Europeanisation of Political Parties: the Emergence of Europarties
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Europeanisation of Political Parties: the Emergence of
Europarties
Enrico Calossi, [email protected]
Università di Pisa – European University Institute
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Europeanisation
Two directions process:1. To-Down: National Parties assume practices and
organisational frameworks to face problematics coming from the EU level or in imitation of EU level or sister parties organisations.
2. Bottom – Up : devolution of power, souvraignity or prerogatives to the EU Levels
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Strasbourg Brussels
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
EP Party Groups and Parties at the European Level (Literature review)
• EP Party Groups: Attinà 1990; Bardi 1994; Bowler e Farrell 1995; Corbett, Jacobs e Shackleton 1995; Bay-Brzinski 1995; Attinà 1997; Hix e Lord 1997; Raunio 1997; Kreppel 2002; Noury 2002; Faas 2003; McElroy 2003, Bardi e Ignazi 2004
• PELs (or Transnational Federations): Bell e Lord 1996; Hix 1996; 2002b; Hix e Lord 1997; Dietz 2000; Ladrech 2000; Delwit, Külahci e van De Walle 2004; Johansson e Raunio 2005; Jansen 2006; Hanley 2008.
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
• Terminological problems and confusion between: EuroParties, European Parties, Party Federation, Transnational Party.
• Normative Aspects art. 138A Maastricht (1992): “Political Parties at European Level are important to create an European awareness amongst European citizens”.
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Katz and Mair scheme for party organisation
Party in Public Office (ex: in
parliament, government)
Party in Central Office (ex: leader, national assembly,
congress)
Party on the Ground (ex: members,
basic units)
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Europarty Scheme
EP Party Groups
Party in Public Office
Political Parties at the
European LevelParty in Central
Office
National Parties
Party on the Ground
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
EP Party Groups Procedures to be recognised:
a) Each political group is assumed to have a set of shared principles, and political groups that cannot demonstrate this may be disbanded
b) 25 MEPs from at least 7 countriesc) Publications of EP Party Groups and personal
budgets
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Evolution of EP Composition
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Group Sub-parties Leader(s) MEPs
European People's Party (EPP)
European People's Party (EPP) Joseph Daul 271+1 unaffiliated national party
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
(S&D)
Party of European Socialists (PES) Hannes Swoboda 190
+2 unaffiliated national parties
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
(ALDE)
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR)
Guy Verhofstadt 85
European Democratic Party (EDP) + 3 independent politicians
The Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens–
EFA)
European Green Party (EGP) Daniel Cohn-Bendit
58
European Free Alliance (EFA) Rebecca Harms+ 2 unaffiliated national party
+ 2 independent politicians
European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)
Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR)
Jan Zahradil
52
European Christian Political Movement (ECPM)
+ 2 independent politicians
European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE-
NGL)
Party of the European Left (PEL) Lothar Bisky 34Nordic Green Left Alliance (NGLA)
+ 9 unaffiliated national parties + 8 unaffiliated national parties Francesco Speroni Non-Inscrits (NI) 11 national parties 30
EFD
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Some relevant National Party Affiliations• EPP: PDL (Italy), UMP (France), CDU (Germany), PP (Spain),
PO (Poland)• S&D: PD (Italy), Labour Party (UK), PS (France), PSOE (Spain)• ALDE: FDP (Germany), LDs (UK)• Greens-EFA: Grunen (Germany), Verts (France), - SNP (UK),
PNV (Spaing), N-VA (Belgium)• ECR: Cons (UK), Pis (Poland), • Gue-NGL: Die Linke (Germany), Syriza (Greece), EU (Spain), • EFD: Northern League (Italy), UKIP (UK)
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Political Parties at the European LevelProcedures to be recognised (1)
Reg. (CE) n. 2004/2003: Criteria for recognisement and fundinga) 7 deputees (MEPs, Nat. or Reg.) or 3% of votes from ¼ of member countries (7
countries) ; b) Respect of fundamental values of the European Union (respect for human dignity,
freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, human rights, including rights of persons belonging to minorities).
c) Having its seat in a Member state (ASBL in Belgium)d) Having partecipating or having declared the intention to participate European
elections.
Reg (CE) 1524/2007: a) Establishment of Political Foundation at the European Level (ex. FEPS, CES, Liberal
Forum, Trasform)b) prohibition for EP groups to campaing European Elections. Only PELs can campaign
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Political Parties at the European LevelProcedures to be recognised (2)
• Factsheet Commission. Rules at 2009 (financial aspects)
publishing its revenue and expenditure annually; publishing a statement of its assets and liabilities annually; providing a list of its donors and their donations exceeding €500; not accepting anonymous donations; it must not accepting donations exceeding €12,000 per year and per donor; not accepting donations from the budgets of political groups of the European
Parliament; not accepting more than 40% of a national political party's annual budget; not accepting donations from any company over which the public authorities may
exercise a dominant influence; getting at least 15% of its budget from sources other than its European Union funding; submitting its application by the 30 September before the financial year that it wants
funding for.
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Parties at European Level• Federations: Socialists, People/Christian Democrats, Liberals (70s) Greens (1984)
• PELs in 2012: European People's Party (Christian democracy, Liberal conservatism) - 2004 Party of European Socialists (Social democracy) - 2004 European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (Liberalism) - 2004 European Green Party (Environmentalism) - 2004 Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (Conservatism, anti-federalism)- 2010 Party of the European Left (Socialism, communism) - 2004 European Democratic Party (Centrism) - 2004 European Free Alliance (Regionalism, Independentism) - 2004 European Alliance for Freedom (Euroscepticism) - 2011 EUDemocrats (Euroscepticism) €0.3m 2006 European Christian Political Movement (Social conservatism, Christian right) - 2010 Alliance of European National Movements (Nationalism, Euroscepticism) - 2012• Disbanded Parties: Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe (2006 to 2008; Alliance for
Europe of the Nations (2004 to 2009)
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
2009 EP Party Groups PELsEPPS&DALDEEGP-EFAGUE-NGLECREFD
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Parties and coalitions (PE elections 2004) % Seats
Civic Democratic Party 30.04 9
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 20.26 6
SNK European Democrats 11.02 3
Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party
9.57 2
Czech Social Democratic Party 8.78 2
Independent Democrats 8.18 2
Total 100.00 24
Turnout 28.32
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
9/16/10 17:49
EP Groups and PELs in CZ Republic Seats
EPP-ED (ODS) 9
GUE-NGL (EL*) (KSCM) 6
ALDE (ELDR*) (SNK) 3
EPP-ED (KDU) 2
PES (CSSD) 2
NI (Indipendent Democrats) 2
Total 24
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Parties and coalitions (EP elections 2009) % Seats
Civic Democratic Party 31.45 9
Czech Social Democratic Party 22.38 7
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 14.18 4
Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party 7.64 2
Sovereignty 4.26 0
European Democratic Party 2.88 0
Public Affairs 2.40 0
Total 100.00
Turnout 28.22
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
EP Groups and PELs in CZ RepublicSeats
AECR (ODS) 9
PES (CSSD) 7
GUE-NGL (EL*) (KSCM) 4
EPP (KDU) 2
Libertas (Souvraignity) 0
None 0
None 0
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
European Affiliations: National Governments (February 15, 2012)
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Organisational and decisional scheme of Parties at the European Level
Member Parties
CongressCouncil (board)
President
Presidency
General Secretar
General Secretary
Leaders’ Meeting
Political Line
Treasurer
Fig. 2: L’organizzazione interna del PLE
Nomination Power
Influence and decisions
Working groups and thematic organisations
Legenda:
MEPs & Invited
Political Foudations at the European
Level
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Public Financing of Parties at European Level(Reg. 2004/2003)
Total Amount (thousands of Euros):• 2004: 3.215; 2005: 7.228; 2006: 8.127; 2010: 11.075(every year +2%)
• How they are shared:15% shared in equal parts amongst all the PELs, 85% on proportional basis how according to the received MEPs’
signatories. Matching founds:• EU funds 85% max of PELs expenditures. 15 % others
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Functions of PELs
• Articolations and aggregation of interests• Vote structuring• Political communication and socialisation• Development of organisation of political
participation• Political personnel recruitment• Public Policies Formulation
“Plainly, party government does not operate at the European Level” (Hix 2002, p. 297)
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Some observations• Europarties as quintessential of cartel party• Other functions by Europarties (EP Groups and
PELs): Legitimacy. Resource used by national party in their national domains.
• Main field of competition amongst Europarties: not elections, but national party affiliation.
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu
Further research
• Parties and Elections in Europe• European Parliament Research Group (LSE)• Standing Group on Political Parties (ECPR)• ParlGov (University of Bremen)• Votewatch (ULB)• EPERN (EU Parties, Elections, Referendum Network)• Observatory on Political Parties and Representation
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies / /
EUDO EUDO Observatory on Political Parties and Representation,
www.eudo.eu