq

ikjxgqym~dkjy makw~ mj dyywg #Cmq`dg mjn kwqdyc% 1666$*


22/33

=8


D~g`qm~gn bgndm mnd~

^g qkeg k mj dj~g`qm~gn bgndm mwnd~ dy ~k myygyy ~cg maded~t k mj kq`mjdzm~dkjy bmjt

ikbbwjdim~dkjy icmjjgey ~k ywiigyyweet ikjxgt m bgyym`g* dy bd`c~ djiewng mj mjmetydy k

bwe~dveg bgndm% djiewndj` pgayd~gy% nm~mamygy% bmdedj` edy~y mjn ikjgqgjigy* #Cgqg dy pcgqg tkw

bd`c~ ndqgi~"bgyym`g tkwq nm~gy keekpgqy kj pd~~gq ~k wjgmq~c mjt ylgeg~kjy*$ ^gyg mwnd~y

wywmeet vqkxdng kq`mjdzm~dkjy pd~c m }wmj~d~m~dxg mjmetydy% m xmednm~dkj k pcg~cgq m imbvmd`j dy

qgmicdj` d~y dj~gjngn ~mq`g~ #Awicmjmj% =443$*

Iyg Ynt? ~cg Tkwc Icmjjge IkwjdtJggny Myygyygj

Img`g? ~cg Bc jgcakqckkn jgpkql #Bjj$ Tkc Icg #TI$ ykc k aq tkc"ngnign iag gpkql k

jgp Tkql It* ~cg gpkqly k py k aq cc"}t ggyk bng at tkc% kq tkc k bkqg c 1 bk qa

ckbgy cg Aqks% Aqkklt% ]ggy% Yg dyn% n Bc #Iygky% Aic n Lil% 16==$*

Dkxm~dk? Qgygqicgqy iknign tgq"k ggny yygyybg k ivqg cg yk kq cg vqkogi qkb tkc% vqgy n

gnikqy* Qcgq c kkp cg qnk ggny yygyybg bkng% pcgqg cg q gygqicgq kq gqyt cy qggq ckqt

c kcgqy k cg gb% cg TI pgn k qgg c cg tkc kig py cg nqgq agcn cg vqkogi*

Tkc qgygqicgqy pgqg kgn ggqt vcyg% in qgygqic ngy% yggik n nbyqk k kiy qkvy%

n tyy n vvik k cg n k cg qgvkq k cg ynt* ~cg qgygqic gb n ikbbt qgvqgyggy

kgcgq nggn cg TI ikbbt% pcic ingn tkc k ikkq% bbq tkc% e`A~] tkc n iqigqgn tkc* ~cgt

cg nggn cgbgy n }gyky kq cg ggny yygyybg% pcic ingn? Ckp nk tk vgkvg blg ygyg k cgq

ikgbvkqqt bgn nyivg; Pc lny k bgn qg tk vgkvg y n ckp iigyyag qg cg qgykqigy k blg cy

bgn; Ckp i tkc bgn gnik n vqknik gkqy ag ygn y kk kq ikbbt kqz n yki icg

gkqy; wngqyn c cg qg vkvk ygn bgn qky pty% cg TI gb cgqgn kqbk kg

yqgt% ygqgy k kiy qkvy n nn gqgpy*

Qgy~y? ~cg ggny yygyybg qgggn c bgn yvigy qg iq vkqby n kgy pcgqg cgt i icgg ngy

ak yki yygy* ~cg TI nggqbgn cn cg vkg k agikbg g gnik gqkbg pcgqg tkc i

nggkv iqgg% yki% iq n gici yly bgn vqknik pcg i ygyg k agk cgq ikbbt*

wvk ikbvgk k cg y nt% cg qgygqicgqy kgn c cgq ggny yygyybg bkng gikqgn ig vqivk

k cg qg tkc vkvk% pcic q bt cg vqkngn gngqycv qkgy k qkv c y kg bqzgn n

nygqicygn*


23/33


24/33

=3


Dj vemdj ~gqby% vqkigyy gxmewm~dkj myygyygy ~cg gs~gj~ ~k pcdic m ikbbwjdim~dkjy imbvmd`j dy

agdj` ngedxgqgn my d~ pmy dj~gjngn ~cm~ dy% ckp ~qwg ~cg vqk`qmb dy ~k d~y aewgvqdj~ #@MK%16==$* Pcgj tkw ekkl amil ~k tkwq imbvmd`j ek`di bknge% vqkigyy gxmewm~dkj qgyvkjny ~k ~cg

ywiigyy djndim~kqy kq tkwq djvw~y mjn kw~vw~y* D~ dy meyk pcgqg tkw imj ng~gqbdjg ~cg djwgjig

k gs~gqjme mi~kqy mjn mjt bdyygn myywbv~dkjy* Dj ~cdy vcmyg% gxmewm~kqy yggl ~k ljkp pcm~

cmvvgjgn nwqdj` ~cg ikwqyg k m ikbbwjdim~dkj imbvmd`j* Pcm~ dy agdj` ngedxgqgn; Ckp

bwic ~qmhi pmy ~cgqg ~k m pgayd~g; Ckp bmjt xdgpy ndn m xdngk qgigdxg kj Tkwwag; Pgqg

ng~gqbdjdj` xkewbg mjn bgmywqdj` ~cg jkdyg `gjgqm~gn at m imbvmd`j% jk~ ~cg mi~dkj ~cg

imbvmd`j bk~dxm~gn d~y mwndgjig ~k ~mlg ~cm~ ikbgy em~gq*

My pd~c m kqbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj% nm~m ikeegi~dkj kq m vqkigyy gxmewm~dkj dy k~gj ikjnwi~gn wydj`

m bds k }wmj~d~m~dxg mjn }wmed~m~dxg bg~ckny* ]wmed~m~dxg y~qm~g`dgy ywic my dj~gqxdgpy% kiwy

`qkwvy% wymaded~t ~gy~dj` mjn ywqxgty pd~c vqk`qmb y~m mqg vmq~diwemqet wygwe dj ~cm~ ~cgt vqkxdngdjkqbm~dkj ~cm~ dy ndhiwe~ ~k ~gmyg kw~ k }wmj~d~m~dxg jndj`y? Ckp dy ~cg ikbbwjdim~dkj

imbvmd`j agdj` ngedxgqgn; Mqg ~cgqg amqqdgqy ~k dbvegbgj~m~dkj% miikqndj` ~k ~cg dj~gqxdgp

ywaogi~y; ^kyg ngedxgqdj` ~cg bgyym`g imj k~gj vqkxdng wjd}wg vgqyvgi~dxgy kj ~cg vqk`qmb

pcm~y pkqldj`% pcm~ dyj~ pkqldj` mjn ckp d~ imj ag mnowy~gn* Dj mnnd~dkj% ndqgi~ kaygqxm~dkj k

m imbvmd`j dj mi~dkj imj m`mdj qgxgme djyd`c~y makw~ mj djd~dm~dxg ~cm~ }wmj~d~m~dxg nm~m ydbvet

imjjk~ vqkxdng*

Iyg Ynt? Ckp Gxmewmdkj Imj Vqkxg Ad``gq DyjMepmty Aggq

Img`g? Pc bgqy bkqg cg yki bgn yvig }t kq }t; Kg gb k qgygqicgqy qkb `gqbt% cg wL

n Aqz yg k k nggqbg pcic bvign yki hgig bkqg% iqg gp gic}g kq bgyq hgig% qkngn

vqkigyy gk*

Dkxm~dk? ~k nggqbg cg bvi k }t kq }t k yki bgn bgyygy k ikbbik ky% cg qgygqic gb

tzgn cg bagq k qg pggy% bagq k bgky n bagq k kkpgqy k ~pgq* ~pgq kpgn cgb k cgq n

cg kqb k ly n pggy qkb 36 bk ygqy% iqg n yg k bkqg c = ak pggy* ~cg tyy yckpgn c

8 bk ygqy pgqg qgyvkyag kq 44 vgqig k ly n pggy* ~cg hgig k cgyg 8 bk ~pgggqy py ikbvqgn

pc cg hgig k 71 bk ygqy pck pgggn bkq g c =6 bgy% a pgqg k y ig*

Qgy~y? ~cg ynt kaygqgn c pcg kv ygqy yckpgn yqk ikqqgk cgq qgpgg hgig n bgk hgig%

kv hgy k ~pgq pgqg k gigyyqt ckyg pc cg bky kkpgqy* ~cg akkb g? ]t qbvy }t k

yki bgn% ckc aig y gigyyqt k gyqg bgyygy qg qgiggn at qg ngigy* my cg ynt ikingy% At

ngt n iki yb bagq k hg nny% q ibv i qgic png ngig yb iky

#Ic% 16=6$*


25/33

=4


K~ikbg

D~y ~dbg kq m ad~ bkqg mmydy* Pgqg bkxdj` agtkjn ikwj~dj` ~k myygyydj` mpmqgjgyy* ^qkw`c

}wmed~m~dxg qgygmqic mjn mjmetydy% pg ag`dj ~k ng~gqbdjg pcg~cgq pgqg qgmedzdj` ~cg kw~ikbgy pg

emdn kw~ dj kwq ek`di bknge*

Kw~ikbg gxmewm~dkj ng~gqbdjgy yckq~"~gqb ggi~dxgjgyy mjn dy k~gj ndqgi~et ikjjgi~gn ~k

icmj`gy dj vgqykjme ljkpegn`g% m~~d~wngy mjn agedgy* dy dy pcgqg tkw y~mq~ ~k ygg ykbg vqk`qgyy

kj ~cg ykidme icmj`g ikj~djwwb* Hkq gsmbveg% ekime qgydngj~y bd`c~ cmxg aggj ndydj~gqgy~gn mjn

wjywvvkq~dxg k ekime m`qdiwe~wqg vqk`qmby vqgxdkwyet* Jkp ~cgqg dy dj~gqgy~ dj gsvekqdj` pcg~cgq

mqbgqy bmqlg~y mqg ggi~dxg ~kkey kq djiqgmydj` ekime kkn ikjywbv~dkj dj ~cg y~m~g*

Tkw imj ngidng pcm~ ~k bgmywqg at qgxdyd~dj` ~cg imbvmd`j ek`di bknge* Pcm~ pgqg tkwq ywiigyydjndim~kqy kq yckq~"~gqb kw~ikbgy; Pcm~ qgygmqic }wgy~dkjy ndn ~cg imbvmd`j ~gmb m`qgg pkwen

vqkxg ~cg ghimit k ikbbwjdim~dkjy;

Cgqg mqg ykbg dngmy kq bgmywqgbgj~ ~mi~diy ~cm~ imj cgev tkw gxmewm~g tkwq kw~ikbgy?

wyg yqxgy% kiy `qkvy mn bgndm mmygy ~k ng~gqbdjg icmj`gy kxgq ~dbg* D

tkwqg wvnm~dj` tkwq aqmjn% ~cgyg bg~ckny imj cgev tkw jn kw~ d d~ dy ggi~dxget

ikbbwjdim~dj` mjn ngedxgqdj` kj d~y bdyydkj mjn vqkbdyg* Dy ~cg aqmjn gmydet

qgik`jdzmaeg mbkj` ~mq`g~ mwndgjigy; Cmxg ~cgqg aggj mjt jg`m~dxg qgmi~dkjy ~k

~cg aqmjn;

Iqgm~g m ggnamil kkv ~k bgmywqg ~cg ywiigyy k mj gxgj~* Hggnamil kvvkq~wjd~dgy yckwen

imv~wqg djkqbm~dkj makw~ ~cg edlgedckkn k gxgj~ m~~gjnggy ~k mvvet ~cg djkqbm~dkj

~cgt egmqjgn dj k~cgq mqgmy k ~cgdq pkql mjn yckwen ag nkjg dbbgndm~get keekpdj`

~cg gxgj~ mjn m~ em~gq dj~gqxmey ~k ng~gqbdjg pcg~cgq ~cg kw~ikbgy mqg emy~dj`* kkey ~k

iqgm~g ggnamil kvvkq~wjd~dgy djiewng kjedjg ywqxgty% ykidme bgndm ikjxgqym~dkjy mjn

ndqgi~ bmde dj}wdqdgy*

Ikni~ bgndm mmygy ~k ng~gqbdjg ~cg kw~ikbgy qkb m ~qmdjdj` vqk`qmb* Hkeekpdj`

yvklgyvgqykj ~qmdjdj`% bkjd~kq ikxgqm`g ~k ng~gqbdjg pcg~cgq ~cgqg mqg icmj`gy dj

~tvg mjn ~kjg*


26/33

16


Dbvmi~

Dbvmi~ gxmewm~dkj dy ~cg Ad` Lmcwjm ~cg bky~ ndhiwe~ mjn bky~ gsvgjydxg k mee* D~ meyk `dxgy

wy ~cg mjypgqy ~cm~ ee dj ~cg jme bdyydj` vdgigy k ~cg bgmywqgbgj~ vwzzeg* Dbvmi~ gxmewm~dkj

ekkly mq agtkjn ~cg kaogi~dxgy tkw cmxg yg~ kq tkwq imbvmd`j mjn yggly ~k mjypgq ~cg }wgy~dkj%

Pmy tkwq `kme qgmedzgn; Hkq gsmbveg% cmxg ~cgqg aggj bmokq dbvqkxgbgj~y dj djmj~ bkq~med~t

qm~gy; Mqg y~mjnmqndzgn ~gy~ yikqgy djiqgmydj`; Cmxg vkedidgy aggj dbvegbgj~gn ~cm~ dbvqkxgpm~gq }wmed~t;

Jk~ kjet dy dbvmi~ gxmewm~dkj ~cg cmqngy~ ~k ~mlg kj% aw~ d~y meyk ~cg cmqngy~ ~k vqkxg* D~ bd`c~

~mlg ngimngy ~k qgik`jdzg m ygdybdi ycd~ dj ckp ykidg~t ~cdjly kq mi~y* Agimwyg ykidme icmj`g

cmvvgjy dj ~cg qgme pkqen% yidgj~dy~y mq`wg ~cm~ ~cgqg dy ed~~eg pmt ~k ljkp pcm~ djwgjign ~cg

qgywe~y* Ckp imj ikbbwjdim~kqy ~mlg iqgnd~ kq m ykidg~me ycd~ ~cm~ bmt cmxg aggj djwgjign at

Iyg Ynt? Kwikg Gxmewmdkj kh m Ytvcdedy Geddjmdkjbgndm Imvmd`j dj Klemckm Ikwjt

Img`g? d 166=% Klckb Ikt py bk cg ccgy cg k kq qgy k ytvcy #=1c cg k n kq bgy

cg k qg$* ~cg Klckb Ikt"It Cgc Ngvqbg #KIICN$% ngn at cg w*Y* Ngvqbg k Cgc n Cb

Ygqigy Iggqy kq Nygyg Ikqk n Vqggk% ykc k qknig bgn ibv k y gsy gkqy k gbg

ytvcy y bgyygy k gy n qgbg ygn k vqggk*

Dkxm~dk? Pcg bt vgkvg qgg c kig k vqggk y pkqc vkn k iqg% cy ibv nn k yggl

vqggk bgyyg* jkq nn yggl k ycbg cg nny kq vqkng bkq kvk ak cg yky c pkn gn

k ytvcy* ~cg bbgng ngyqgn kikbg py kq cg qg ngigy k g gygn% n qggn gigyyqt% n akc cg

bgyy n cg gk pgqg kqgn k cy kiy c y% k yvgii% bgyqag n ag ky*

~cg g% `g gygn* `g iqgn* py igq% gyag% n bgyqag% vqiqt yig cg ibv kgqgn y kp ckg

bagq c vgkvg ikn iigyy kq kqbk k gy igy n qgbg vy* mgq cg ibv bvgbgk% cg

gqg bgn ikbvkg py ggn kq giit*

Qgy~y? KIICN iiy gygn ibv qgi kq bkcy gq ag% at yl ii gnggy cgt ikn qgi cgtn

qgigt ygg kq cgqn t kqbk ak ytvcy% n yk% k ngyiqag * Yst"ys vgqig k vgkvg yqgtgn q gbgbagqgn

ygg kq cgq vqy k cg ibv #pcgcgq qnk yvk% aakqn% vkygq kq ay ycggq n$* ~cgt yk bgyqgn gnig

iiy kq ygst qybgn giky n ytvcy nkygy ikbvqgn pc cg ybg bkcy nq cg tgq agkqg*

mbk cg qg vkvk% ibv qgi py kgq 88 vgqig* ~cg ibv yk ikqqggn pc =>=0 vgqig iqgyg

Y~N ii yy% n bkct gqg k ytvcy nkygy iqgyg k =3 vgqig #pcic ckc ykny an% y it

kkn% yig tk i qg vgkvg tk lkp pck y gign$* d cg tgq kkp cg ibvy gn% cg gqg bagq

k bkct iygy ngiqgygn at >9 vgqig*


27/33

1=


mjt jwbagq k mi~kqy; ^g kjet pmt pg imj dy at qgetdj` kj nm~m* Dbvmi~ gxmewm~dkj imj~ ag ~cg

kjet gxmewm~dkj pg vgqkqb ~k bgmywqg ggi~dxgjgyy* D~ dy awde~ qkb ~cg kqbm~dxg gxmewm~dkj%

vqkigyy mjn kw~ikbg gxmewm~dkjy ~cm~ yckp kj`kdj` vqk`qgyy% ycd~y dj y~qm~g`t mjn imbvmd`j

dbvmi~ kxgq ~dbg* At `m~cgqdj` ~cg mi~y% tkw imj vqkxg ~cm~ ikbbwjdim~dkjy vemtgn m qkeg dj

ycd~dj` ykidg~me jkqby*

Iky~"Aggh~ mn Iky~"Ggi~dxggyy Mmydy

Iky~ mjmetydy dy mj gikjkbdi gxmewm~dkj bg~ckn ~k cgev vqk`qmb ngyd`jgqy mjn gxmewm~kqyng~gqbdjg ~cg qgem~dkjycdv ag~pggj ~cgdq djvw~y #bkjg~mqt qgykwqigy$ mjn ~cgdq kw~ikbgy

#vqk`qmb kw~ikbgy$ ~cm~ dy% d~ cgevy kq`mjdzm~dkjy dngj~dt ~cg egmy~ iky~et bg~ckn ~k ka~mdj

m ngydqg egxge k kw~vw~ #INI% 166>$* dy dy tkwq qgyvkjyg ~k ~cg Akmqny dj}wdqt makw~ QKD%

kq qg~wqj kj djxgy~bgj~* Dj mnnd~dkj% iky~ mjmetygy gjikwqm`g ikbbwjdim~kqy ~k agikbg

ljkpegn`gmaeg makw~ vqk`qmb iky~y% ykbg~cdj` xgqt ymedgj~ ~k y~mlgckengqy mjn wjngqy #Qkyyd%

Edvygt mjn Hqggbmj% 166>$*

Iyg Ynt? Wjdgn Pmt kh @qgmgq bdepmwlgg?Wydj` Ek`di k ~mileg ~ggj Vqg`jmjit

Img`g? Pcg cg wgn Pt k `qggq Bplgg #wP`B$ qggygn y d ~qc Ag ~kn qgvkq 1668% icqki cggsqgbg bvi c gg vqgit cn k cg ikbbt% cgt yg baky k k qgnig gg aqcy at >8 vgqig at

16=7* d qgyvkyg% cgt ggngn yqk gk v k ngbkyqg bvi n yckpiyg cg g k cg cbql =6"tgq

~gg Vqgit Vqggk dg*

Dkxm~dk? wP`B kkl ybq gk vvqkic qkb cg kyg k cg ~gg Vqgit Vqggk dg* ~cg n n

ki bkng c nqkg cg d ~qc Ag ~kn qgvkq kgn cg qg}qgn vy n igy gigyyqt kq yqggy k

ag yiigyy% n ingn yvgii% bgyqag yiigyy nikqy yic y iqgygn lkpgng n yly qgqn cgct

n cgct qgkycvy bk "qyl tkc% iqgygn vqg"icn ikbbik c yy cqkck icnckkn n

nkgyigig% n iqgygn iigyy k n zk k ikbvqgcgyg qgvqknig cgc ygqigy* Vqkqgyy bng py ggn

cqkc ikbbt nyiyyky% kiy qkvy% tkc agckq n kvk yqgty% vqkigyy bgyqgy yic y bgn bvqgyyky

n zk k bgqy% n tyy k vai cgc n k nggqbg vqkqgyy kpqn cg biqk k k qgni gg

vqgit*

Qgy~y? ~cg dg cy cn k"gqb yiigyy qgic k y kaogigy* Bkqg c =8%666 tkc Bplgg Vai

Yickky cg qgiggn iqqi k cgv cgb blg cgct qgkycv ngiyky* Bkqg c .> bk "ln bgn cy

agg nkgn* N ygy c >8 vgqig k ggy ikyngq cgq vqgy cg bky bvkq hgig pcg bl ngiyky

qgqn ygs* Vqkqgyy kpqn cg bky bvkq bvi gk bgyqg% ckpggq k qgnig gg vqgit y bky

kag* wP`B cy qgikqngn >"tgq ngig gg aqc qgy Bplgg% nkp qkb 71 k >>*> aqcy vgq =%666 qy

#wgn Pt k `qggq Bplgg% 16==$*


28/33

11


Iky~"ggi~dxggyy

Iky~"ggi~dxgjgyy ikbvmqgy ~cg iky~ k m vqk`qmb ~k d~y ggi~dxgjgyy my bgmywqgn dj

ikbbwjdim~dkjy kw~ikbgy* Iky~"ggi~dxgjgyy dy gsvqgyygn my m qm~dk% pcdic qgvqgygj~y ~cg iky~

vgq kw~ikbg #g*`*% iky~ vgq icmj`g dj m~~d~wngy% kq iky~ vgq 7 vgqigj~ djiqgmyg dj cd`c yickke

`qmnwm~dkj qm~gy dj Pmycdj`~kj% N*I*% vwaedi yickkey$* Qgem~dxg ~k m iky~"agjg~ mjmetydy% iky~"

ggi~dxgjgyy imj ag egyy ~dbg" mjn qgykwqig"dj~gjydxg mjn gmydgq ~k wjngqy~mjn*

Iky~"aggh~

M iky~"agjg~ mjmetydy qg}wdqgy gxmewm~kqy ~k gy~dbm~g ~cg agjg~y k m imbvmd`j% ak~c ~mj`daeg

mjn dj~mj`daeg% mjn gy~dbm~gy k ~cg iky~y k ngedxgqdj` ~cg imbvmd`j% ak~c ndqgi~ mjn djndqgi~*

At qmbdj` mee vqk`qmb kw~ikbgy dj bkjg~mqt wjd~y% ngidydkj bmlgqy imj ndqgi~et ikbvmqg ~cg

kw~ikbgy k ndgqgj~ ~tvgy k ikbbwjdim~dkj imbvmd`jy* M iky~"agjg~ mjmetydy myyd`jy nkeemq

xmewgy ~k ~cg kw~ikbgy m~~qdaw~maeg ~k ~cg vqk`qmb*

V~~d` D~ M ^k`g~gq? ^g Gxmm~dk Vm

Jkp tkw cmxg m pckeg ek~ k djkqbm~dkj% aw~ d~y kjet wygwe d tkw vw~ d~ ~k pkql* ^g pkqn vemj

imj ag kxgqpcgebdj` gyvgidmeet kq ikbbwjdim~kqy pck mqg meqgmnt awqdgn dj y~qm~g`di vemjy%

bgndm vemjy% bmqlg~dj` vemjy% qg~dqgbgj~ vemjy**** Yk wyg mjt pkqn tkwn edlg ~k ngyiqdag ckp

tkwqg `kdj` ~k vqkiggn pd~c gxmewm~dj` tkwq imbvmd`j*

Ydjig pg ljkp ~cm~ m `kkn gxmewm~dkj imj bmlg tkw m qkil y~mq% pgqg `kdj` ~k imee ~cdy mvvqkmic

gxmewm~dkjy mee"miigyy vmyy* Cgqg mqg ~cg y~gvy ~k `g~ amily~m`g?

=* `cgq cg vgkvg pck bgq bky k tkq ibv*

1* ~kgcgq% vqkvkyg k n kaogigy*

9* mvvt tkq k n kaogigy k cg nggkvbg k ki bkng*

>* wyg tkq ki bkng yiigyy nikqy k nggqbg lgt gk }gyky*

7* dngt ckp tk p bgyqg kq yygyy gic k ckyg }gyky*

8* Nggqbg bgg% ang n y*

0* Ikni kqbg n ybbg gk*

3* Vqt lg cg qkil yq tk qg-


29/33

19


Ykbg Vmq~d` Mnxdig

^gqgy jk }wgy~dkj ~cm~ tkw mqg jkp qgmnt ~k cgmn kw~ mjn ik}gq ~g pkqn pd~ kq

gxmm~dk yldy* Owy~ ag imqgwe jk~ ~k ikj}wgq tkwqyge dj ~cg vqkigyy* ^gqg mqg bmjt% bmjt

kv~dkjy kq gxmewm~dj` tkwq ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~y* Tkw nkj~ cmxg ~k nk ~cgb mee* Vmq~ k tkwq oka

pdee ag `g~~dj` ~cg `qkwv ~k m qgg kj pm~y `kkn gk`* Pcm~ imj pg mkqn; Pcm~ imj pg

miikbvedyc pd~c ~cg y~m pg cmxg; Pcm~ imj pg vqkxg;

Nkj~ ag yimqgn k at ~cg awg~ k kv~dkjy* Ickkyg djjkxm~dxg% ekp"iky~ bgmywqgy ~cm~ `g~ ~cg oka

nkjg xgqywy jk~ gxmewm~dj` m~ mee* ^qkw`c vqmi~dig% tkwee egmqj pcm~ pkqly* Bmlg ywqg ~cm~ tkwq

vqkvkygn gxmewm~dkj bm~icgy ~cg yikvg k tkwq ikbbwjdim~dkj gkq~* Nkj~ vqkvkyg mj dbvmi~

myygyybgj~ kq m yckq~"~gqb% ekp"awn`g~ imbvmd`j*

Mxkdn ~qtdj` ~k miikbvedyc mee k d~ mekjg* gqg mqg

~cgyg `qgm~ vgkveg kw~ ~cgqg imeegn `qmn y~wngj~y

pck qgmeet ljkp ~cgdq y~w #~cmjly% Okcj-$* gt jggn

vqkogi~y* Tkw jggn cgev* ^gt cmxg miigyy ~k qgygmqic

edaqmqdgy* Tkw jggn miigyy ~k agy~ vqmi~digy ~cm~ pdee

cgev tkw jmqqkp tkwq ygmqic kq bgmywqgy*

Hdjmeet% imeb tkwqyge* ^g vqkyvgi~ k mj gxmewm~dkj imqqdgy pd~c d~ m igq~mdj ng`qgg k mjsdg~t%

agimwyg d~ vkygy }wgy~dkjy kq pcdic tkw bmt jk~ ag vqgvmqgn ~k cgmq ~cg mjypgqy* Cmy tkwq

imbvmd`j bmng m ndgqgjig; Cmxg tkw yvgj~ tkwq awn`g~ pdyget; Pdee ~cg Pmycdj`~kj Jm~dkjmey

qgvemig ~cg Jgp Tkql Tmjlggy my Bmokq Egm`wg Amygameey pdjjdj`gy~ qmjicdyg;

KL yk m gxmm~dk im~ ~g k gxgq~d` mak~ gxgq~d`*

My ekj` my tkw `k dj~k ~cg vqkigyy vqgvmqgn ~k egmqj mjn jk~ owy~ ~k vqkxg% ~cgqgy qgmeet jk~cdj` ~k

gmq* Ycmqg ~cdy vcdekykvct m~ ~cg kw~yg~ k mj gxmewm~dkj pd~c ~ckyg pck mqg dj m ngidydkj"bmldj`

vkyd~dkj* @g~ ~cgb kj akmqn makw~ pcm~ mj gxmewm~dkj imj mjn yckwen nk% yk ~cm~ jk bm~~gq ~cg

mjypgqy ~k ~ckyg qd`c~gjdj` }wgy~dkjy% tkw imj igegaqm~g pcm~ pmy egmqjgn% ~k`g~cgq*

YK PcM^ d tkw nkj~ jggn bkqg ycge yvmig ~cdy tgmq kq ~cg em~gy~ ikbbwjdim~dkjy mpmqn* Gxgj

~cg imbvmd`jy ~cm~ imqqt jk cmqnpmqg cmxg djiqgndaeg xmewg ~cqkw`c egmqjgn agy~ vqmi~digy d

~cgt mqg gxmewm~gn*

D~y edlg m aedjn nm~g* Tkw bd`c~ cmxg ykbg dngm k pcm~ ~k gsvgi~ qkb mj gxmewm~dkj% aw~ tkw

pkj~ qgmeet ljkp pcm~ dy vkyydaeg wj~de tkw y~dil tkwq jgil kw~ ~cgqg* Mjn ~cg bky~ ywiigyywe

vgkveg nkj~ `dxg wv kj ~cg gj~dqg vqkigyy my ~cg qgywe~ k kjg% kq gxgj m gp% amn nm~gy*

Ag ikqm`gky* Gxmm~g-

Ik}gq ~g pkqn

pd~ kq

GXMewM^DKj YLDeeY*


30/33

1>


Qggqgigy

M~ldj% I* L*% ( Hqgdbw~c% X* Y* #166=$* Hkqbm~dxg Gxmewm~dkj dj Qgygmqic dj Imbvmd`j Ngyd`j*

Dj Q* G* Qdig% ( I* L* M~ldj #Gny*$% Vwaedi Ikbbwjdim~dkjy Imbvmd`jy#9qn gn* vv* =17=>7$*

Ekjnkj? Ym`g Vwaedim~dkjy*

Amjnwqm% M* #=438$* ^g ykidme kwjnm~dkj k ~ckw`c~ mjn mi~dkj? M ykidme ik`jd~dxg ~cgkqt*

Gj`egpkkn Iedy% JO? Vqgj~dig"Cmee*

Amwbmj% M* #166>% Owet$* Ikbbgj~mqt kj ~cg XGQA imbvmd`j vgqyvgi~dxgy kj ykidme

bmqlg~dj` ~k gjikwqm`g vctydime mi~dxd~t mbkj` tkw~c* Vqgxgj~dkj k Icqkjdi Ndygmyg* \ygqdme

kjedjgR* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*ini*`kx+vin+dyywgy+166>+owe+6>[667>*c~b

Agqlgjpmen% M* #16=1$* Ycmbg Mjn Aembg? Hmidj` ^g Wjdj~gjngn Ikjyg}wgjigy K Cgme~c

Bgyym`dj`* Cwhj`~kj Vky~* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*cwhj`~kjvky~*ikb+egmc"agqlgjpmen+

ycmbg"mjn"aembg"midj`"~c[=[a[=119874*c~be

Agqlkpd~z% O* B*% Cwcbmj B*% Cgd~zegq I* N*% Vk~~gq% E* N*% Jkedj% B* O*% ( Amjyvmic% Y* P*

#1663$* Kxgqxdgp k kqbm~dxg% vqkigyy mjn kw~ikbg gxmewm~dkj bg~ckny wygn dj ~cg XGQA

imbvmd`j*Mbgqdimj Okwqjme k Vqgxgj~dxg Bgndidjg% 9>#8$% Y111Y114*

Aqkpj% D* Y* #=43>$* Ngxgekvbgj~ k m yimeg ~k bgmywqg m~~d~wng ~kpmqn ~cg ikjnkb my m bg~ckn

k adq~c ikj~qke* ^g Okwqjme k Ygs Qgygmqic%16#9$% 17789*

Awicmjmj% Y*% ( @daa% H* #=443$* ^g djkqbm~dkj mwnd~? Mj dj~g`qm~gn y~qm~g`di mvvqkmic* Dj~gqjm~dkjme Okwqjme k Djkqbm~dkj Bmjm`gbgj~% =3#=$% 14>0*

Imedkqjdm YN+CDX Vqgxgj~dkj qmdjdj` Igj~gq* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*y~ncdx~qmdjdj`*kq`+

TYB[`kmey*c~be

Imbgqkj% L* M* #1664*$ M vqmi~d~dkjgqy `wdng ~k vgqywmydkj? mj kxgqxdgp k =7 ygegi~gn vgqywmydkj

~cgkqdgy% bkngey mjn qmbgpkqly* Vm~dgj~ Gnwim~dkj mjn Ikwjygedj`* 0>#9$% 9649=0*

Imy~geemjky% D*% Amic% M*% ( Lwedil% Q* #16==$* Tkw~c Icmjjge Mee"Id~t? Bmvvdj` ~cg Bgndm

Jggny mjn Dj~gqgy~y k Wqamj Tkw~c* Dj V* B* Jmvked% ( B* Myembm #Gny*$% Ikbbwjdim~dkjy

qgygmqic dj mi~dkj? yickemq"mi~dxdy~ ikeemakqm~dkjy kq m ngbkiqm~di vwaedi yvcgqg* #=y~

gn*% vv* =70=08$*Jgp Tkql? Hkqncmb Wjdxgqyd~t Vqgyy*

Icm% B*% Cmnnmnd% C*% Agjgxgjw~k% H*% ( @wbbmn% L* V* #16=6$* Bgmywqdj` wygq djwgjig kj

~pd~~gq? ^g bdeedkj keekpgq meemit* Vqkiggndj`y k ~cg Hkwq~c Dj~gqjm~dkjme MMMD Ikjgqgjig

kj Pgaek`y mjn Ykidme Bgndm #vv* =6=0$* Pmycdj`~kj% NI? Myykidm~dkj kq ~cg Mnxmjigbgj~ k

Mq~didme Dj~geed`gjig*


31/33

17


Ikbbwjdim~dkjy Ikjykq~dwb Bgndm Igj~gq* #166>% Mvqde$* @wdngedjgy kq Gxmewm~dj` Jkjvqk~

Ikbbwjdim~dkjy Gkq~y% Pkqldj` Vmvgq )7* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*bgndmgxmewm~dkjvqkogi~*kq`+Vmvgq7*vn

Hdycagdj% B*% ( Mozgj% D* #=407$* Agedg% m~~d~wng% dj~gj~dkj mjn agcmxdkq? Mj dj~qknwi~dkj ~k ~cgkqt

mjn qgygmqic* Qgmndj`% BM? Mnndykj"Pgyegt*

Cmq`dg% K* N* P*% ( kwqdyc% N* #1666$* Cmjnakkl k Ikbbwjdim~dkj Mwnd~y kq Kq`mjdym~dkjy*

Ekjnkj? Qkw~egn`g*

Cmqxmqn Hmbdet Qgygmqic Vqkogi~* #1667$* Cmqxmqn @qmnwm~g Yickke k Gnwim~dkj* Mj

Dj~qknwi~dkj ~k gkqt k Icmj`g* ^g Gxmewm~dkj Gsicmj`g% ==#1$% >*

Cgme~c Gnwim~dkj Vmq~jgqy* #1668$* Wydj` Ykidme Bmqlg~dj` kq Vqkbk~dkj Vqk`qmb mjn Cgme~cGnwim~dkj Vqk`qmby* Qgmic Tkwq mq`g~ Mwndgjigy? Vqk`qmb Gsvkywqg mjn @qkyy Qm~dj` Vkdj~y*

Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*cgme~cgnvmq~jgqy*kq`+igw+yb+initjgq`t[gsvkywqg[qgmic[`qv*vn

Ckqjdl% Q* I* #1661$* Gvdek`wg? Gxmewm~dkj ngyd`j kq vwaedi cgme~c ikbbwjdim~dkj vqk`qmby* Dj

Qkagq~ I* Ckqjdl #Gn*$% Vwaedi Cgme~c Ikbbwjdim~dkj? Gxdngjig kq Agcmxdkq Icmj`g* Bmcpmc%

JO? Empqgjig Gqeamwb Myykidm~gy*

Ckqjdl% Q*% ( Tmjkxd~zlt% D* #1669$* Wydj` ~cgkqt ~k ngyd`j gxmewm~dkjy k ikbbwjdim~dkj

imbvmd`jy? ~cg imyg k ~cg Jm~dkjme Tkw~c Mj~d"Nqw` Bgndm Imbvmd`j* Ikbbwjdim~dkj gkqt%

=9#1$% 16>11>*

Ckxemjn% I* D*% Omjdy% D* E*% ( Lgeegt% C* C* #=479$* Ikbbwjdim~dkj mjn vgqywmydkj* Jgp Cmxgj?

Tmeg Wjdxgqyd~t Vqgyy*

Cw`cgy% I* G*% Emjimy~gq% L*% ( Yvdigq% A* #16==$* Qgygmqic vmvgq? Ckp nk Mwy~qmedmj jgpy bgndm

ngvdi~ deedid~ nqw` dyywgy; Mj mjmetydy k vqdj~ bgndm qgvkq~dj` miqkyy mjn ag~pggj deedid~ nqw`y%

16691663*Dj~gqjm~dkjme Okwqjme k Nqw` Vkedit%11#>$% 13714=*

Cwcbmj B*% g~* me* #1667$* Ggi~y k m bmyy bgndm imbvmd`j ~k djiqgmyg vctydime mi~dxd~t mbkj`

icdenqgj? tgmq"= qgywe~y k ~cg XGQA imbvmd`j* Vgndm~qdiy%==8#1$% g100g13>*

Om`gq% P* #1660$* g kwq vy dj ykidme ydbwem~dkj% m vgqyvgi~dxg kj ckp bmqlg~dj` ikwen agjg~

qkb ~cg wyg k ykidme ydbwem~dkj*Okwqjme k Awydjgyy Qgygmqic%86#3$% 383307*

Ogqjd`mj% N* C*% Ky~qk% O*% ( Qkyy% I* #1667$* Meikcke mnxgq~dydj` mjn tkw~c? m bgmywqgn

mvvqkmic* Okwqjme k Vwaedi Cgme~c Vkedit% 18% 9=1917*

Emwzgj% B* B* #=447$* kpmqn m bknge k gjxdqkjbgj~me yimjjdj`*Okwqjme k Vwaedi Qgem~dkjy

Qgygmqic%0#9$% =30169*


32/33

18


BiImq~ct% B*% Aqgjjmj% B*% Ng Akgq% B*% ( Qd~ykj% I* Bgndm qdyl ikbbwjdim~dkj pcm~ pmy

ymdn at pckb mjn ckp d~ pmy dj~gqvqg~gn*Okwqjme k Qdyl Qgygmqic% 1663* ==#9$% 90794>*

Kq`mjdzm~dkjme Qgygmqic Ygqxdigy* #166>$* ^gkqt k Icmj`g? M Vqmi~dime kke kq Mi~dkj% Qgywe~y

mjn Egmqjdj`* Vqgvmqgn kq ~cg Mjjdg G* Imygt Hkwjnm~dkj* 166>* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*

mgi*kq`+wvekmn+vwaedim~dkjegy+ii1400l>>6*vn

Vqkicmylm% O* K*% ( NdIegbgj~g% I* I* #=439$* Y~m`gy mjn vqkigyygy k yge"icmj`g k ybkldj`?

~kpmqn mj dj~g`qm~dxg bknge k icmj`g*Okwqjme k Ikjywe~dj` mjn Iedjdime Vytickek`t%7=#9$% 946

947*

Qktyg% N*% ^tgq% A* M*% ( Vmn`g~~% N* L* #16=6$* Vqk`qmb Gxmewm~dkj? Mj Dj~qknwi~dkj #7~c gn*$*

Agebkj~% IM? Pmnypkq~c% Igj`m`g Egmqjdj`*

Qkyyd% V* C*% Edvygt% B* P*% ( Hqggbmj% C* G* #166>$*Gxmewm~dkj? M Yty~gbm~di Mvvqkmic #0~c Gn*$*

^kwymjn Kmly% IM? Ym`g Vwaedim~dkjy% Dji*

Yiqdxgj% B* #=44=$* ^g bg~cknkek`t k gxmewm~dkj* Dj Vgqyvgi~dxgy k iwqqdiwewb gxmewm~dkj% gny*

Qmevc P* tegq% Qkagq~ B* @m`jg% ( Bdicmge Yiqdxgj% vv* 9439* MGQM Bkjk`qmvc Ygqdgy kj

Iwqqdiwewb Gxmewm~dkj% xke* =* Icdim`k? Qmjn BiJmeet*

Ydg`ge% O* *% ( Mexmqk% G* B* #1668$* Mj gxmewm~dkj k Mqdzkjmy Tkw~c kamiik Miigyy vqgxgj~dkj

bgndm imbvmd`j*Mbgqdimj Okwqjme k Vqgxgj~dxg Bgndidjg% 96% 13>14=*

Y~qklg Vqgxgj~dkj% Y~m~g Cgmq~ Ndygmyg mjn Y~qklg Vqgxgj~dkj Vqk`qmb* #16==*$ Qg~qdgxgn qkb

c~~v?++ppp*ini*`kx+ncnyv+vqk`qmby+jcnyv[vqk`qmb+gxmewm~dkj[`wdngy+nkiy+ybmq~[kaogi~dxgy*

vn

Wjd~gn Pmt k @qgm~gq Bdepmwlgg* #16==$*D qw~c Ag ken 1668"16==? M 7"tgmq Vqk`qgyy

Qgvkq~ kj Gjndj` Bdepmwlggy ggj Vqg`jmjit Iqdydy* Bdepmwlgg% PD? Mw~ckq*

Wjdxgqyd~t k Pdyikjydj Yty~gb* #1663$* Wjdxgqyd~t k Pdyikjydj"Gs~gjydkj% Vqk`qmb

Ngxgekvbgj~ mjn Gxmewm~dkj* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++bdygm`qmj~*wbdic*gnw+nkpjekmny+dm+

pkqlyckvy+Dj~qk"~k"Ek`di"Bkngey*vn

W*Y* Ngvmq~bgj~ k Cgme~c mjn Cwbmj Ygqxdigy% Igj~gqy kq Ndygmyg Ikj~qke mjn Vqgxgj~dkj%

Jm~dkjme Igj~gq kq Icqkjdi Ndygmyg Vqgxgj~dkj mjn Cgme~c Vqkbk~dkj* #1664% Omjwmqt$*Gxmewm~dkj Aqdg Jk* 9a? Pqd~dj` YBMQ Kaogi~dxgy* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*ini*`kx+

cgme~cttkw~c+gxmewm~dkj+vn+aqdg9a*vn


Jm~dkjme Igj~gq kq Icqkjdi Ndygmyg Vqgxgj~dkj mjn Cgme~c Vqkbk~dkj% Ndxdydkj k Mnkegyigj~

mjn Yickke Cgme~c* #1660$* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*ini*`kx+tkw~cimbvmd`j+


33/33



Khig k Pkqlkqig mjn Imqggq Ngxgekvbgj~* #166>$* INI Gikjkbdi Gxmewm~dkj w~kqdmey%

166>* Qg~qdgxgn qkb c~~v?++ppp*ini*`kx+kpin+gg~+Iky~+=*c~be

W*Y* @kxgqjbgj~ Miikwj~maded~t Khig* #16==$* Mvvedgn Qgygmqic mjn Bg~ckny* Vgqkqbmjig

Bgmywqgbgj~ mjn Gxmewm~dkj? Ngjd~dkjy mjn Qgem~dkjycdvy*

Pgdyy% I* C* #=443$*Gxmewm~dkj? Bg~ckny kq Y~wntdj` Vqk`qmby mjn Vkedidgy #1jngn*$* Wvvgq Ymnneg

Qdxgq% JO? Vqgj~dig Cmee*

Evaluating Social Change

Documents

Transcript of Evaluating Social Change