Euthanasia Viz-A-Viz Right to Life - 85

7/26/2019 Euthanasia Viz-A-Viz Right to Life - 85

1/81

CHILD LABOR IN INDIA: PERSPECTIVE

AND POLICY IMPERATIVES

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of

the requirement for the award of the Degree

BBA LL.B. (hons.)

By

Aditya Singh Gill

(11LLB006)

Under the superision of

Dr. Arind !. Bhanu

(Asso"iate !rofessor# S"hool of Law# $he %orth"ap Uniersity)

$&' %$&*A! U%+,'S+$-

(Gurgaon# &aryana)

Gurgon/001/


2/81

Researchers Declaration

+ "ertify that the Dissertation titled 2*hild Labor in +ndia3 !erspe"tie and poli"y

imperaties4 is submitted by me as the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

award of the Degree BBA LLB (hons.) awarded by this institution.$his is solely myown wor5 other than where i hae "learly indi"ated that it6s the wor5 of others and

gien due regard to it. $his is the re"ord of an original unpublished wor5 "arried out by

me under the superision of 7r Arind !. Bhanu# Asso"iate !rofessor# S"hool of law#

$he %orth"ap Uniersity.

+ de"lare that no part of this wor5 has been submitted in this or any other uniersity or

institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.$he wor5 "arried out hen"eforth is

open to any "larifi"ation whatsoeer relating to its "ontents and all mista5es are my

own.

Date381th%oember#01/9 Aditya Singh Gill

!la"eGurgaon //LLB11:


3/81

Supervisors Certificate

$his is to "ertify that this Dissertation titled 2*hild Labor in +ndia3 !erspe"tie

and poli"y imperaties4 is prepared by Aditya Singh Gill(//LLB11:) of thisinstitution under my superision in partial fulfilment of the requirement for

the award of the Degree of Ba"helors of Laws(LLB) awarded by this

institution.

Dr. Arind ! Bhanu

Superisor


4/81

Acknowle!e"ent

$he resear"her shall bestow upon himself a duty to than5 all those distinguished

personalities who hae been instrumental in ta5ing the resear"h forward and thereby

e;tending their utmost help #by irtue of whi"h a resear"her has been able #to do the

desired


5/81

'a,le of Contents

CHAPTER- I INTRODUCTION

1.1 INCEPTION 2

1.2 BACKDROP 2

1.3 CHILD LABOR: DEFINITION

DIFFERENT FORMS 5

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 7

1.5 NEED OF THE RESEARCH 7

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.7 RESEARCH DESI!N

1. CHAPTERISATION

CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION 1"

2.3 VARIOUS REVIE# FINDIN!S 31

2.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY 31

CHAPTER-III NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND RECENT

DEVELOPMENTS

3.1 ARTICLES 4"

3.2 LA#S AND RE!ULATIONS: RE!ARDIN! CHILD 41

LABOR

3.3 PUBLIC INITIATIVES RE!ARDIN! CHILD LABOR 45


6/81

3.4 SCOPE 46

3.5 PRO!ARAMME$S RE!ARDIN! CHILD LABOR 47

3.6 MENIFESTO$S% LOK SABHA ELECTION 2""& 51

3.7 ACTION TAKEN BY STATE !OVERNMENT 53

3. CHAPTER SUMMARY 57

CHAPTER- IV

INTERPRETATION AND DISCISSION OF

RESULTS

4.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 5

4.2 PRIMARY DATA: DATA ANALYSIS 63

4.3 SECONDARY DATA: STEP #ISE RE!RESSION &5

CHAPTER-V CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

1""

5.2 PEOPLE$S VIE# POINT 1""

5.3 IMPORTANT FACTORS 1"1

5.4 CAUSES 1"7

5.5 CONSE'UENCES 111

5.6 MYTHS AND REALITIES 112

5.7 POLICY AND IMPLICATIONS 113

5. LIMITATIONS 116

5.& SCOPE OF THE STUDY 116

5.1" THE CLOSIN! REMARKS 117


7/81

ABS'RAC'

$his study relates to the problem of "hild labor in +ndia. !reiously many s"holars and

e"onomist hae tried to analyses the problem of "hild labor with respe"t to arious fa"tors

"ontributing towards its "ause. $his study tries to ta5e a lead from their wor5 and goes

deeper into the "on"epts preiously surfa"ed. +t was 5nown that *hild labor is the

fun"tion of poerty# illitera"y# oerpopulation# poor health fa"ilities and infrastru"ture et".

But for the last few years +ndia has seen a transitional "hange after the liberali>ation

poli"y. %ow +ndia is the 0ndlargest growing e"onomy in the world after "hina. All this has

tried to improe the e"onomi" and infrastru"tural "ondition in the "ountry. +ndia is on the

global set up of the world. But surprisingly su"h ast infrastru"tural deelopment has not

been able to "ontribute to the "ause of "hild labor. *ertain global e"onomi" modelssuggest that both e"onomi" deelopment and "hild labor hae an inerse relationship.

*ountries whi"h hae the least in"iden"e of "hild labor are those whi"h are e"onomi"ally

deeloped. n the other hand the "ountries whi"h hae the highest in"iden"e of "hild

labor are e"onomi"ally wea5 and under deeloped. +n this study we try to study the

asso"iation between e"onomi" deelopment and "hild labor. ?e also try to analyses the

effi"ien"y# rea"h and appli"ability of seeral goernment initiaties and the efforts of

arious national and international agen"ies wor5ing towards this "ause. ur resear"h

model is based on both primary data "olle"ted from the states of !un


8/81

C+A#'-R.&

&'R/DC'&/

'arly in the morning as the sun rises from the hori>on# we feel the freshness of the air#

the purity of the dew drops and the tenderness of the atmosphere. Similarly a "hild

brings freshness in our life# ma5es us feel the purity of our soul and the tenderness of

the nature. ust li5e the sun# it brightens our hori>ons and shows us the path of the

future# the "ourse whi"h we underta5e to rea"h the destiny of humanity and the

man5ind. rom many past "enturies and generations after generations we hae been

always guided by the tor"h of wisdom gien to us by our an"estors. $heirenlightenment has always made us wor5 hard to add to the whirlpool of 5nowledge for

the benefit of our future generations. +n nutshell as a tradition and a proto"ol we hae

always guided our "hildren and helped in progressing humanity.

Albert 'instein "ould not hae "ra"5ed the equation 'Em"0# without the dis"oeries of

energy (')# mass (m) elo"ity("). &e was astly helped through the dis"oeries of

earlier "on"epts# whi"h eentually "hanged our lies immensely. $herefore it "an be

said that we hae to ta5e "are of our young ones in order to progress.

%ow when we see more than 091 million "hild laborers wor5ing in aderse "onditions#we "an well imagine the fa"t that out of these millions of "hildren there might be some

bright 'insteins6 and %ewtons6 who are being wasted and are depried of their

edu"ation# playful a"tiities and more importantly their "hildhood. At this point of time

this phenomenon ma5es me introspe"t the fa"t# are we are maintaining the law of

humanityF Are we ta5ing "are of our futureF r else we hae be"ome stagnated in our

approa"hF $hese are "ertain base line questions that we will answer in the "ourse of

our resear"h# whi"h will ma5e us ree;amine the state of the "hildren of our "ountry# in

terms of their health# deelopmental needs and so"ial up bringing. $he study also

highlight the so"ial eils atta"hed with "hildren su"h as "hild labor# "hild abuse#

negle"t# traffi"5ing# bonded labor# "hild dis"rimination# slaery# prostitution

1%1 &nception

$he "hild labor had its roots in Great Britain where it was first re"ogni>ed as a so"ial

eil after the emergen"e of fa"tory system in the late / th"entury. 'arlier "hildren were


9/81

used as apprenti"ed# but it soon deeloped into fulltime


10/81

"omes to litera"y# per "apita in"ome# so"ial


11/81

1%2%1 Different 3or"s of Chil La,or

Chil 4ork

$raditionally "hild wor5 was "onsidered good for a "hild6s oer all deelopment. +t

in"ludes light natured a"tiities# in whi"h the "hild indulges for a little time in a day.

$he

rationale of su"h a"tiities is s5ill enhan"ement and proiding "hildren with inaluable

e;perien"e. 7ore oer these a"tiities don6t interfere with s"hooling# and other related

a"tiities of "hildren. Su"h a"tiity in"ludes helping parents in household a"tiities#

light natured agri"ulture wor5 et". $hese a"tiities turn into "hild labor when they

"onsume huge "hun5 of time in a day of the "hildren and starts interfering in other

a"tiities. At this point "hild wor5 turns into "hild labor through su"h wor5 "hildren

"an in"rease their status as family members and "iti>ens# gain "onfiden"e and selfesteem.

*hild labor is the opposite of "hild wor5. *hild labor hampers the normal physi"al#

intelle"tual# emotional# moral deelopment of a "hild.

i. +a5arous for" of chil la,or. +t is the worst form of "hild labor where

"hildren "arry out heay wor5 in utmost unhygieni"# un"ongenial wor5ing

"onditions. +t has serious impa"t on physi"al and mental deelopment of"hildren. $he wor5 in"ludes wor5ing in mines= "ra"5er6s ma5ing industry# heay

metal industry# glass industry et". Su"h wor5 is really harmful and es

the growth of "hildren.

ii. on ha5arous for" of chil la,or3+t "omprises of light natured wor5 whi"h

doesnot affe"t the "hildren. +t is that form of wor5 in whi"h "hildren help their

parents in light form of wor5 su"h as wor5ing in agri"ulture se"tor# wor5ing in

food industry# restaurants# dabhas# roadside stalls et".

iii. De,t ,ona!e3+t is a phenomenon in whi"h money lenders would enslae

people fornonpayment of e;orbitant debts. Usually# these people were "harged

heay rates of interest on debts whi"h were totally unreasonable and unethi"al#

sin"e these people were so poor that they did not hae mu"h for "ollateral

se"urity. $herefore they were for"ed to sell themseles and their family

members for paying off their debts. 7ost often than not people used to 5eep

their "hildren as "ollateral se"urities who eentually got trapped in the i"ious


12/81

"ir"le of bonded labor. $hese "hildren were

for"ed to wor5 relentlessly for more than /0 hours a day for peanuts. $his is one

of

the worst forms of "hild labor.

i. Chil traffickin!3$raffi"5ing in "hildren means the re"ruitment#

transportation# transfer# harboring or re"eipt of a "hild for the purpose of

e;ploitation. +t is the e;tended form of bonded labor. Although it is illegal but

is "arried out in huge numbers in deeloping and underdeeloped e"onomies.

er here the money lenders used to transfer the bonded laborers from rural to

urban areas. $he i"tims of traffi"5ing are for"ed to wor5 in arious illegal

a"tiities su"h as beggary# robbery# prostitution et". +t is also 5nown as for"edform of labor.

. Chil a,use3*hild abuse or maltreatment is all forms of physi"al# emotional#

illtreatment# se;ual abuse# negle"t# negligent treatment or "ommer"ial or other

e;ploitation# resulting in a"tual or potential harm to the "hild6s health# surial#

deelopment or dignity in the "onte;t of a relationship of responsibility# trust or

power. +ndia is the home of more than /@K of the "hild abused "hildren in the

world. $he i"tims of "hild abuse fa"e lot of physi"al and mental deformities.

Usually there are four types of maltreatment physi"al abuse# se;ual abuse#

emotional abuse# psy"hologi"al abuse. $his problem is ery seere in +ndiathough illegal but yet it pra"ti"es in arious parts of +ndia.

'a,le 1%1 #ercenta!e of Chil La,or &n Developin! an Develop Countries

S no Countr7 #ercenta!e of Chil La,or

/. Afri"a 0:.8

0. Latin Ameri"a @.G

8. +ndia /J.J

J. *hina //.:


13/81

9. !a5istan /.

:. $ur5ey 0J

. Ienya J/.8

. Bra>il /:./

Sour"e+L (011)

$able /./ e;plains that the problem of "hild labor is more seere in underdeelopedor deeloping e"onomies. Depi"ted in the table# are the top "ountries with the

problem of "hild labor. er here we see no deeloped "ountry. $he problem is worst

in Afri"a# SubSaharan region where more than 81K of "hildren are infli"ted by it.

Although +ndia has only /J.JK of total "hild population wor5ing as "hild laborers but

the a"tual numbers are quite high. *hina and Latin Ameri"a hae the minimum K of

"hild labor (in this group) as both these areas are deeloping at a ery fast pa"e.

1%8 /,9ectives of the Stu7

$his study has been ta5en with the following ob


14/81

agen"ies# there are still more than 01 million "hildren labors in +ndia. 7any

e"onomists and resear"h s"holars hae done lot of wor5 to understand this problem

and hae gien arious solutions for the same. $hough for the past few years the

situation of "hild labor has improed marginally but still there is a long way to go.

$here are many hidden dimensions of this problem whi"h are yet to be fo"used

upon. a"tors li5e "hild labor in informal e"onomy# agri"ultural se"tor and in non

S%A se"tor are not fo"used upon. esear"her and poli"y ma5ers hae emphasi>ed

upon ha>ardous and nonha>ardous form of wor5 rather than any other wor5. 'en

nonha>ardous form of wor5 has many ha>ards on the deelopment of "hildren

whi"h hae serious long term impli"ations on their lies. $his study will fo"us on

all these fa"tors and try to bring out a new dimension towards it.

1%6 Scope of the Stu7

S"ope of the study "oers entire +ndia. +n all the present resear"h top /9 stateshae been ta5en for analysis. $he data was also "olle"ted from "ensus of +ndia

/@@/011/# e"onomi" sureys /@@8/@@J to 011:011 and +ndia stat."om. $he

s"ope of primary data is releant to state of !un


15/81

whi"h also "ause "hild labor.

Chapter &&& deals with the %ational legislation and e"ent Deelopments. $his

"hapter highlights some of the laws and regulation defined in the "onstitution of

+ndia by the +ndian goernment regarding the prote"tion of the rights of the "hildren

wor5ing in arious industries and also fo"uses on some of the re"ent deelopments

in the area of "hild labor. +t also brings out some of the a"tions ta5en by the "entral

and the state goernments regarding this problem through out arious regions of the

"ountry in the re"ent past. +t also highlights the manifestos of arious probable

goernments and parties for the Lo5 shabha ele"tion 011@ pertaining to "hild "are and

deelopment.

Chapter &= "oers the Data Analysis. $his "hapter "oers data analysis of both

primary and se"ondary data using arious statisti"al appli"ation tools su"h as *hi

square# fa"tor analysis# *AG and Stepwise egression.

Chapter = deals with "on"lusions and ma


16/81

C+A#'-R.&&

R-=&-4 /3 L&'-RA'R-

%1 &ntrouction

$his "hapter proides an oeriew of the wor5 done on "hild labor and arious other

aspe"ts pertaining to "hild health and deelopment. $his "oers an e;tensie reiew on

this area "oering the impa"t of globali>ation on "hild labor# 7DG6s and "hild labor#

"hild wor5 isCis "hild labor# two"hild norms# edu"ation and "hild health et". $he

basi" idea is to see and understand leel of wor5 done in this subon these goals are interlin5ed with ea"h other and ta"5ling one problem will

"reate a trigging effe"t. $here is a deep relationship between millennium deelopment

goals and "hild labor. As "hildren are "onsidered the future of nation so it is imperatie

that ta"5ling the problem of "hild labor will help in a"hieing millennium deelopment

goals.

7any e"onomists hae tried to as"ertain the prime "ause of "hild labor# whi"h hae been

poerty# poor edu"ation fa"ilities# aailability of "heap labor. +t has been estimated that

oerall wor5ing "hildren between 9/9 years of age are "lose to 091 million throughout

the world. $he ma


17/81

"ountries haing the per "apita GD! of less than M/111 fa"e 81:1K of "hild labor# thus

poerty and "hild labor are dire"tly "orrelated. But this is also not true as many "hildren

are supporting their parents in their wor5 and the e;a"t estimates are not 5nown.

emuneration estimation is also not a "lear indi"ator be"ause of the aboe said problem

as it "reates an Hadditional labor effe"t.

'du"ation and "hild labor are inersely related. All the deeloped "ountries made primary

edu"ation "ompulsory up to the age of the /9 and hen"e they hae ery low in"iden"e of

"hild labor. But on the other hand the deeloping and underdeeloped nation do not hae

su"h stringent poli"ies regarding primary edu"ation# therefore they suffer a ery high

in"iden"e of "hild labor. $he per"eption of arious unedu"ated people is that inesting

money in edu"ation in"urs high e;penditure and yields low returns# but the empiri"al

eiden"e suggests that ma5ing primary edu"ation "ompulsory is helpful in

remoing "hild labor. $he aim of United %ations is to a"hiee millennium deelopment

goals by 01/9 and that "an be a"hieed only if the problem of "hild labor is ta"5led by all

member states and other agen"ies.

$he study by 'dmonds# (0110) fo"uses on the effe"t of globali>ation on "hild labor. +t has

ta5en the ,ietnam6s "ase study# where the "hild labor was primarily employed on ri"e

farms. As the ,ietnam6s e"onomy opened up and the e;ports of ri"e in"reased. +t had a

"orresponding effe"t on the in"rease in the pri"es of ri"e whi"h eentually resulted in the

in"rease of all labor wages# both adult and "hild labor. $his in"rease had an inerse effe"t

on "hild labor. As "ompared to /@@1s it had J9K sharp de"line. +nterestingly what "ame

out was that the parents wanted their "hildren to attend s"hool rather than wor5# therefore

in"rease in adult labor substituted the "hild labor. Although su"h "laims are not true for

all e"onomies. +t is only possible# where the fa"tors of produ"tion are equally distributed#whi"h is a rare phenomenon in the modern world.

Bu"h (0119) presents the findings of a field study a"ross fie states (Andhra !radesh#

7adhya !radesh# &aryana# rissa# a


18/81

Lawyers said that the edu"ated are de"eiing the illiterate. ?rong "ertifi"ates are being

produ"ed. Some people say they hae gien their "hild for adoption or others disown

their "hild. A""ording to the resear"her in the re"ent years# the growth of population in

the "ountry is alarming. +t is e;pe"ted from the !an"hs# Sarpan"hs to set good e;amples

and they are supposed to maintain norm of two "hildren. +f they themseles iolate the

same# what e;ample they "an set before the publi"N6

$he analysis of this study is that the two "hild norm has serious impa"t on the status of

women. De"ision ma5ing in reprodu"tion has not been in women6s hands and yet they

suffer "onsequen"es of implementation of the norm dire"tly or indire"tly.

a< and *hauhan (011/) opined that the phenomenon of "hild labor is multi dimensional.

*hild labor harms not only the present generation but also the future generations. +f one

"on"eies the idea of "hild labor# it brings before the eyes the pi"ture of little and tender

"hildren being e;ploited.

+n this study the resear"hers hae mentioned the reasons why "hild labor is supplied and

demanded in the labor mar5et. rom the supply side# they spe"ifi"ally fo"used on poerty

and "aste fa"tors. !arent6s iews that more "hildren6s mean more earnings# whi"h indu"es

"hild labor. $hus poerty propels the parents to send their "hildren to wor5 so as to get

more in"ome and to meet the basi" needs of the family. Another reason for supply of

"hild labor is the "aste fa"tor. So"ial# "ultural# traditional fa"tors are responsible for the

plight of "hildren in +ndia. $raditionally# "hildren of upper "aste families begin their lies

in s"hool# a""ording to their "ulture# whereas "hildren of lower "aste start their lies in

wor5 a""ordingly to their family "ulture. n the demand side# determinants of "hild labor

are sour"e of "heap labor# "hildren hae less deeloped egos and there are no laborunions for them. +t is "on"luded that arious "ir"umstan"es li5e poerty# low family

in"ome# illitera"y# "aste# and tradition# la"5 of interest in studies or loss of parents lead to

wor5 in early stage. 7any laws hae been passed in +ndia 5eeping in iew the

"onstitutional "ommitments relating to the welfare and prote"tion of "hildren. $his study

e;plains that it is not enough to hae a plethora of laws ena"ted to proide legal

prote"tion to "hild wor5ers# regulate their wor5ing "onditions. $he most important fa"tor

is to install effe"tie administratie ma"hinery to enfor"e the law.

&ussain and Sarwar"h (0119) bring out# the arious problems pertaining to "hild labor in

A>ad Iashmir. er here out of total population of 8.J million J8.9 K( /91@J1) are

"onsisting of "hildren below the age of /9. $his study is based on primary data "olle"ted

from maaffarabad. Sin"e A>ad Iashmir is a

disputed land between +ndia and !a5istan therefore it la"5s arious big industries. $he

e"onomy is based on tertiary and agri"ulture se"tor. Although gender distribution between

male and female is equal and ma


19/81

population e;plosion# illitera"y# unemployment# underemployment and poor goernan"e

and poerty whi"h is the maation) and goernment e was 89K equaling 91 "hildren. $he fo"us was on s"hool "hildren from "lass

:th to /1th# where J/J urban and 81: rural wor5ers were "onta"ted. $he study reealed

80.9K of these "hildren went to wor5# where .:K isited a health fa"ility in the past

one year# 1.K in urban area attributed to low in"ome# .0K were s"olded by their

employer for wor5ing slowly and :0.K were beaten due to the same reason. $he

analysis of data showed the main reason for high "hild labor# where family is in debt#

presen"e of a handi"apped member or an al"oholi"# oer "rowded families and

unedu"ated mothers.

Lieten (0118) tried to study the relationship between globali>ation and "hild labor. irstly

there are two proponents of this approa"h. ne thin5s that globali>ation has a positie

impa"t on redu"ing "hild labor and other thin5s i"e ersa. $hough the empiri"al

eiden"es suggest that "hild labor per"entage throughout the world has "ome down and it

"an be attributed to the rising trade between the "ountries. A""ording to this study# it is

not right to hae a general approa"h of the impa"t of globali>ation on "hild labor# be"ause

it is "ountry and e"onomy spe"ifi". n one hand we hae the study of ,ietnam# where

rising pri"e of ri"e e;ports had a positie impa"t on de"lining "hild labor# this was

be"ause "hild labor was equitably distributed in agri"ultural se"tor# but that "an6t be said

for "ountries li5e Oambia# Boliia and 7oldaia whi"h hae witnessed de"line in

s"hooling and rise in "hild labor.

+n +ndia "hild labor has de"reased in oer the past two de"ades the figures hae "ome

down from 09 K to K in the age group of /1/J years. $his de"line "an6t be attributed


20/81

to globali>ation be"ause "hild labor has played a substitution affe"t within arious

industries. 'arlier it was higher in "arpet weaing industries and glass industry and now it

has shifted to sari weaing and Beedi ma5ing industries. 'en if e;port oriented

industries obsered a de"line in "hild labor# still it would hae meager impa"t on the

same be"ause the ma;imum proportion of "hild labor is in agri"ultural se"tor# so the

de"line in "hild labor for +ndia "an primarily be due to strong goernment poli"ies and its

implementation but not due to globali>ation.

7ore than globali>ation it is the me"hanism of e"onomy whi"h determines the impa"t of

"hild labor. $he 7%*6s are profit oriented and always loo5 to e;ploit the resour"es.

$herefore the supply of "hild labor is equally responsible for high in"iden"e of "hild

labor. +n this light it is important to emphasi>e on *orporate So"ial esponsibility (*S)

and for"e "ompanies to ta5e a strong a"tion against "hild labor.

*hild labor was one of the worst problems "reated by the industrial system. +n earlier /@th

"entury 'ngland# "hildren wor5ed in the dar5# dirty fa"tories# sometimes "hained to their

ma"hines from sunrise to sunset. +n the United States# "hildren as young as years old

wor5ed in mills# "anneries# een mines for /J hours a day. $hough legislation# the

employment of young "hildren in fa"tories has been almost eliminated in the United

States and other industriali>ed ?estern nations. ?hile the e;ploitation of "hild laborers

has been greatly redu"ed# it has not been eliminated= it is widespread in deeloping

"ountries and een in some industriali>ed nations. ()merica 'ederation of La%or# 0118)

$he employment of "hildren in United States industries in"reased along with industrial

e;pansion after /1. +n /@11# one in eery : "hildren between the ages of /1/9 wasgainfully employed. *hild labor law was passed by *ongress in /@/: and /@/@# where

"hild labor was de"lared un"onstitutional. A greatest reform "ame in /@8 with the

passage of the fair labor standard a"t# whi"h remains the basi" legislation on "hild labor.

+t sets /:years as the minimum age for employment in any business or industry. $he

minimum age for employment in ha>ardous o""upation is /years. An amendment in

/@J@ allows "hildren less than /: years to wor5 in offi"es or stores out of s"hool hours.

Burra (0119) has tried to redefine the "on"ept of "hild Hwor56 and Hlabor6 and has also

tried to differentiate between the two. A""ording to her# any a"tiity whi"h disrupts the

growth of "hildren is harmful and should be banned# irrespe"tie of whether it is "hild

wor5 or labor. $he resear"her has tried to unearth myth that girl "hild are more e;ploited

as "ompared to boys. A""ording to her# in all S%A a"tiities boys are mu"h more

e;ploited in all areas. $he author also points out that most resear"h on "hild labor has

been fo"used on ha>ardous a"tiities only# and there has been ery less fo"us on non

ha>ardous wor5 although both forms of wor5 harm "hild deelopment. She "riti"i>ing the

data "olle"tion pro"edures the study points out that most of data relate to s"hool going


21/81

"hildren# whereas in reality most "hildren are out of s"hooling system.

$he study has tried to bring out the e;tent of informal e"onomy whi"h "onsists of arious

supporting a"tiities# su"h as all sort of domesti" wor5# helping mothers in their wor5#

ta5ing "are of their siblings and aged people. $he informal e"onomy "onstitutes J9K to

the GD! of +ndia. $here are many "hildren asso"iated to the informal e"onomy whi"h

remains una""ounted for. *hildren inoled in informal e"onomy also "onstitutes to "hild

labor. $he primary reason for hiring "hildren is to ta5e adantage of ignoran"e#

inno"en"e# la"5 of awareness of their rights. $he goernment poli"ies and programs for

this "ause are grossly faulty# as their %ational "hild Labor !rogaramme (%*L!) whi"h

enrolls "hildren for edu"ation purpose while they are a"tually mainly e;ploited in the

name of s5ill enhan"ement. $he reality is "hildren in spe"ial s"hools are paid less than the

aerage "hild laborer. Goernment is unable to ta5e a"tion against arious employers as

there are many out of "ourt settlement.

Dabir and %igud5ar (011) highlight the issue of rising "hild abuse and negle"t in our

so"iety. *hild abuse and negle"t is an issue that demands an urgent response form so"iety

and the state. A""ording to ?& (/@@@) "hild abuse and maltreatment is Hall forms of

physi"al or emotional ill treatment# se;ual abuse# negle"t or negligent treatment or other

e;ploitation# resulting in a"tual or potential harm to the "hild health# surial#

deelopment or dignity in the "onte;t of a relationship of responsibility # trust or power6.

Globally "hild abuse "onstitutes four types of maltreatment# physi"al abuse# se;ual abuse#

emotional abuse and psy"hologi"al abuse. $his study indi"ates a phenomenal per"entage

of abuse e;perien"ed by +ndian "hildren.

$he states of Andhra !radesh# Assam# Bihar and Delhi hae almost "onsistently reported

higher rates of abuses in all forms as "ompared to other states. +n ea"h type of abuse one

obseres that the in"iden"e of abuse is higher among the ulnerable groups as "ompared

to the general group of "hildren in s"hool. $he aftermaths of "hild abuse are more seere

than the a"t itself= it "reates "hain rea"tion# psy"hologi"al problems# therefore the i"tims

of "hild abuse need spe"ial "are and attention.

Globali>ation# espe"ially in the "onte;t of traffi"5ing# "hild labor has in"reased the

number of "hildren being e;ploited for "ommer"ial gains. +n the western "ountries the

"on"ept of "hild ado"a"y "entre atta"hed to s"hools# hospitals and "ompulsory reporting

of abuse has been effe"tie in inestigating many "ases of abuse. +n +ndia su"h measures

are gradually eoling. +ntegrated seri"es of "ounseling# medi"al treatment# legal help#

rehabilitation need to be deeloped. $here is an urgent need to adapt the western models

to suit "ulture.

Dei5a (011) has ta5en the impa"t of demographi" transition and "hild "are and


22/81

7alayalee "ommunity. As it is "lear Ierala has the ma;imum litera"y rate in +ndia but the

"ream is moing to the western "ountry# moreoer in spite of higher litera"y rate and

good edu"ational ba"5ground the employment opportunities in Ierala are ery low. $his

has gien rise in people moing in out of their families for wor5. +n the past two de"ades

there has been a shift from ation and "ultural effe"ts of "hildhood and

teenage# adoles"en"e has remained largely ignored.

7ehrotra (011:) has highlighted the impa"t and "onsequen"es of malnutrition and how it

effe"ts the growth of the e"onomy. A""ording to the resear"her "hild malnutrition is an

irreersible phenomenon and organi>ations should ta5e a seere "all on this problem.

*hild malnutrition has lifelong impli"ations and is li5ely to pass on to the up"oming

generations. 7ainly there are three types of malnutrition# Underweight# stunted andwasting.

7alnutrition is a fun"tion of not only poerty but other enironmental "onditions also.

But poerty is dire"tly related to malnutrition. +n South 'ast Asia the per"entage of

malnutrition among "hildren is J@K whi"h is quite high# as "ompared to Sub Saharan

Afri"a where it is "lose to 8/K. +ndia# Bangladesh# !a5istan and Sri Lan5a "onstitute

1K malnutrition "ases in the entire South Asia region.*hild malnutrition is "losely

lin5ed to "hild deaths. *hildren are e;posed to deadly diseases su"h as diarrhea#

!neumonia et" whi"h often result in high "hild mortality rate. Although "hild mortality

rate is quite high in Sub Saharan region# it is /1 +n South Asia it is J on aerage# the

reason for lower "hild mortality rate in South Asia region is better medi"al fa"ilities and

aailability of antibioti"s.

$he author has hinted at gender dis"rimination as a reason for high "hild malnutrition in

South Asia# he beliees that women should get an equal status as when they be"ome

mothers# so they are able to gie proper "are and attention to their "hildren. $he author


23/81

suggests programs li5e s"hool feeding program# mid day meal program for oer"oming

these problems.

7aations su"h as U%+*'# ? Bellagia "hild surial study

group. As per the 7DG6s "hild mortality rate would "ome down to 1 deathsP/111 by theyear 0111. But it seems this goal would not be a"hieed een by the year 01/9. $he

primary reason for this is faulty planning and poor implementations of "hild surial

programmers (*S!s). $he fo"us of U%+*' under the leadership of *arol Bellamy has

been the upliftment of girl "hild and their deelopment# but she grossly negle"ted

maternal health and "hild "are. 'en in +ndia arious a""ines related programs are under

Hdeep s"anner6 as its effe"tieness still remains a question mar5.

$he 91K "hild mortality rate is "ontrolled by : "ountries and J0 "ountries "ontrol @1K of

*7. U%+*' has "ome up with uniersal +mmuni>ation programs whi"h "oer a""ine

treatment for disease li5e yellow feer# oral polio# D!$# D$ et". Basi"ally there are four

partners in the U+! program the mother# the "hild# a""ine administrator and a""ine

itself. Unless all the four are syn"hroni>ed# the impa"t of U+! "ould not be felt. +t has also

hinted on the storage "onditions of these a""ines as there poten"y is affe"ted. or a

future deelopment both ?& and U%+*' should wor5 in syn" for proper

implementation of this program. $he most fundamental right of all is the Hright to

surie6.


24/81

$he study by !rasad (0111) shows that the problem of "hild labor is multifa"eted. $he

number of "hild labor in +ndia has de"lined both in absolute and relatie terms between

/@/ and /@@/. $his study shows that it is not a signifi"ant as the absolute numbers of

"hild laborers is quite large. $he author indi"ates that "hild labor indi"ates in +ndia is

largely engaged in subsisten"e a"tiities in family based produ"tion units# whi"h are often

lin5ed to the mar5et and e;"hange me"hanisms throw the transfer of the "ommodities and

also the labor power.

$he author suggests that the strategies of poerty alleiation and rural deelopment

s"hemes along with other s"hemes for the proision of so"ial se"urity and infrastru"ture#

"oupled with uniersal primary edu"ation "ould progressiely eliminate "hild labor.

apid e"onomi" deelopment alone "an proide a sound e"onomi" base to "ombat "hild

labor. $he author suggests that a "ampaign to eliminate "hild labor on the lines total

litera"y "ampaign with the "onergen"e of all related# releant poli"ies and s"hemesseems to be the most appropriate method to ensure elimination of "hild labor in +ndia.

Das and 7u5heres the importan"e of goernmental poli"ies in enhan"ing the quality

of s"hooling and enfor"ing s"hool attendan"e. +mportan"e of adult edu"ation program is

also not small. +t is 5nown is that parental edu"ation plays an important role in the

tenden"y of "hild6s edu"ation. $hus it has a dire"t effe"t on the in"iden"e of s"hool drop

out rate and "hild labor rate. Despite goernmental poli"ies on giing in"enties for

s"hooling the s"hool drop out rate are ery high# whi"h signifies failure of these poli"ies

and their poor implementation. $he goernment should loo5 for better adult edu"ation

program and emphases on female edu"ation to eradi"ate the problem of poerty# illitera"y

and "hild labor.

'dmonds and !a"ni5 (011J) study the effe"t of "hild labor with "ross "ountries trade.

Before this study# there were many studies "ondu"ted on the effe"t of globali>ation on the

status of "hild labor. $here were "ontrasting reiews as some suggested that globali>ation

had a positie effe"t on "hild labor and others were opposite to this. But the earlier

studies were in"on"lusie# be"ause they didn6t study the effe"t of other fa"tors su"h as


25/81

status of the e"onomy# GD!# !er "apita in"ome# equitable distribution of wealth and

openness of an e"onomy# whi"h in this study are ta5en "are off.

$his study in"ludes data "olle"ted from //8 "ountries diided in two groups '*D and

non '*D# and then further diided in deeloping and deeloped nations. $he

methodology of the study was LS# 0SLS and regression model. $he results suggest that

"hild labor and openness to trade are negatiely "orrelated with nations haing low !!!.

Q M8:11 hae a higher de"line rate of "hild labor with respe"t to openness to trade (1.@)

and nations whi"h has a higher !!! H between6M8#:11M:111 hae a lower de"line rate of

"hild rate with trade (1.). $he results indi"ate that nations whi"h are less deeloped=

oer there the trade has positie effe"t on de"line of "hild labor# whereas the "ountries

whi"h are deeloped hae a lesser or irtually no impa"t of trade on "hild labor.

%aidu and amaiah (011:) regard *hild labor as a serious problem in +ndia. Any "hild

who is outside s"hooling system is "onsidered as "hild labor. As per fa"tories A"t of /@J@HA person below the age of /J years is to be regarded as a "hild6. $herefore any physi"al

labor underta5en by a "hild below /J years# either by "ompulsion or oluntarily in any

for of organi>ation( organi>ed or unorgani>ed) is "lassified as "hild labor. !oerty is

argued as one of the serious problem "ontributing to "hild labor. !arents send their

"hildren to wor5 for meager amount in the form of in"ome. $his is so be"ause of their

ignoran"e# illitera"y and la"5 of awareness about the importan"e of edu"ation in today6s

world. erall K of the wor5ing for"e is "onstituted by "hild labor.

$o eradi"ate these problems goernment set up %ational Authority for the elimination of

*hild labor (%A*L). +nitiated by '; !rime 7inister Sri !.,. %arsima ao in /@@:# the%A*L has "losely wor5ed with +L and U%+*' to widespread the awareness on "hild

labor throughout +ndia.

$he ma;imum proportion of "hild labor is in agri"ulture and household. $o oer"ome this

problem we must fo"us on edu"ation as it is impossible for s"hool going "hildren to be a

part of full time employment. Goernment and other agen"ies should "losely wor5 to

improe the quality of edu"ation and in"rease the edu"ational fa"ilities# ma5ing it

aailable for all. !oerty is not the sole "ause of "hild labor be"ause many poor parents

also send their "hildren to s"hool instead of sending them to wor5 be"ause they reali>e

the long term benefit of edu"ation. +t is our duty to ma5e eeryone aware about the

edu"ation as it will help in the oerall deelopment of the e"onomy.

Sinha (011) fo"uses on the e;tent of "hild labor in the agri"ultural se"tor. A""ording to

011/ "ensus twothird of all "hild labor for"e in +ndia is in this se"tor. erall there are

9.: million "hildren wor5ing in agri"ulture of whi"h 0.9 million are girls. 'arlier when

the "on"ept of "hild labor was eoled it loo5ed at the ha>ardous wor5ing "onditions


26/81

only. $he poli"y ma5ers at that time fo"used on abolishing "hild labor in only ha>ardous

wor5ing "onditions. Sin"e agri"ultural wor5 is treated as non ha>ardous# therefore the

e;tent of "hild labor was oerloo5ed in this se"tor. *hildren wor5ing on the farms# in the

fields# herding sheep and "attle# sowing and haresting# plu"5ing flowers# fruits#

egetables were loo5ed as s5ill enhan"ement a"tiities# good for their deelopment. But

in reality these "hildren do these a"tiities at the e;pense of edu"ation. $his study reeals

that only 8./9K of "hildren wor5ing in agri"ultural se"tor reap the benefits of s"hooling

system. +n addition most of these "hildren are e;posed to physi"al torture as in the

pro"ess# their s5in gets fully peeled and their body is full of deadly sores. &en"e een

agri"ultural wor5 ta5es a serious toll on their health and is ha>ardous in nature.

$he world day against "hild labor on /0thune 011 was primarily fo"used on "hildren

wor5ing in agri"ultural se"tor and the fo"us was to bring out strategies against abolishing

"hild labor in this se"tor. $he prime fo"us was to ma5e primary edu"ation "ompulsory for

all# as this would "ompel "hildren to opt out of wor5 for edu"ation. $he study alsosuggested "ertain amendments in "hild labor a"t of /@:# whi"h prohibits "hild labor in

"ertain ha>ardous pro"esses and o""upations# whi"h e;"lude agri"ultural se"tor. +tuser

was further suggested that all goernment agen"ies and firms should "losely wor5

together in abolishing "hild labor from agri"ultural and other se"tors.

$he resear"h by Bai>en and Salmon (011) is based on the study of parental health and

its effe"t on "hild labor in Bangladesh. $he surey was "ondu"ted on more than 8#111

indiiduals in #JJ1 households. $he number of "hild wor5ers in Bangladesh is estimated

at .@ million by the labor for"e surey. $his in"ludes //.9K of total "hildren on

Bangladesh both equally distributed in rural and urban areas. Although the proportion ofboys is more as "ompared to girl parti"ipation in labor related a"tiity.

$he methodology of study in"luded a biariate !robit model. $o study the effe"t of father

illness on mother6s and "hildren labor mar5et parti"ipation. +t further diides father6s

illness as temporary and "hroni" diseases. 7oreoer it diides mother6s parti"ipation#

"hildren6s parti"ipation as son6s and daughter6s parti"ipation. $he results show that

mother6s parti"ipation is ery low if father6s illness is temporary or short term in nature.

7other6s parti"ipation only in"reases if father6s illness is "hroni" or irreersible# another

fa"tor in in"reasing mother6s employability is her edu"ation# and on the other hand for all

"ases son6s parti"ipation supersedes daughter6s wor5 parti"ipation. $he onus is shifted on

sons as the best repla"ement for father6s bad health. $his phenomenon is higher in

underdeeloped "ountries and deeloping "ountries# be"ause people are liing edge to

edge and fa"e poerty problem. +% su"h "ases "hildren hae to forgo edu"ation for

supporting basi" family needs. $he probable solution is to introdu"e insuran"e s"heme s

and si"5ness benefit programs in the payroll of all employees in Bangladesh and other

areas.


27/81

-api (0119) highlights the problem of "hild slaery and its impa"t on the so"iety in the

world. $his paper questions on the e;tent of "hild slaery in our so"iety. A "hild is

"onsidered slae if he is under the age of /# re"eies e;tremely little or no pay# is

"ontrolled by iolen"e or other threats# has no option to leae the situation# has no a""ess

to edu"ation or health "are. $here are more than @ million "hild slaes in the world. $he

aerage pri"e of a slae today is M1. ne in eery si; "hildren aged 9/years

worldwide is e;ploited by "hild labor. $his phenomenon is more than J11 hundred years

old. $here are 0 million adult and "hild slaes in the world today= Latin Ameri"a has the

ma;imum per"entage of these slaes (:1.:K).

$here are arious types of "hild slaery su"h as for"ed labor# whi"h means to e;tra"t

wor5 or seri"es from any person using the threat of penalty# other is debt bondage whi"h

o""urs when an indiidual is pledged into slaery as "ollateral on a loan or to pay a debt.

*hattel slaery is where "hildren are iewed as personal property# whi"h "an be sold andtraded by their masters# religious slaery refers to when "hildren are sold or gien to

temple gods or priests and all these types of slaery effe"ts on "hildren6s health.

*hild slaes are ulnerable and their health is not ta5en "are off# moreoer they denied

a""ess to edu"ation and they are not a""epted by their families. $he reasons for "hild

slaery are poerty# tradition# oerpopulation and physi"al si>e. +n order to remoe "hild

slaery eeryone has to ta5e a stand towards it. $his has to be ta5en at an indiidual leel.

At most we must edu"ate eeryone and spread awareness regarding this deadly disease to

all and support in best possible way whi"h we "an.

Allen et al.(0119) emphasi>es on using te"hnology for bridging edu"ational gaps in our

so"iety. $he prime fo"us is to bring down the in"iden"e of "hild labor in the world. +t has

been assumed that parent send their "hildren be"ause they are poor and they "an not

afford formal edu"ation system. 7ost of these parents are unaware of the ha>ards of the

impa"t of "hild labor.

Some of the measures in "ombating "hild labor are edu"ating parents and "ommunities

about arious ills and after effe"ts of "hild labor. 7oreoer parents should be gien

o"ational training that will enable them for better employment prospe"ts and help them

in improing their e"onomi" "onditions. +n addition# this study suggests that edu"ation

will help in redu"ing "hild labor. Sin"e there is shortage of formal edu"ation fa"ilities and

is e;pensie for aerage people therefore we should stress on informal system. Some of

the tools for this edu"ation system are satellite ideo# satellite radio# broad"ast $.,#

satellite internet# broad"ast radio# multimedia et". $he rationale of su"h edu"ation system

is based on proiding good quality edu"ation at nominal "osts# ma5ing it aailable in

under deeloped "ommunities# where the infrastru"ture is inadequate. $he motie behind


28/81

su"h programs is to ma5e edu"ation aailable for all in a hope that these "hildren "ould


29/81

"ompulsory and "ome up with poerty alleiation programs# as poerty and illitera"y is

"onsidered as the prime reasons for highs "hild labor in"iden"es. *ountries li5e 7alaysia

and Iorea hae been su""essful in redu"ing "hild labor through these programs. Still

mu"h wor5 is needed in regions su"h as Afri"a and South'ast Asia where "hild labor is

still a big mena"e.

$he report ta5en after the ratifi"ation of the two "onention (/8 and /0) shows that the

su""ess rate was "lose to 9/K and helped in redu"ing "hild labor in arious "ategories

su"h as# ha>ardous nature (8.K)# traffi"5ing (89.JK)# prostitution ([email protected])#

pornography (01.K) and others by /K. $he +L beliees that problem of "hild labor

has to be ta"5led


30/81

$he authors study is based on the e;periment whi"h shows that if all "hildren are pulled out of

wor5# this would "reate a labor shortage whi"h would hae to be "ompensated by adult laborers as

they would be the best substitutes of "hild labors. $his sudden in"rease in their demand will help in

in"reasing the adult wage rates whi"h would help in fulfilling the gap of poerty. $herefore

banning "hild labor will help in soling arious problems at one time. urthermore these parents

would then in turn send their "hildren to s"hool and help in improing the litera"y rate of the

"ountry. Although this has to be done in a planned manner# se"tor wise be"ause if not properly

implemented might result in some aderse effe"t and may widen the poerty gap. !roper planning

and thoughtful implementation will be a 5ey to the su""ess of this e;periment.

U%+*' and *hild Labor (0118) U%+*' has been wor5ing with +L in redu"ing "hild labor

worldwide. As per the definition pres"ribed by the same HAny person below the age of /: inoled

in any wor5 whi"h disrupts their s"hooling system is "onsidered as a i"tim of "hild labor.

7oreoer U%+*' has gien "ertain "onentions towards prote"ting the rights of "hildren. $he

basi" aim of these "onentions is to aoid any form of e;ploitation of a person below the age of /years.

U%+*' has tried to identify the "auses as to why parents send their "hildren to wor5F Broadly

they hae identified two fa"tors i.e. supply and demand fa"tor. or the supply fa"tor the basi"

reasons are poerty# sin"e parents earn ery little money whi"h is insuffi"ient to support their

family needs that is why they are "ompelled to send their "hildren at wor5# family brea5down#

many families loose their wor5ing members due to diseases# whi"h for"e "hildren to wor5#

moreoer in many "ountries the attitude towards s bad# and many minority groups fa"e high leel

of dis"rimination whi"h "onstitutes high supply of "hild labor.

$he demand fa"tors suggest that "hildren are e"onomi"al and obedient. $hey hae nimble fingers

whi"h suits "ertain


31/81

"hildren.

U%+*' has ta5en up a stiff role in "ountries whi"h uses "hildren as soldiers= it has already "harted

out programs whi"h hae resulted in redu"ing ten thousand "hild soldiers. +t also wor5s

internationally or nationally to "ombat the "ommer"ial se;ual e;ploitation of "hildren# they hae

opened up seeral "ounseling "enter for assisting these i"tims. Banning "hild labor has to be

underta5en in a phased manner to bring an effe"tie impa"t in redu"ing poerty and "hild labor.

$endam (011) fo"uses on "hild domesti" labor in Ghana. A""ording to +L there are /0.:K of

Ghana labor for"es "onsisting of "hildren. Around :/.@K of males and :@.K of females aged 9

years parti"ipated in household "hores for minimum of one hourP day. $his figures rise up to :K

and @1.@K respe"tiely for "hildren aged /J years. $he author defines "hildren as per the

"onention stipulated by U% and "hildren a"t of Ghana @ whi"h states that any person below the

age of / years should be "onsidered as "hild. $he problem of "hild domesti" labor is not a new

phenomenon as many "hildren are part of household "hores su"h as "oo5ing# washing# "leaning#

and "hild minding# petty trading. er there "hildren are Hsent away6 to lie with relaties ine;"hange for the possibility of brighter future. $his was "onsidered as a Hnoble6 a"t worthy of

gratitude but in reality it turned into a pra"ti"e of unpaid "hild labor where the welfare of "hild too5

a ba"5 seat# oer families need.

Some of the reasons asso"iated with "hild labor where poerty# illitera"y# gender dis"rimination and

"ultural roles. A""ording to "hild a"t of @ set the minimum age for employment as /9 years#

although "hildren aged /8 were allowed to wor5 in non ha>ardous wor5ing "ondition and that of

light nature. $he goernment of Ghana is "losely wor5ing with other organi>ations su"h as +L#

U%+*' for deeloping strategies for preenting this problem.

Be""hetti and $roato (011/) try to establish a relationship between a "hild laborGD! !er "apita

phenomenon .+t has been assumed that GD!R!!! and "hild labor hae a negatie relationship#

whi"h means any e"onomy haing a high GD! tends to hae a low in"iden"e of "hild labor. *hina#

'thiopia suggests the same as their rise in GD!R!!! has had a negatie impa"t on leels of "hild

labor# for both the "ountries the leel of "hild labor "ame down from J1KtoK and J8Kto8K

respe"tiely in the past /1 years.

+n this study the author tries to study the other fa"tors affe"ting both GD! and *hild labor

su"h as quality of life and edu"ation. $he results suggest that there is no one way for

redu"ing "hild labor be"ause many e"onomies hae seen a positie relationship between

the same.

%2 3inin!s ,ase on Review


32/81

#ro,le"s Solutions

/. !oerty /. !oerty alleiation programs

0. Global ';ploitation 0. Better S"hooling fa"ilities

8. *hild Abuse# %egle"t 8. *ampaigning against "hild labor.

J. 7alnutrition J. 7idday meal programs

9. 'asy Bait 9. 7a5ing primary edu"ation "ompulsory.


33/81

:. amily in Debt :. Better employment programs for parents

. Unemployment . +n"reasing trade a"tiities will redu"e "hild

. Gender dis"rimination labor.

@. +nadequate s"hooling fa"ilities . Giing equal status to women

/1. er !opulation @. 'mphasis on spe"ial s"hools

//. &+,PA+DS /1. . $wo"hild norm

/0. Se;ual Abuse //. ?or5ing towards 7DG=s

/8. *aste fa"tor /0. Stringent norms against "riminal a"ts su"h

/J. *hildren e;ploited through negligen"e as se;ual

of informal e"onomy /8. Benefits to lower strata.

/9. !oor implementation of 7i"ro /J. oint efforts in integrating the problem ofinan"e programs "hild labor from Goernment and other

/:. 7isinterpretation of laws. agen"ies.

/. Less importan"e on 7other6s /9. Appropriation of arious mi"ro finan"e

edu"ation. s"hemes

/G. *hildren used as mere "ommodities.

/:. Better implementation of law

/@. !oor medi"al fa"ilities. /. 'mphasis on mother6s edu"ation

01. So"io e"onomi" disparity. /. oint efforts in integrating the problem of

"hild labor from Goernment and other

agen"ies.

/@. +mproing medi"al fa"ilities

01. +n"reasing trade a"tiities will

redu"e "hild labor

+n this "hapter we hae e;plained arious statisti"al tools and te"hniques whi"h we hae

used for our data analysis and interpretation. 7oreoer it also e;plains the methodology#


34/81

blue !rint and resear"h design used during our resear"h.

C+A#'-R.&=

ational Le!islation an Recent Develop"ents of Chil La,or in &nia

+n +ndia# there are seeral rules and guidelines regarding "hild labor. Sin"e the

establishment of our "onstitution many rules and regulations hae been framed for

prote"ting the "hildren and the youth of our "ountry. $his "hapter dis"usses the laws and

regulations framed by the goernment# the amendments for labor laws and regulations#

the a"tion plan of the *entre and the State goernments and other re"ent deelopments to

ta"5le this problem. +ndia has been proa"tie regarding the needs of "hild "aredeelopment. $he study tries to highlight some of the re"ent deelopments and a"tiities

pertaining to "hild labor to fo"us on the s"ope# appli"ability and limitations of arious

rules and regulations.

8%1 Articles

A""ording to the "onstitution of +ndia (0: an /@91)# the arious arti"les enshrined in the

fundamental rights and the dire"tie prin"iples of state poli"es are3

/. %o *hild Below the age of /J shall be employed to wor5 in any fa"tory# mine or

engaged in any other ha>ardous employment (Arti"le 0J).

0. $he state shall dire"t its poli"y towards se"uring that the health and strength of

wor5ers# men # women and the tender age of "hildren are not abused and that they

are not for"ed by e"onomi" ne"essity to enter o"ations unsuited to their age and

strength (Arti"le 8@ e).

8. *hildren shall be gien opportunities and fa"ilities to deelop in a healthy manner

and in "onditions of freedom# dignity and that "hildhood and youth shall be

prote"ted against moral# material abandonment (Arti"le8@f).

J. $he state shall 'ndeaour to proide with in a period of /1 years from the

"ommen"ement of the "onstitution for free and "ompulsory edu"ation for all

"hildren until they "omplete the age of /J years (Arti"leJ9).


35/81

8% Laws an Re!ulations Re!arin! Chil La,or

*hild labor is a matter on whi"h both the Union Goernment and State Goernment "an

legislate. A number of legislation initiaties hae been underta5en at both leels. $he

ma


36/81

8%%1 'he 3actor7 Act> 1?8ardous

"onditions or enironment. H&a>ardous pro"ess6 means any pro"ess or a"tiity in relation

to an industry spe"ified in the first s"hedule where# unless spe"ial "are is ta5en# raw

material used there in or the intermediate or finished produ"ts# bye produ"ts# wastes or

effluents there of would3

1% *ause material impairment to the health of the persons engaged in or"onne"ted therewith# or

% esult in the pollution of the general enironment

8%% Bone La,or Act of 1?;6

$he bonded labor A"t "ame in to for"e on @ ebruary /@:. A""ording to this A"t the

bonded labor system would stand abolish and eery bonded labor shall on su"h"ommen"ement# stand freed and dis"harged from any obligation to render# any bonded

labor. All the bonded labor agreements would be"ome oid# whi"h would mean that the

bonded laborer is freed from repaying any amountR obligation towards his bonded labor

agreement. Apart from the bonded labor "ontra"t een the property of the bonded labor

would be freed from mortgage et". 7ore oer# no person who has been freed and

dis"harge under this a"t from any obligation to render any bonded labor shall be ei"ted

from any homestead or other residential premises whi"h he was o""upying immediately

before the "ommen"ement of this A"t as part of the "onsideration for the bonded labor.

Any person# who enfor"es bonded labor# peruses bonded debt or e;tra"ting the bonded

labor "ontra"t is punishable under this A"t for imprisonment for a term whi"h may e;tend

up to 8 years and also with a fine of s01#111P.

8%%2 Chil La,or (#rohi,ition an Re!ulation Act> 1?


37/81

$he "hild labor A"t# /@: "ame into for"e from 08 rdDe"ember /@:. +ts main ob


38/81

0. *arpet weaing

8. *ement manufa"ture# in"luding bagging of "ement.

J. *loth printing# dyeing# weaing.

9. 7anufa"ture of mat"hes# e;plosies and firewor5s.

:. 7i"a"utting and splitting

. Shella" manufa"ture

. Soap manufa"ture

@. ?ool "leaning

/1. Building and "onstru"tion industry

//. 7anufa"ture of slate pen"il

/0. Bri"5 5ilns and roof titles units

/8. Aggarbati manufa"turing

/J.*ashew and "ashew nut de"aling and pro"essing

8%%: A"en"ents to Chil La,or Law of 1?ardous o""upations was raised from the "urrent

leel of /J years to / years. $he union labor ministry notified a signifi"ant

e;pansion of the list of ha>ardous pro"esses and o""upations where the employment


39/81

of "hildren below / years of age is stri"tly prohibited. $he list in"luded /9

o""upations# 9 pro"esses and will now be e;panded to "oer pro"esses inoling

e;"essie heat# "old # timber handling# loading# food pro"essing# beerages industry#

me"hani"al lumbering.

8%%6 &L/ an its Conventions

$he two main "onentions whi"h deal with "hild labor3 $ini"u" A!e Convention>

4orst 3or"s of Chil La,or Convention. Both hae been adopted by +.L.. $he

H7inimum Age "onention6 is based on the prin"iple that "hildren should not start wor5

before rea"hing minimum age. Between /@/@# when it was set up# and the /@16s the

+.L. adopted /1 separate "onentions spe"ifying the minimum age at whi"h "hildren


40/81

"ould start arious


41/81

By De" 0119# it was operational in : "ountries. +!'* is the largest progaramme of its

5ind globally and the biggest single operational progaramme of the +L. $he number and

the range of +!'*6s partners has also e;panded oer the years and now in"ludes other

international# goernment agen"ies# employers# %G6s #et". $heir aim is progressiely to

eliminate "hild labor through edu"ation# so"ial mobili>ation# awareness raising and legal

enfor"ement.

8%2% ational Chil La,or #ro!ara""e (CL#)

%*L! was established in /@ with the aim to rehabilitate "hild laborers by proiding

them with non formal edu"ation and bridge "ourse to fa"ilitate their transition i to formal

s"hooling system. After /@ years# the goernment has been able to only rea"h less than

half distri"ts in the "ountry. $he %*L! has Hsu""essfully6 been able to main stream a

mere 81#111 "hild laborers in to the formal edu"ation system after almost two de"ades.$his number is a drop in the bu"5etN

8%2%2 nite ation &nternational Chilren -ucational 3un (&C-3)

U%+*' has also played an important role in the elimination of "hild labor in &niaby

supporting goernment and %G6s a"tiities in this area. $he primary fo"us of U%+*'

has been preenting "hild labor through !rimary edu"ation. 7ore re"ently# U%+*' has

been inoled in "ombating "hild prostitution and traffi"5ing by organi>ation regional

wor5 shops. A""ording to U%+*'# main issues to ta"5le are3 poerty# malnutrition#

proision of safe drin5ing water# sanitation# A+DS# natural disaster and wars whi"h lead

to in"rease in "hild labor.

8%8 Scope

Although there are seeral laws and regulations regarding "hild labor# oer the past years

the goernment has maintained a firm stands oer this problem. +nitially there were

seeral arti"les whi"h "oered ha>ardous form of wor5 and stated the minimum age of

employment as /J years for su"h a"tiities. $he fa"tory A"t of /@J in"reased the

minimum age of employment to / years for the aboe said a"tiities and pro"esses.

After the "hild labor law of /@: the s"ope was widened from ha>ardous wor5 to seeral

non ha>ardous pro"ess as well whi"h in"luded /J industries and 90 pro"esses. But still

there are many negle"ted areas as well su"h areas in"lude Agri"ulture se"tor# Domesti"

se"tor and non S%A a"tiities. $he ma;imum in"iden"e of "hild labor is in agri"ulture

se"tor whi"h is formally treated as wor5 of light natured and harmless for the

deelopment of "hildren. :@K of the oerall in"iden"e of "hild labor is prealent in this

se"tor whi"h 5eeps them out of s"hooling system. $he se"ond largest employer of "hild


42/81

labor is the domesti" or informal e"onomy. $here are many "hildren who are engaged as

domesti" laborers and are signifi"antly "ontributing to the informal e"onomy. Beside the

Bonded Labor A"t there is no law ta5ing "are of su"h "hildren.

+nitially# we had seeral arti"les whi"h made primary edu"ation "ompulsory up to the age

of /J and supported to gie a basi" minimum enironment to all "hildren by the year


43/81

/@:1. But unfortunately een by the year 011@# the goernment has been quite

unsu""essful in fulfilling the aboe said norms. Still we hae 01#9J@#111 *hildren out of

s"hooling system and there are many more that are unable to get a square meal per day as

against the basi" minimum enironment whi"h was granted by the legislation

8%: #ro!ra"s Re!arin! Chil plift"ent

8%:%1 $i Da7 $eal Sche"e

7id day meal progaramme is an initiatie to proide free mid day meal to "hildren in

goernment s"hool till primary edu"ation. $his is a state leel progaramme whi"h got

populari>ed at the "entral leel. +t was originally "on"eptuali>ed by I. Iamra< e;"hiefminister of $amil %adu in /@0.$he rationale was to ta5e "are of nutritional need of

young budding "hildren at primary leel. A""ording to the resear"h many young "hildren

were fa"ing malnutritional problems whi"h were affe"ting there performan"e in their

s"hool at play.

$he need of su"h programs was identify by seeral other states su"h as Gu


44/81

8%:% Bachpan Bachoo Anolan (BBA)

+t was founded in /@1 by an ele"troni" engineer 7r.*ailash +atyarthi. ?ith the ision

to "reate "hild friendly so"iety# where all "hildren are free from e;ploitation and re"eie

free and quality edu"ation and a mission of to identify # liberate# rehabilitate and edu"ate

"hildren in seritude through dire"t interention #"hild and "ommunity parti"ipation

"oalition building# "onsumer a"tion# promoting ethi"al trade pra"ti"es and mass

mobili>ation. Ba"hpan Ba"hoo Andolan was an initiatie for e;ploring regional grass root

problems and deries an a"tion play relating to "hild laborious. +nitially it fo"used on

res"uing i"tim of "hild traffi"5ing and bonded labor. Slowly and steady it e;panded its

base from South Asia to the rest of the world. +n it arious "ampaign it has res"ued more

than 1#111 "hild laborers and other i"tim of "hild abuse from arious establishments

and industries. 7ore oer it has set up arious rehabilitation "enters a"ross Asia for

giing free edu"ational and o"ational training to these i"tims. $he rationale of theseprogrammers is to proide a platform and base for s5ill and "onfiden"e enhan"ement

whi"h would be helpful for reintegrating these "hildren ba"5 to the so"iety.

+n the present "onte;t Ba"hpan Ba"hoo Andolan is wor5ing together with +L# U%+*'#

%ational &uman ights *ommission and seeral goernments for eradi"ating this

problem. +t has set up seeral "ampaigns su"h as Anti fire "ra"5er "ampaign# Domesti"

"hild labor *ampaign# 'du"ational "ampaign# fair play# ug 7ar5# s"hool "ampaign andOari "ampaign. All these programmers are fo"used for res"uing "hildren from arious

industries whi"h are employing "hild labor in huge proportion. $ill date it is the most

effe"tie organi>ation whi"h has "ompanied against "hild labor in +ndia# South Asia.

Satyarthi has engaged een the "ommon man by "iting arious "hild labor in"iden"es to

him and his organi>ation.

8%:%2 Sarva Shikha A,hi7an (SSA)

Sara Shi5ha Abhiyan (SSA) was an initiatie ta5en up by the %DA goernment in the

year 0110. +t was mandate by the : thamendment to the "onstitution +ndia ma5ing free

and "ompulsory edu"ation to the "hildren of ages :/J. !rogaramme aims to a"hiee the

goal of Uniersalisation of 'lementary 'du"ation of satisfa"tory quality by 01/1. $he

!rogaramme see5s to open new s"hool in that habilitation whi"h does not hae s"hooling

fa"ilities and strengthen e;isting s"hool infrastru"ture through proision of additional

"lass room# toilets# drin5ing water# and other s"hooling equipments. $he SSA also would


45/81

strengthen tea"her student ratios whi"h are dismal in seeral ba"5ward and under

deeloped areas. +t would also proide the tea"hing learning materials and support the

a"ademi" infrastru"ture at distri"t leel. +t would gie spe"ial fo"us on girl6s edu"ation

and will ta5e "are of "hildren with spe"ial needs. +n the "oming years it would also

proide "omputer edu"ation to all its "hildren.

$he estimated budget is /1#11J "rore for the "oming years more oer it is planned to

"onstru"t 9 La5h additional "lass room and to appoint more than /#91#111 tea"hers by

01/0.


46/81

8%:%8 Chil La,or A *lo,al #erspective

Global organi>ations su"h as ?.&.# +L# and U%+*' hae been "ontinuously

"ampaigning against "hild labor and are wor5ing towards the upliftment of "hildren as a

whole. $hese organi>ations along with state goernment are "ampaign and "ondu"ting

grass root leel programs towards this "ause. +L has introdu"ed "onention /8# /0

whi"h hae been ratified by /8 members. But to hae global effe"tie programs U% as

set out "ertain 7DG whi"h it plans to a"hiee for all member "ountries. $he 7DG6s are

ensure in"lusie growth pattern# fo"using on eradi"ation of poerty# ma5ing edu"ation for

all# gender equality# women empowerment# redu"ing "hild mortality rate# "ombating

&+,RA+DS and ensuring enironmental sustainability.

U% along with its member states hae loo5ed at some of the premier global problems

whi"h are quite prealent in the world. All these problems are hinted towards theupliftment of humanity. Some of these problems in"lude poerty# hunger# illitera"y#

gender inequality# *hild health# maternal health a""ination problem and enironmental

sustainability. Although "hild labor is not on the "urrent agenda of the 7DG6s but it is

interlin5ed with some of the other problems. U% feels that "hild labor is a fun"tion of

poerty# illitera"y# and gender dis"rimination .$here fore it has fo"used on targeting these

problems for the oerall upliftment of "hildren in a holisti" approa"h. U% has up /11#

timebound minimum programs for ta"5ling "hild related problems. $he first of these

programs was implemented in %epal with an oer iew of raising awareness of the

"ondition of seeral "hild wor5ers. $hese programs would be spread in South Asia and

Sub Saharan regions with an aim of poerty eradi"ation and "hild deelopment. $he goalof these programs is to improe the "onditions of humanity in world and to eradi"ate

so"ial eils by 01/9.

8%:%: 4orl Da7 a!ainst Chil La,or

$he +L with other agen"ies set /0 une as ?orld Day against *hild labor. +t has been set

to raise awareness that edu"ation is the right resour"ed to "hild labor# edu"ation for all

"hildren at least to the minimum age of employment# setting up edu"ational poli"ies that

address "hild labor by proision of properly resour"ed quality edu"ation and s5ills

training# edu"ation to promote awareness on the need to ta"5le "hild labor. 7ore oer#

this day would mar5 as a day for banning "hild labor and raising awareness among

arious people a"ross the world of arious eils of "hild labor.


47/81

8%6 $anifesto (Chil Develop"ent) . Loksa,ha -lections. 00?

8%6%1#reface

or the Lo5sabha ele"tion of 011@ seeral party allian"es had mentioned "ertain a"tion

plan regarding the problem of "hild "are deelopment. $he probable goernments had

5nown the importan"e of "hild welfare for good future goernan"e. !reiously many

goernments had also wor5ed towards this "ause but now we hae tried to highlight some

of the important fa"tors and steps set forth in arious party agendas ta"5ling the problem

of "hild labor.

8%6% #A $anifestos

+ndian %ational *ongress had set up a national "ommition for prote"tion of "hild rights

in 011:. $he "ommition mandate was to ensure the welfare of "hildren as granted by

arious laws and regulations. 7ore oer mandate had introdu"ed "ertain amendments in

*hild Labor A"t of /@: and had introdu"ed new laws for prohibition of "hild labor and

"hild marriage. %ew s"hemes are also pipeline for improing not only the status of the

"hildren but also improing nutritional status. +t has pledged to liberate oer / la5h

Anganwadi wor5ers and helpers in the "oming years.

$he +ndian %ational *ongress "ommits itself to the Uniersalisation of +ntegrated *hild

Deelopment Seri"e (+*DS) by 7ar"h 01/0. +n its mandate it has planned to liberateseeral girl "hildren and to ensure edu"ation for them. +t also would proide spe"ial

monitory in"enties for there families in order to neutrali>e the aderse se; ratio in

"ertain ba"5ward areas. +n addition it would "ontinue to support seeral state

goernments %G6s# who are wor5ing in faor of this "ause. +t had also introdu"ed

seeral 7id Day 7eal programs supporting small "hildren in s"hools and other

edu"ational "enters. +n had also introdu"ed /11 days o


48/81

will sere as a model for this purpose. +t would also ma5e fle;ible primary s"hool timing

to suite parents and "hildren. +t would also uniersali>e se"ondary edu"ation system with

a spe"ial emphasis on girl6s edu"ation at this leel. All assistan"e will proide for a

%ational 7adrasa moderni>ation progaramme. $here would be "lose lin5ages between

s"hool edu"ation and higher edu"ation. +n its mandate it stresses not only on primary

edu"ation but also se"ondary and higher edu"ation. +t would proide spe"ial benefits for

arious edu"ational institutes. +t would also set up national "ommission of edu"ation and

would implement %ational poli"y on edu"ation. erall the B! beliees on improing

edu"ational set up as a proper means of eradi"ating so"ial eils su"h as "hild laboring. +n

manifesto it has "learly "ondemned "hild labor and persists on giing full support to su"h

i"tims in both monitory and psy"hologi"al terms. +t pledges for a"hieing /11K litera"y

rate in this "ountry and states that litera"y is a step forward for further deelopment

whi"h would neutrali>e arious so"ial eils.

8%6%8 'hir 3ront

$hird front has the wea5est approa"h towards "hildren and their deelopment. +t holds

pretty "onseratie and traditional approa"hes for ta"5ling the problem of "hild labor. +n

its mandate it doesn6t hae any thing spe"ial regarding the "hild labor e;"ept it would

uniersali>e the +ntegrated *hild Deelopment Seri"e (+*DS) and implement *hild

Labor !rohibition A"t more effe"tiely. egarding edu"ation it has mentioned :K of the

GD! as publi" e;penditure. +t would further regulate fees# admission and "urri"ula in

priate edu"ational institutes. +t would also s"rap the foreign edu"ation proider6s bill.

$he fo"us of the third front is ery less on "hild deelopment. $hey feel other areas are ofmore importan"e than this problem.

8%; Actions taken up ,7 State *overn"ents re!arin! Chil La,or in Recent 'i"es

Anhra #raesh

After the amendment of "hild labor law# the goernment raided arious pla"es in

domesti"# hospitality se"tor. $hey registered more than 111 "ases and found 81111 "hild

laborers being employed in the same. ut of these /:111 were su""essfully liberated

during that "ampaign. $he ministry of s"hool edu"ation also proided these "hildren free

edu"ation and gae them seeral bridge "ourses. 7ore oer the Goernment deposited

money in the ban5s in their names whi"h "ould be used as inestment for laun"hing them

at a latter stage.

@olkata


49/81

Goernment introdu"ed a program Hsae the "hildren6 in for distri"t of ?estBengal. $he

obardous and domesti" wor5.

$he pro


50/81

training in arious non ha>ardous o""upation. $hese "hildren would also be gien

integrated edu"ational programs along with their o"ational training. $he idea is to

improe the "ondition of these "hildren6s and proide them with the better life.

Delhi.Bihar

n De"ember /# 011 Delhi poli"e along with Bihar poli"e res"ued 0@ "hildren from

illegal fa"tories in arious parts of Delhi and in Iarampura Distri"t. 7ost of these

"hildren were traffi"5ed from Bihar. $hese "hildren were wor5ing in ha>ardous and in

dangerous "onditions for 01 rupees and a square meal per day. $hese "hildren wor5ed for

more than /0 hours a day and /J hours on wee5ends. All these "hildren6s where aged

between /1 to /J years and were lone earning member of their family. A""ording to .S.

*haurasia (&ead BBA) there are many more "hildren wor5ing in su"h industries and this

is only tip of the i"e burg. $he %Gs were instrumental in res"uing more than 011

"hildren in the past one year.

ithari Case 3( /0 ebruary 011@) $he Supreme *ourt upheld its erdi"t on %ithari "ase

and de"lared both 7aninder Singh !andher and Surender Iohli guilty. Both these people

used to 5idnap and traffi" "hildren from arious parts of U! and Delhi to %ithari ,illage

in %oida. $his a"tiity had "ontinued oer seeral months before people suspe"ted of

human s5ull in the near by drainage. +n the initial stages the "ase was handled by U.!

poli"e before it was handed oer to *B+ after "ontinuous persuasion by arious %G6s

li5e BBA# et".

$aharastra *overn"ent

/9 De"ember 011# the goernment of 7aharastra issued noti"es to seeral $.,

"ommer"ial serials su"h as Bali5a ,adhu# Uttaran# *hhotey Ustad# *ha5 de Ba"hhe under

the *hild Labor !rohibition and egulation A"t /@: for proiding information on

"hildren6s employment in these serials. +t was suspe"ted that most of the "hildren

employed in these serials wor5 more than 9 hours on wee5 days and more than /0 hours

on wee5ends. As per the law no "hild below /J years shall be required to wor5 in any

establishment ( whi"h in"ludes $., serials) in e;"ess of 8 hours at a stret"h. er here it

was pretty "lear that the arious produ"tion houses were "learly iolating this law and

were not "ooperating with the labor inspe"tor. 'en arious parents were "omplaining

about the added pressure and stress generated through these nonstop wor5ing s"hedule

on their "hildren. Although this "ase is pending in the "ourt of law# the goernment too5

sin"ere stand on this problem.

#un9a,


51/81

n 8 August 0119# !une the state against"hild labor. +t also gae arious distri"t magistrates the power to superise this "ampaign

against "hild labor at distri"t leel.

$ah7a #raesh

n 7ar"h 011# goernment of 7adhya !radesh along with Satyarthi laun"hed a

"ampaign against "hild traffi"5ing. Satyarthi is the founder of Ba"hpan Ba"hoo Andolan

and has freed 9111 "hild laborers sin"e /@1. $his "ampaign was to raise awareness

among the people of +ndia# %epal and Bangladesh against the eils of "hild traffi"5ing. +t

also "alled for regional "ommitment to "ounter a pra"ti"e that depries "hildren of

edu"ation# normal "hild hood and often pla"es them in dangerous enironment. Ba"hpan

Ba"hoo Andolan runs three Htransit6 rehabilitation "enters for res"ued boys and girls in

+ndia to help them "enter the mainstream and lead "onstru"tie lies. er here younger

"hildren are enrolled in s"hool and adoles"ent are gien informal litera"y and o"ational

training. n"e these "hildren a"quire requisite "onfiden"e and s5ills# they are reintegrated


52/81

into so"iety. n une 011# the goernment res"ued more than 811 "hildren wor5ing in

seere ha>ardous "onditions of the stone "rushing units in abalpur. $hese "hildren were


53/81

in worst of "onditions as they were for"ed s"hool drop out and were paid a paltry some of

J1:1 sR a day. Almost all these "hildren were e;ploited and as per the goernment

agen"ies most of these figures of "hild labor is under reported.

8%< Chapter Su""ar7

After independen"e# the goernment of +ndia had introdu"ed seeral laws and regulations

on "hild "are and deelopment. +n our "onstitution there are four maardous wor5# ta5ing "are of tender needs of youth plus proiding free and "ompulsory

edu"ation till the age of /J years. +n /@J# goernment introdu"ed a"tories A"t whi"h

had a spe"ial mention about banning employment of "hildren below the age of / years

in any form of ha>ardous wor5 or pro"ess. $he problem of "hild labor had its first maardous wor5 to seeral other non ha>ardous wor5 whi"h

had seere impa"t on the oer all deelopment of "hild. $his "hapter also highlights some

of the re"ent a"tions ta5en up by the "entral goernment and state goernment regarding

the problem of "hild labor in the last 8 years. $he goernment has maintained firm stand#

as it amended the *hild Labor Law of /@:. !arti"ularly more than 0. la5h "hildren

hae been res"ued from arious establishments and industries and more than 1111

labors were rehabilitated under Ba"hpan Ba"hoo Andolan (BBA) Sara Shi5ha Abhiyan

(SSA). $he study also highlights the manifestos of arious probable goernments relating

to their a"tion plan against "hild labor and "hild edu"ation. +n addition this "hapter "oers

the global frame wor5 and the a"tion plan ta5en up by foreign agen"ies in the form of7DG6s.


54/81

C+A#'-R.=

&'-R#R-'A'&/ AD D&SC&SS&/ /3 R-SL'S

&ntrouction

After defining and dis"ussing the problem of "hild labor this "hapter presents the main

findings based on analysis of primary and se"ondary resear"h. $e"hniques su"h as *hi

square analysis# fa"tor analysis# mean and standard deiation hae been used for primary

data. *AG analysis and Stepwise egression has been used for state wise dataanalysis.

'a,le.:%1 Reasons for -"plo7in! Chilren at 4ork

=aria,les $ean St% Deviation

Low wage rate /.GJ: /./@/8J

'asy to handle 0.@G: /.0GJG9

$rustworthiness J.1: /.88GG

le;ible wor5 timings J.9G11 /.09@@

%o trade union J./:: /.8G0:0

'asy aailability 0.1: /.9@91


55/81

-planation3$he prime reason for employing "hildren at wor5 is low wage rate (mean./.J#

standard deiation././@)# easy aailability of "hildren for wor5 (mean.0.# standard

deiation./.9@)# and "hildren are easy to handle (mean.0.@# standard deiation./.0). $he

analysis suggests that the "hild is ulnerable and "an easily be e;ploited# therefore they are paid

less than the mar5et wage rate. +n addition the labor supply is large whi"h ma5es them easily

aailable and repla"eable. $heir ulnerability is the prime "ause for their high employment. $he

least important reason for employing "hild labor is trust worthiness (7eanJ.) (Standard

deiation/.88). Sin"e "hildren are inno"ent and nae# they are quite trustworthy# but this has a

lesser s"ore and is less important a reason for employing them. Similarly "hildren "an easily be

e;ploited# as they hae fle;ible wor5 timing but this also has a higher mean s"ore.

'a,le.:% Causes of Chil La,or


!oerty /.JG: .@80/

+llitera"y 0.G0: /.1J/1G

!opulation 8.0@88 /.0J98G

+gnoran"e J.11 /.189J

So"io e"o disparity 9.8988 .@@9:

Unemployment 8./:11 /.J191

-planation A""ording to this study poerty and illitera"y emerge as the ma


56/81

a"tually not a true indi"ator of poerty in an e"onomy.

+llitera"y is another important reason for employing "hild labor with mean of (0.0)# S.D (/.1J).

+n +ndia people are trapped in a i"ious "ir"le of illitera"y and ignoran"e. $he "ommon

per"eption of the people is that more hands to wor5 more is the in"ome. !eople feel that if they

hae more "hildren that will in"rease their in"ome prospe"ts. $hey feel edu"ation is a "ost and

sin"e the diidends of edu"ation ta5e long time to reap# therefore they feel that edu"ation is a

waste of time and its opportunity "ost is ery high. &en"e people prefer sending their "hildren to

wor5 rather to s"hool. Another per"eption whi"h persists is that "hildren learn more through

pra"ti"al e;perien"e rather than theoreti"al tea"hings. ?or5ing at an earlier age will ma5e them

more e;perien"ed in order to "ope up with other adult6s and# later on in their life this e;perien"e

will gie them an edge oer others. +ndia has a wide so"ioe"onomi" disparity as we hae people

from arious strata6s of so"iety with aried in"ome leels but this disparity has a higher mean

and emerges on the lower end.'a,le.:%2 Reasons wh7 #arents Sent their Chilren to 4ork


!rofit motie /.@0: /.108G9

or surial /.88 .@@1GG

+gnoran"e 8.81: .@1JJG

By for"e 8.J/88 .@/8:8

S5ill enhan"ement J.:111 .@:08G

-planation $his study shows that the primary reasons for parents sending their "hildren towor5 are for surial (mean./.# standard deiation.1.@@) and profit motie (mean./.@@#

standard deiation./.10). $he definition of below poerty line is earning less than /M per day.

!eople who earn less than /M per day find it e;tremely diffi"ult to surie as sP91 is totally

insuffi"ient for affording two square meals per day and to loo5 after other basi" needs. or su"h

people their biggest battle is that of surial# su"h people are for"ed to send their "hildren for

wor5 in order to arrange suffi"ient money to ta5e "are of their surial needs. $hese people are


57/81

left with no option as they "an6t afford edu"ation so they for"e their "hildren to wor5.

$he ne;t point is profit motie. $here are other set of people who li5e to earn money

P"ommission through sending their "hildren at wor5. Su"h people suffer from Hpsy"hologi"al

myopia6 as they see "hildren as mere "ommodities and numbers. $heir formula is that of Hmore

the merrier6. $hese people hae tried to formali>e "hild labor in an organi>ed manner. $here is a

famous saying that Heery "oin has two sides6 similarly it may be highlighted that although there

are arious ills and disadantages of the impa"tof "hild labor on "hildren but some people loo5

for some positie aspe"ts as well. A""ording to these people when "hildren wor5 they enhan"e

their s5ills so one of the benefits for "hild labor is s5ill enhan"ement (7ean J.:) (standard

deiation .@:0). n the "ontrary this study has dis"arded this totally and it is the least important

reason for parents sending their "hildren to wor5

'a,le.:%8 $ost #revalent #ro,le" in &nia


*hild labor /.J@88 .@:1:/

*hild wor5 J./:11 /.J1@GJ

*hild abuse 8.8111 /.J00J

Euthanasia Viz-A-Viz Right to Life - 85

Documents

Transcript of Euthanasia Viz-A-Viz Right to Life - 85