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EUROPEAN UNION INTERNAL MARKET LAW

This is the market’s most student-friendly textbook on EU internal market law,covering everything students need to know about the legal and regulatoryframework of the internal market and eliminating the need for a full EU law text.Concise and focused, chapters explore the underlying socio-economic andhistorical contexts of EU law, and offer a thorough examination of the law’stechnical aspects, ensuring that students gain a rich understanding of the way thatlegal rules and structures have developed from key political and social debates. Keyconcepts are illustrated by excerpts, summaries and discussions of classic andmodern cases. Numerous features include text boxes, illustrative cases, legalinterpretations, tables, and suggestions for further reading, which support studentswith little background knowledge of the subject, leading them to total mastery ofthe material.

Friedl Weiss is Professor at the Department of European, International Law andComparative Law, University of Vienna.

Clemens Kaupa is Assistant Professor at the Department of Transnational LegalStudies, VU University Amsterdam.

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-03535-5 - European Union Internal Market LawFriedl Weiss and Clemens KaupaFrontmatterMore information

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European Union Internal Market LawFriedl Weiss and Clemens Kaupa






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© Friedl Weiss and Clemens Kaupa 2014

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Contents

List of tables page xiii

Table of cases xv

Table of legislation xxviii

1 The internal market 1

Introduction 1

Short history of the internal market 3

The historical context of the Treaty of Rome 3

The Treaty of Rome 5

The historical context of the White Paper 7

The White Paper and the Single European Act 9

Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon 10

The Treaty freedoms in their regulatory context 11

Competences 13

Secondary law measures 14

The role of the European institutions in internal market law 16

Further reading 17

2 Common framework of the Treaty freedoms 18

Convergence and continued divergence of the Treaty freedoms 18

Direct effect of the Treaty freedoms 19

The addressees of the Treaty freedom provisions 20

Host state 20

Home state 21

Non-state actors 21

Personal scope (beneficiaries) 22

Non-EU citizens with equal or comparable rights 23

v






Material scope 29

Cross-border element 29

Applying the Treaty freedom provisions: prohibition of

discrimination and of restrictions 30

Direct discrimination 30

Indirect discrimination 31

Prohibition of restrictions 32

Justifications 32

Treaty-based justifications 32

Justifications on overriding grounds in the public interest 33

Proportionality 34

Further reading 35

3 Free movement of goods (Articles 28–37 TFEU) 36

Introduction 36

Main Treaty provisions at a glance 40

Direct effect 40

Scope 41


Material scope 41

Addressees 43

States 43

Union institutions 44

Non-state actors 45

Customs union (Articles 28–32 TFEU) 47

Introduction 47

Prohibition of customs duties on imports and exports and of charges having

equivalent effect (Article 30 TFEU) 49

Common Customs Tariff 51

Important secondary law 51

Quantitative restrictions on imports andmeasures having equivalent

effect (Article 34 TFEU) 54

Introduction 54

Prohibitions of Article 34 TFEU: quantitative restrictions and measures

having equivalent effect 54

Applying Article 34 TFEU: MEQRs and the prohibition of distinctly and

indistinctly applicable measures 57

vi Contents






Justifications 65

Case groups 73


Quantitative restrictions on exports andmeasures having equivalent

effect (Article 35 TFEU) 82

Quantitative restrictions 83

Measures having equivalent effect 83

Justifications 86

Internal taxation (Article 110 TFEU) 86

Similar goods (Article 110(1) TFEU) 88

Competing goods (Article 110(2) TFEU) 90

Further reading 92

4 Union citizenship (Articles 18–25 TFEU) 93

Introduction 93


Direct effect of Articles 18, 20 and 21 TFEU 100

Scope 100


Material scope 103

Addressees 109

Applying Articles 18, 20 and 21 TFEU: the prohibition of

discrimination and of restrictions 110

Prohibition of discrimination 110


Justifications 114

Limitations under the Citizenship Directive 115

Public policy and public security 116

Public health 119

Overriding reasons in the public interest 120

Rights of Union citizens: secondary law and case law 121

The Citizenship Directive 121

Right of entry 122

Right of exit 123

Right of residence and right of permanent residence 123

Right to equal treatment (Article 24 Citizenship Directive) 126

The rights of family members of Union citizens 126

vii Contents






Protection against expulsion (Article 28 Citizenship Directive) 128

Equal access to universities and vocational training 131

Entitlement to the social benefits of the host state 133

Entitlement to social benefits of the home state 137

Taxation 138

Family names 140

Other rights conferred by Part Two of the TFEU 140

Prohibition of discrimination on other grounds (Article 19 TFEU) 141

The right to vote and stand as a candidate in other Member States for

European and municipal elections (Article 22 TFEU) 142

Right to diplomatic and consular protection (Article 23 TFEU) 143

The Citizens’ Initiative (Article 24 TFEU) 143

Other political rights (Article 24 TFEU) 143

Further reading 144

5 Free movement of workers (Articles 45–48 TFEU) 145

Introduction 145


Direct effect of Article 45 TFEU 148


Union citizens and persons having comparable rights 149

Who is a worker? 151

Additional beneficiaries covered by Article 45 TFEU 153

Material scope 156


Addressees 158

Member States 158

Non-state actors 158

Applying Article 45 TFEU: the prohibition of discrimination and of

restrictions 161

Direct discrimination 162

Indirect discrimination 162


Justifications 165

Public policy, public security and public health 165

Public service exception 165

Justification by overriding requirements of the general interest 168

viii Contents






Rights of workers: secondary law and case law 169

The right to enter another Member State, to reside there and to leave 169

The right to leave the home state, and to return to the home state 171

Equal access to employment 173

Equal treatment in employment 174

Equal treatment with regard to social advantages 176

Equal treatment with regard to tax advantages 184

Educational rights 189

Rights after employment 189

Workers’ families 190


Coordination of social security systems 191

Works Council Directive 193

Work, health and safety regulation 193

Further reading 195

6 Freedom of establishment (Articles 49–55 TFEU) 196

Introduction 196


Direct effect 197


Natural persons 198

Companies 199

Material scope 200

Self-employment 200


The temporal criterion: permanent establishment 201

Addressees 203

Host state 203

Home state 203


Applying Article 49 TFEU: prohibition of discrimination and of

restrictions 205



Justifications 208


ix Contents






Exercise of official authority 210


Mutual recognition 211

Rights under Article 49 TFEU: secondary law and case law 212


The requirement to have not more than one chamber, office or shop 212

Geographical protection 213

Authorization requirements 214

Registration requirements for ships and aircraft 215

Residence requirements 216

Access to professional organizations 216

Restrictions on the acquisition and use of real estate 217

Lawyers 218

Rights of companies: secondary law and case law 219

The right to primary establishment 220

The right to secondary establishment 223

Cross-border transformations and mergers 229

“Exit taxes” 232

Requirement for minimum capital or for a specific legal form 232

Secondary law 233

The recognition of qualifications: the Professional Qualifications Directive 233

Case law 234

Harmonization of company law and corporate governance 238

Further reading 240

7 Freedom to provide and receive services (Articles 56–62 TFEU) 241

Introduction 241


Direct effect 243


Nationality and residence 243

Self-employed service providers 244

Recipients of services 244

Material scope 245

What are “services”? 245


x Contents






Remuneration 248

Temporary nature 250

Addressees 251

Host state 251

Home state 251



restrictions 252



Justifications 257


Exercise of official authority 257


Principle of mutual recognition 258



Prohibition of disproportionate requirements 261

Establishment, residence or seat requirements 261

Authorization and registration requirements 262

Compulsory minimum fees and authorization requirements for insurance

rate increases 262

Gambling and betting 264

Advertising prohibitions 266

Posted workers 267

Taxation 270

Rights of service recipients 271

Right to enter another Member State to receive services 271

Right to receive services under the same conditions as nationals 271

The right to access healthcare in another Member State 272

Secondary law 275

Legal basis for services liberalization and harmonization 275

Services Directive 275

Public services 280

Further reading 287

xi Contents






8 Free movement of capital and payments (Articles 63–66 TFEU) 288

Introduction 288


Direct effect 292


Material scope 292

Capital and payments 292


Addressees 296

Host and home state 296



restrictions 297



Justifications 298

Public policy and public security 298

Further derogations in Article 65(1)(b) TFEU 299

Differential treatment in tax measures on grounds of residence 299

Restrictions in Article 64(1) TFEU 301

Overriding grounds in the public interest 301

Proportionality 303


Prohibition of golden shares for the state 304

Restrictions, authorization and notification requirements on the acquisition

of immovable property 309

Restrictive investment requirements for public institutions 310

Direct tax cases 311

Secondary law 315

Further reading 316

Index 317

xii Contents






Tables

1.1 Overview of the Treaty freedom provisions page 31.2 Overview of the major Treaty reforms 41.3 Various preferences regarding European integration, according to

Leon Lindberg 61.4 Overview of TFEU provisions 111.5 Exclusive and shared competences, according to Articles 3 and 4 TFEU 141.6 Central provisions authorizing secondary law in regard to the Treaty

freedoms 152.1 Common structure 182.2 Internal market provisions having direct effect (according to the

Court’s case law) 202.3 Overview of the principal measures governing the movement rights

of Turkish citizens in the EU 283.1 Schematic overview of the steps of economic integration according

to Bela Balassa 373.2 Overview of the main Treaty provisions with regard to the free

movement of goods 403.3 Delineating the free movement of goods from the other Treaty

freedoms 423.4 Excerpt from Annex I to Council Regulation 2658/87 on the tariff and

statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff 523.5 Selling arrangements 633.6 Schemes of geographical indications 773.7 Examples of harmonized measures 803.8 Examples of harmonized standards in the field of machinery 803.9 Important secondary law on consumer protection 823.10 Differentiating between Article 30 TFEU and Article 110 TFEU 873.11 Comparison between Article 110(1) and Article 110(2) TFEU 914.1 Overview of Union citizenship provisions 974.2 Schematic overview of three cases that were not considered to be

“purely internal” to a Member State by the Court 1054.3 Restrictions of mobility and residence rights 119

xiii






4.4 Issues the Court proposed that the national court should consider inTsakouridis 130

4.5 Overview of the main regulatory fields covered by the anti-discrimination Directives 141

5.1 First work permits granted to foreign workers by six EEC MemberStates 147

5.2 Overview of Treaty provisions in the field of the free movement ofworkers 147

5.3 Overview of the provisions of Regulation 492/2011 1705.4 Example: the rules related to sickness benefits 1925.5 Some relevant secondary law measures 1946.1 Overview of the main Treaty provisions with regard to the freedom

of establishment 1986.2 Overview: establishment and services (Gebhard, 1995) 2036.3 Schematic comparison of the Court’s case law on the status of natural

and legal persons 2246.4 Overview: how companies can “move” to another Member State 2316.5 Examples of secondary law in the field of establishment and their

legal bases 2346.6 Overview: important company law harmonization measures 2397.1 Overview of the main Treaty provisions with regard to the freedom

to provide and receive services 2427.2 Types of public service and their applicable law 2818.1 Overview of the main Treaty provisions with regard to the free

movement of capital and payments 2928.2 The definition of “capital” according to the nomenclature of

Directive 88/361/EEC 2948.3 Some important golden share cases 3068.4 Overview: legal bases for secondary law measures concerning the

free movement of capital 316

xiv List of tables






Table of cases

3 Glocken, Case 407/85, [1988] ECR 4233 60

A and B see Skatteverket v. A and BA-Punkt Schmuckhandel, Case C-441/04, [2006]

ECR I-2093 63–64Abatay (Eran) and Others (C-317/01) and Nadi Sahin

(C-369/01) v. Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, Joined Cases,[2003] ECR I-12301 27, 28–29, 199

Acoset SpA v. Conferenza Sindaci e Presidenza Prov RegATO Idrico Ragusa and Others, Case C-196/08,[2009] ECR I-9913 285–286

Air Liquide Industries, Joined Cases C-393/04 andC-41/05, [2006] ECR I-5293 86–87

Åklagaren v. Percy Mickelsson and Joakim Roos,Case C-142/05, [2009] ECR I-4273 66, 74

Aladzhov (Petar) v. Zamestnik director na Stolichnadirektsia na vatreshnite raboti kam Ministerstvo navatreshnite raboti, Case C-434/10, [2011]ECR I-11659 118, 123

Alarape (Olaitan Ajoke) and Olukayode Azeez Tijaniv. Secretary of State for the Home Department,Case C-529/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 171

Albore (Alfredo), Case C-423/98, [2000] ECR I-5965296–297, 298

Alfa Vita, Joined Cases C-158/04 and C-159/04, [2006]ECR I-8135 66, 74–75

Alliance for Natural Health, Joined Cases C-154/04 andC-155/04, [2005] ECR I-6451 44

Allué, Joined Cases C-259/91, C-331/91 and C-332/91,[1993] ECR I-4309 175–176

Almelo, Case C-393/92, [1994] ECR I-1477 41–42Alpine Investments BV v. Minister Van Financiën, Case

C-384/93, [1995] ECR I-1141 21, 251Altmark Trans GmbH and Regierungspräsidium

Magdeburg v. Nahverkehrsgesellschaft AltmarkGmbH, Case C-280/00, [2003] ECR I-7747 281,283–284

Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v.Simmenthal SpA, Case 106/77, [1978] ECR 629 19–20

ANAV see Associazione Nazionale AutotrasportoViaggiatori (ANAV) v. Comune di Bari and AMTABServizio SpA

André Marchandise, Case C-332/89, [1991] ECR I-102760–61

Angonese (Roman) v. Cassa di Risparmio di BolzanoSpA, Case C-281/98, [2000] ECR I-4139 31, 158–159,160–161

Anker, Case C-47/02, [2003] ECR I-10447 166–167Anton Las see Las (Anton) v. PSA Antwerp NVAntonissen, Case C-292/89, [1991] ECR I-745 153–154,

171Apothekerkammer des Saarlandes (DocMorris II),

Case C-171/07, [2009] ECR I-4171 74–75Apple and Pear Development Council, Case 222/82,

[1983] ECR 4083 46–47Aragonesa de Publicidad Exterior, Joined Cases C-1/90

and C-176/90, [1991] ECR I-4151 43–44Arblade see Criminal proceedings against Jean-Claude

ArbladeASM Brescia SpA v. Comune di Rodengo Saiano,

Case C-347/06, [2008] ECR I-5641 201Association of Pharmaceutical Importers see R v. Royal

Pharmaceutical Society of Great BritainAssociazione Nazionale Autotrasporto Viaggiatori

(ANAV) v. Comune di Bari and AMTAB Servizio SpA,Case C-410/04, [2006] ECR I-3303 285–286

Attanasio Group Srl v. Comune di Carbognano,Case C-384/08, [2010] ECR I-2055 208, 211

Ayuntamiento de Ceuta, Case C-45/94, [1995]ECR I-4385 86–87, 170–171

Bachmann, Case C-204/90, [1992] ECR I-00249 188,270–271, 312

Bâtiments et Ponts Construction SA and WISAGProduktionsservice GmbH v. Berlaymont 2000 SA,Case C-74/09, [2010] ECR I-7271 285

Baumbast, Case C-413/99, [2002] ECR I-709195, 100

Belgian State v. René Humbel and Marie-Thérèse Edel,Case 263/86, [1988] ECR 5365 249, 282–283

Belgian State–SPF Finances v. Truck Center SA,Case C-282/07, [2008] ECR I-10767 205

Bergström see Försäkringskassan v. ElisabethBergström

Bernini, Case C-3/90, [1992] ECR I-1071 151–152, 189Bettray, Case 344/87, [1989] ECR 1621 151–152Bidar, Case C-209/03, [2005] ECR I-2119 110, 111, 115,

120–121, 134–136, 183

xv






Blanckaert (JEJ) v. Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst/Particulieren/Ondernemingen buitenland te Heerlen,Case C-512/03, [2005] ECR I-7685 300

Blanco Pérez (José Manuel) and María del Pilar ChaoGómez v. Consejería de Salud y Servicios Sanitarios(C-570/07) and Principado de Asturias (C-571/07),Joined Cases, [2010] ECR I-4629 34, 209, 214

Bobadilla, Case C-234/97, [1999] ECR I-4773 164–165Boehringer Ingelheim, Case C-143/00, [2002]

ECR I-3759 79Bonsignore, Case 67/74, [1975] ECR 297 117,

128–129, 165Bordessa see Criminal proceedings against Aldo

Bordessa, Vicente Marí Mellado and ConcepciónBarbero Maestre

Bosman see Union Royale Belge des Sociétés deFootball Association ASBL v. Jean-Marc Bosman

Bozkurt see Land Baden-Württemberg v. Metin BozkurtBresciani, Case 87/75, [1976] ECR 129 50Bressol (Nicolas) and Others and Céline Chaverot and

Others v. Gouvernement de la Communautéfrançaise, Case C-73/08, [2010] ECR I-2735 31, 103,110, 115, 119–120, 132–133

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Joined Cases C-427/93, C-429/93and C-436/93, [1996] ECR I-3457 78

Brown, Case 197/86, [1988] ECR 3205 134–135Busley see Grundstücksgemeinschaft Busley and Cibrian

Fernandez v. Finanzamt Stuttgart-KörperschaftenBuy Irish see Commission v. Ireland – Buy IrishByankov (Hristo) v. Glaven sekretar na Ministerstvo

na vatreshnite raboti, Case C-249/11, [2013]ECR I-00000 118

Cadbury Schweppes plc and Cadbury SchweppesOverseas Ltd v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue,Case C-196/04, [2006] ECR I-4027 and 7995 188, 227,294–296

CaixaBank France v. Ministère de l’Economie, desFinances et de l’Industrie, Case C-442/02, [2004]ECR I-8961 207–208, 211, 256

Calfa see Criminal proceedings against Donatella CalfaCampus Oil Limited and Others v. Minister for Industry

and Energy and Others, Case 72/83, [1984] ECR 272734, 116–117

Canal Satéllite Digital, Case C-390/99, [2002] ECR I-60762, 71, 262

Capolongo, Case 77/72, [1973] ECR 611 40–41Carbonati Apuani, Case C-72/03, [2004] ECR I-08027 43Carbone (Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe) v. Ministero del

Tesoro, Joined Cases C-286/82 and C-26/83, [1984]ECR 377 244

Carmen Media Group Ltd v. Land Schleswig-Holsteinand Innenminister des Landes Schleswig-Holstein,Case C-46/08, [2010] ECR I-8149 265–266

Carpenter (Mary) v. Secretary of State for the HomeDepartment, Case C-60/00, [2002] ECR I-6279 95

Cartesio Oktatóés Szolgáltató bt, Case C-210/06, [2008]ECR I-9641 222–223

Casati see Criminal proceedings against Guerrino CasatiCassis de Dijon see Rewe-Zentral AG v.

Bundesmonopolverwaltung für BranntweinCasteels (Maurits) v. British Airways plc, Case C-379/09,

[2011] ECR I-1379 161Caves Krier Frères Sàrl v. Directeur de l’Administration

de l’emploi, Case C-379/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 184Centros Ltd v. Erhvervs-og Selskabsstyrelsen,

Case C-212/97, [1999] ECR I-1459 222–223, 226, 227,228–229, 231

Chateignier (Monique) v. Office national de l’emploi(ONEM), Case C-346/05, [2006] ECR I-10953 181

Ciola (Erich) v. Land Vorarlberg, Case C-224/97, [1999]ECR I-2517 206, 252

Cipolla (Federico) v. Rosaria Fazari, née Portolese(C-94/04) and Stefano Macrino and ClaudiaCapoparte v. Roberto Meloni (C-202/04), JoinedCases, [2006] ECR I-11421 254–255, 262–263

Clean Car, Case C-350/96, [1998] ECR I-3075 155Coditel Brabant SA v. Commune d’Uccle and Région de

Bruxelles-Capitale, Case C-324/07, [2008] ECR I-8457285–286

COGIS, Case 216/81, [1982] ECR 2701 90Colegio de Oficiales de la Marina Mercante Espanola,

Case C-405/01, [2003] ECR I-10391 166–167Collins, Case C-138/02, [2004] ECR I-02703 120, 151,

155–156, 171, 183, 189Commission v. Austria, Case C-161/07, [2008]

ECR I-10671 205Commission v. Austria, Case C-53/08, [2011]

ECR I-4309 210Commission v. Austria – Austrian University Access, Case

C-147/03, [2005] ECR I-5969 120, 131–132Commission v. Austria – Boiler Inspectors, Case

C-257/05, [2006] ECR I-134 261–262Commission v. Austria – Brenner Motorway,

Case C-320/03, [2005] ECR I-9871 69–70Commission v. Austria – Deductibility of Gifts,

Case C-10/10, [2011] ECR I-5389 315Commission v. Austria – Inspection of Organic

Production, Case C-393/05, [2007] ECR I-10195261–262

Commission v. Austria – Reduced Public TransportFares, Case C-75/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 135

Commission v. Belgium, Case C-278/94, [1996]ECR I-4307 155



Commission v. Belgium – Belgian University Access, CaseC-65/03, [2004] ECR I-6427 131–132

Commission v. Belgium – Public Service, Case 149/79,[1982] ECR 1845 165–167

xvi Table of cases






Commission v. Belgium – Public Warehouses, Case 132/82, [1983] ECR 1649 43–44, 49

Commission v. Belgium – Purchase of Homes forPrimary Residence, Case C-250/08, [2013]ECR I-00000 302

Commission v. Belgium – Registration of Aircraft, CaseC-203/98, [1999] ECR I-4899 216

Commission v. Belgium – SNTC, Case C-503/99, [2002]ECR I-4809 308

Commission v. Belgium – Sufficient Resources,Case C-408/03, [2006] ECR I-2647 125, 130–131

Commission v. Belgium – Taxation of PensionContributions, Case C-522/04, [2007] ECR I-5701 313

Commission v. Belgium – Walloon Label of Quality,Case C-255/03, [2004] ECR I-00000 76–77

Commission v. Belgium – Walloon Waste, Case C-2/90,[1992] ECR 4431 41–42, 69

Commission v. Denmark, Case 158/82, [1983]ECR 3572 87

Commission v. Denmark – Beer Bottles, Case 302/86,[1988] ECR 4607 33

Commission v. Denmark – Fruit Wines, Case 106/84,[1986] ECR 833 88

Commission v. Finland – Car Transfer Licence,Case C-54/05, [2007] ECR I-2473 73–74

Commission v. France, Case 307/84, [1986] ECR 1725166–167

Commission v. France, Case C-35/97, [1998]ECR I-5325 189



Commission v. France – Biomedical Laboratories,Case C-89/09, [2010] ECR I-12941 212

Commission v. France – Bovine Insemination,Case C-389/05, [2008] ECR I-5337 213–214

Commission v. France – French Sailors, Case 167/73,[1974] ECR 359 148, 162

Commission v. France – Gold, Case C-166/03, [2004] ECRI-6535 56–57

Commission v. France – Registration of Vessels,Case C-334/94, [1996] ECR I-1307 212

Commission v. France – Spanish Strawberries,Case C-265/95, [1997] ECR I-6959 22, 46–47,116–117

Commission v. France – Spirits, Case 168/78, [1980]ECR 347 88

Commission v. Germany, Case C-317/92, [1994]ECR I-2039 62–63

Commission v. Germany, Case C-131/93, [1994]ECR I-3303 55



Commission v. Germany – Beer, Case 178/84, [1987]ECR 1227 59

Commission v. Germany – CMA, Case C-325/00, [2002]ECR I-9977 21–22

Commission v. Germany – Hospital Pharmacies,Case C-141/07, [2008] ECR I-6935 70

Commission v. Germany – Inspection of OrganicProduction, Case C-404/05, [2007] ECR I-10239261–262

Commission v. Germany – Insurances, Case 205/84,[1986] ECR 3755 250–251, 260

Commission v. Germany – Markenqualität AusDeutschen Landen, Case C-325/00, [2002] ECR I-997776–77

Commission v. Germany – Psychotherapists,Case C-456/05, [2007] ECR I-10517 206–207

Commission v. Germany – Tax Deductibility of SchoolFees, Case C-318/05, [2007] ECR I-6957 103

Commission v. Germany – Temp Work Agencies,Case C-490/04, [2007] ECR I-6095 33, 252

Commission v. Germany – Tobacco Advertising II,Case C-380/03, [2006] ECR I-11573 15–16

Commission v. Germany – Volkswagen, Case C-112/05,[2007] ECR I-8995 305

Commission v. Germany – Work Visa Regime,Case C-244/04, [2006] ECR I-885 268

Commission v. Greece, Case 192/84, [1985] ECR 3973 56Commission v. Greece, Case C-391/92, [1995] ECR I-1621

63–64Commission v. Greece, Case C-140/03, [2005]

ECR I-3177 212Commission v. Greece, Case C-61/08, [2011]

ECR I-4399 210Commission v. Greece, Case C-460/08, [2009] ECR I-216

167–168Commission v. Greece – Computer Games, Case C-65/

05, [2006] ECR I-10341 42Commission v. Greece – Golden Shares, Case C-244/11,

[2013] ECR I-00000 307–309Commission v. Greece – Greek Orchestra, Case C-187/96,

[1998] ECR I-1095 176Commission v. Greece – Immovable Property,

Case 305/87, [1989] ECR 1461 217Commission v. Greece – Liberal Professions, Case 38/87,

[1988] ECR 4415 216–217Commission v. Greece – Private Schools, Case 147/86,

[1988] ECR 1637 210Commission v. Greece – Real Estate Tax

Exemption, Case C-155/09, [2011] ECR I-65138–139, 162

Commission v. Greece – Registration of Vessels,Case C-62/96, [1997] ECR I-6725 215–216

Commission v. Greece – Transfer Tax Exemption,Case C-155/09, [2011] ECR I-65 217

Commission v. Hungary, Case C-253/09, [2013]ECR I-00000 187–188

xvii Table of cases






Commission v. Ireland – Buy Irish, Case 249/81, [1982]ECR 4005 45, 56

Commission v. Ireland – Irish Souvenirs, Case 113/80,[1981] ECR 1625 58, 76

Commission v. Ireland – Registration of Vessels,Case C-151/96, [1997] ECR I-3327 215–216

Commission v. Italy, Case C-158/94, [1997] ECR I-578941–42



Commission v. Italy – Access to Museums, Case C-388/01,[2003] ECR I-721 33, 271–272

Commission v. Italy – Art Works, Case 7/68, [1968]ECR 424 41–42, 50

Commission v. Italy – Banana Consumption Tax,Case 184/85, [1987] ECR 2013 90

Commission v. Italy – Customs Agents, Case C-35/96,[1998] ECR I-3851 281

Commission v. Italy – Dentists, Case C-162/99, [2001]ECR I-541 216

Commission v. Italy – Extrajudicial Debt Recovery,Case C-134/05, [2007] ECR I-6251 261–262

Commission v. Italy – Italian Civil Service, Case C-371/04,[2006] ECR I-10257 176

Commission v. Italy – Italian Trailers, Case C-110/05,[2009] ECR I-519 33, 34, 70–71, 74

Commission v. Italy – Lawyer Tariffs, Case C-565/08,[2011] ECR I-2101 262–263

Commission v. Italy – Private Security Guards,Case C-283/99, [2001] ECR I-4363 167, 205, 210,262–263

Commission v. Italy – Security Guards, Case C-465/05,[2007] ECR I-11091 261–262

Commission v. Italy – Social Housing, Case 63/86, [1988]ECR 29 217

Commission v. Italy – Statistical Levy, Case 24/68, [1969]ECR 193 50–51, 86

Commission v. Italy – Taxation of Dividends, CaseC-540/07, [2009] ECR I-10983 24

Commission v. Italy – Temp Work, Case C-279/00,[2002] ECR I-1425 261–262

Commission v. Italy – Veto on Acquisition of Shares,Case C-326/07, [2009] ECR I-2291 209

Commission v. Luxembourg, Case C-445/03, [2004]ECR I-10191 169

Commission v. Luxembourg, Case C-51/08, [2011]ECR I-4231 210

Commission v. Luxembourg and Belgium –

Gingerbread, Joined Cases 2/62 and 3/62, [1962]ECR 813 49

Commission v. Luxembourg – Minimum Income Case,Case C-299/01, [2002] ECR I-5899 180

Commission v. Netherlands, Case C-299/02, [2004]ECR I-9761 208

Commission v. Netherlands, Case C-398/06, [2008]ECR I-56 125

Commission v. Netherlands – Notaries, Case C-157/09,[2011] ECR I-0000 210

Commission v. Netherlands – Three-Out-of-Six-YearsRule, Case C-542/09, [2013] ECR I-00000 135

Commission v. Netherlands – Used Cars, Case C-297/05,[2007] ECR I-7467 73–74

Commission v. Poland – Pension Funds, Case C-271/09,[2013] ECR I-00000 310

Commission v. Portugal, Case C-52/08, [2011]ECR I-4275 210

Commission v. Portugal – Construction Sector,Case C-458/08, [2010] ECR I-11599 258–259

Commission v. Portugal – Dividends, Case C-493/09,[2011] ECR I-9247 313

Commission v. Portugal – GALP Energia, Case C-212/09,[2011] ECR I-10889 297, 306–307

Commission v. Portugal – Golden Shares, Case C-367/98,[2002] ECR I-4731 297

Commission v. Portugal – Golden Shares, Case C-212/09, [2011] ECR I-10889 294–296

Commission v. Portugal – Polyethylene Pipes,Case C-432/03, [2005] ECR I-9665 71–72

Commission v. Spain, Case C-94/08, [2008] ECR I-160167–168

Commission v. Spain – Access to Museums, Case C-45/93, [1994] ECR I-911 271–272

Commission v. Spain – Dividends, Case C-487/08, [2010]ECR I-4843 312–313

Commission v. Spain – Private Security Guards,Case C-114/97, [1998] ECR I-6717 210, 216, 232–233

Commission v. Spain – Shopping Centres, Case C-400/08, [2011] ECR I-1915 217–218

Commission v. Spain – Spanish Chocolate, Case C-12/00,[2003] ECR I-459 62–63

Commission v. Spain – Tourist Guides, Case C-375/92,[1994] ECR I-923 260

Commission v. Sweden, Case C-167/05, [2008]ECR I-2127 91

Commission v. United Kingdom, Case 207/83, [1985]ECR 1201 76

Commission v. United Kingdom, Case 261/85, [1988]ECR 547 55

Commission v. United Kingdom –Wine and Beer Cases,Case 170/78, [1983] ECR 2265 90–91

Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri, Case C-311/06,[2009] ECR I-415 235–236

Corporación Dermoestética SA v. To Me GroupAdvertising Media, Case C-500/06, [2008] ECR I-5785266

Corsica Ferries France SA v. Gruppo AntichiOrmeggiatori del porto di Genova Coop. arl, GruppoOrmeggiatori del Golfo di La Spezia Coop. arl andMinistero dei Trasporti e della Navigazione,Case C-266/96, [1998] ECR I-3949 257, 282

xviii Table of cases






Costa/ENEL see Flaminio Costa v. ENELCouncil of the City of Stoke-on-Trent, Case C-169/91,

[1992] ECR I-6635 60–61Cowan (Ian William) v. Trésor public, Case 186/87,

[1989] ECR 195 244, 271Criel, Case 41/76, [1976] ECR 1921 42Criminal proceedings against A, Case E-1/07, [2007]

EFTA CR 246 24Criminal proceedings against Aldo Bordessa, Vicente Marí

Mellado and Concepción Barbero Maestre, JoinedCases C-358/93 and C-416/93, [1995] ECR I-361 292

Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb, Case279/80, [1981] ECR 3305 246, 247

Criminal proceedings against Donatella Calfa,Case C-348/96, [1999] ECR I-11 244–245

Criminal proceedings against Ernst Engelmann,Case C-64/08, [2010] ECR I-8219 232–233

Criminal proceedings against Guerrino Casati,Case 203/80, [1981] ECR 2595 288–289

Criminal proceedings against Jacques Pistre (C-321/94),Michèle Barthes (C-322/94), Yves Milhau (C-323/94)et Didier Oberti (C-324/94), Joined Cases, [1997] ECRI-2343 43

Criminal proceedings against Jan van de Haar andKaveka de Meern BV, Joined Cases 177/82 and 178/82, [1984] ECR 1797 46–47, 56–57

Criminal proceedings against Jean-Claude Arblade andArblade & Fils SARL (C-369/96) and Bernard Leloup,Serge Leloup and Sofrage SARL (C-376/96), JoinedCases, [1999] ECR I-8453 33, 258, 259–260

Criminal proceedings against Lucas Emilio Sanz de Lera,Raimundo Díaz Jiménez and Figen Kapanoglu, CaseC-163/94, [1995] ECR I-4821 292

Criminal proceedings against Massimiliano Placanica(C-338/04), Christian Palazzese (C-359/04) andAngelo Sorricchio (C-360/04), Joined Cases C-338/04,C-359/04 and C-360/04, [2007] ECR I-1891 211,265–266

Criminal proceedings against Piergiorgio Gambelli andOthers, Case C-243/01, [2003] ECR I-13031 248

Criminal proceedings against Uwe Kay Festersen, CaseC-370/05, [2007] ECR I-1129 309–310

Criminal proceedings against Vítor Manuel dos SantosPalhota and Others, Case C-515/08, [2010] ECRI-9133 268

Cristini, Case 32/75, [1975] ECR 1085 180

Daily Mail see R v. HM Treasury and Commissioners ofInland Revenue, ex parte Daily Mail and GeneralTrust plc

Danner (Rolf Dieter), Case C-136/00, [2002] ECR I-8147248

Dansk Supermarked, Case 58/80, [1981] ECR 18143–44, 46–47

Dassonville see Procureur du Roi v. Benoît and GustaveDassonville

De Agostini, Joined Cases C-34/95, C-35/95 and C-36/95, [1997] ECR I-3843 64–65, 66

De Coster (François) v. Collège des Bourgmestre etEchevins de Watermael-Boitsfort, Case C-17/00,[2001] ECR I-9445 250–251, 254–255

De Cuyper, Case C-406/04, [2006] ECR I-06947 114, 115,120, 138, 169

De Peijper, Case 104/75, [1976] ECR 613 69–70, 78–79De Vos, Case C-315/94, [1996] ECR I-1417 178Deak, Case 94/84, [1985] ECR 1873 190DEB Deutsche Energiehandels- und

Beratungsgesellschaft mbH v. BundesrepublikDeutschland, Case C-279/09, [2010] ECR I-13849 102

Decker (Nicolas) v. Caisse de Maladie des EmployésPrivés, Case C-120/95, [1998] ECR I-1831 273–274

Defrenne II, Case 43/75, [1976] ECR 455 141Delay (Nancy) v. Università degli Studi di Firenze,

Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale (INPS)and Italian Republic, Case C-276/07, [2008] ECRI-3635 30–31, 175–176

Deli Ostrich NV v. Belgische Staat, Case C-559/10, [2011]ECR I-10873 52–53

Deliège (Christelle) v. Ligue Francophone de Judo etDisciplines Associées ASBL, Ligue Belge de Judo ASBL,Union Européenne de Judo (C-51/96) and FrançoisPacquée (C-191/97), Joined Cases, [2000] ECR I-2549249–250, 251–252

Demirel (Meryem) v. Stadt Schwäbisch Gmünd,Case 12/86, [1987] ECR 3719 27

Denkavit Futtermittel, Case 251/78, [1979] ECR 3369 58Dereci and Others v. Bundesministerium für Inneres,

Case C-256/11, [2011] ECR I-11315 28–29, 107, 122Deserbais, Case 286/86, [1988] ECR 4907 60Deutsche Grammophon, Case 78/70, [1971] ECR 487 47Deutsches Milch-Kontor, Case C-272/95, [1997]

ECR I-1905 84D’Hoop, Case C-224/98, [2002] ECR I-6191 111, 112,

120, 137–137, 153–154, 183–184Di Leo, Case C-309/89, [1990] ECR I-4185 190Diamantarbeiders, Case 2/69, [1969] ECR 211 41, 49Dijkman (Gerhard) and Maria Dijkman-Lavaleije v.

Belgische Staat, Case C-233/09, [2010] ECR I-6649 271DKV Belgium v. Association Belge des Consommateurs

Test-Achats ASBL, Case C-577/11, [2013] ECR I-00000263–264

DocMorris I, Case C-322/01, [2003] ECR I-14887 74–75DocMorris II see Apothekerkammer des SaarlandesDonà, Case 13/76, [1976] ECR 1333 151, 160Dülger (Natthaya) v. Wetteraukreis, Case C-451/11,

[2012] ECR I-00000 149–150Duomo Gpa Srl (C-357/10), Gestione Servizi Pubblici Srl

(C-358/10) and Irtel Srl (C-359/10) v. Comune diBaranzate (C-357/10 and C-358/10) and Comune diVenegono Inferiore (C-359/10), Joined Cases, [2013]ECR I-00000 200–203, 232–233

Dusseldorp, Case C-203/96, [1998] ECR I-4075 84, 85

xix Table of cases






Ebert (Donat Cornelius) v. Budapesti Ügyvédi Kamara,Case C-359/09, [2011] ECR I-269 217, 218–219

Econord SpA v. Comune di Cagno and Comune diVarese (C-182/11) and Comune di Solbiate andComune di Varese (C-183/11), Joined Cases, [2013]ECR I-00000 285

EFTA Surveillance Authority v. Republic of Iceland,Case E-1/03, [2003] EFTA CR 143 23

Eind, Case C-291/05, [2007] ECR I-10719 172–173Elsen, Case C-135/99, [2000] ECR I-10409 137Eman and Sevinger, Case C-300/04, [2006]

ECR I-8055 98Engelmann see Criminal proceedings against Ernst

EngelmannErny (Georges) v. Daimler AG – Werk Wörth,

Case C-172/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 159Essent Netwerk, Case C-206/06, [2008] ECR I-5497 40,

43–44, 49, 89Etablissements Delhaize Frères et Compagnie Le Lion

SA v. Promalvin SA and AGE Bodegas Unidas SA,Case C-47/90, [1992] ECR I-3669 82–83

Etablissements Rimbaud SA v. Directeur général desimpôts and Directeur des services fiscaux d’Aix-en-Provence, Case C-72/09, [2010] ECR I-10659 303

Even, Case 207/78, [1979] ECR 2019 176–177, 178Exportur, Case C-3/91, [1992] ECR I-5529 56, 76–77

Factortame see R v. Secretary of State for Transport, exparte Factortame Ltd and Others

Federal Republic of Germany v. European Parliamentand Council of the European Union (TobaccoAdvertising I), Case C-376/98, [2000] ECR I-841915–16

Fédération des Maisons de Repos Privées de Belgique(Femarbel) ASBL v. Commission CommunautaireCommune de Bruxelles-Capitale, Case C-57/12,[2013] ECR I-00000 278

Fedesa, Case 331/88, [1990] ECR I-4023 69Femarbel see Fédération des Maisons de Repos Privées

de Belgique (Femarbel) ASBL v. CommissionCommunautaire Commune de Bruxelles-Capitale

Festersen see Criminal proceedings against Uwe KayFestersen

Fidium Finanz AG v. Bundesanstalt fürFinanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, Case C-452/04, [2006]ECR I-9521 245, 261–262

Filipiak, Case C-314/08, [2009] ECR I-11049 187Finalarte Sociedade de Construção Civil Ltd (C-49/98),

Portugaia Construções Ltd (C-70/98) and EngilSociedade de Construção Civil SA (C-71/98) v.Urlaubs-und Lohnausgleichskasse der Bauwirtschaftand Urlaubs- und Lohnausgleichskasse derBauwirtschaft v. Amilcar Oliveira Rocha (C-50/98),Tudor Stone Ltd (C-52/98), Tecnamb-Tecnologia doAmbiante Lda (C-53/98), Turiprata Construções CivilLda (C-54/98), Duarte dos Santos Sousa (C-68/98)

and Santos & Kewitz Construções Lda (C-69/98),Joined Cases, [2001] ECR I-7831 34

Finanzamt Köln-Altstadt v. Schumacker, Case C-279/93,[1995] ECR I-225 114–115, 138–139, 164–165,185–187

Fink-Frucht, Case 27/67, [1968] ECR 327 40–41, 88FKP Scorpio Konzertproduktionen GmbH v. Finanzamt

Hamburg-Eimsbüttel, Case C-290/04, [2006] ECRI-9461 243–244

Flaminio Costa v. ENEL, Case 6/64, [1964] ECR 1141 2Flemish Insurance Case, Case C-212/06, [2008]

ECR I-1683 156, 157–158Fokus Invest AG v. Finanzierungsberatung-

Immobilientreuhand und Anlageberatung GmbH(FIAG), Case C-541/08, [2010] ECR I-1025 25–26,300

Forcheri, Case 28/83, [1984] ECR 1425 131–132Försäkringsaktiebolaget Skandia (publ) and Ola

Ramstedt v. Riksskatteverket, Case C-422/01, [2003]ECR I-6817 248

Försäkringskassan v. Elisabeth Bergström, Case C-257/10, [2013] ECR I-00000 182–182

Förster, Case C-158/07, [2008] ECR I-8507 135–136Fra.bo SpA v. Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas- und

Wasserfaches eV (DVGW) – Technisch-Wissenschaftlicher Verein, Case C-171/11, [2013] ECRI-00000 46

Frascogna, Joined Cases 157/84 and 256/86, [1987] ECR1739 180

Freskot, Case C-355/00, [2003] ECR I-5263 86–87Futura Participations, Case C-250/95, [1997] ECR I-2471

188, 303

GALP Energia see Commission v. Portugal (GALPEnergia)

Gambelli see Criminal proceedings against PiergiorgioGambelli and Others

Garcia Avello, Case C-148/02, [2003] ECR I-11613 103,104–105, 114–115, 140

Gaston Schul, Case 15/81, [1982] ECR 1409 44Gaydarov (Hristo) v. Director na Glavna direktsia

“Ohranitelna politsia” pri Ministerstvo navatreshnite raboti, Case C-430/10, [2011] ECR I-11637118–119

Gebhard (Reinhard) v. Consiglio dell’Ordine degliAvvocati e Procuratori di Milano, Case C-55/94,[1995] ECR I-4165 32, 34, 196, 201–203, 211–212,217, 250–251

Geraets-Smits (BSM) v. Stichting Ziekenfonds VGZ andHTM Peerbooms v. Stichting CZ GroepZorgverzekeringen, Case C-157/99, [2001] ECRI-05473 249, 272, 274–275

Geschwind, Case C-391/97, [1999] ECR I-5451 186–187Geurts (Maria) and Dennis Vogten v. Administratie van

de BTW, Registratie en Domeinen and BelgischeStaat, Case C-464/05, [2007] ECR I-9325 200–201

xx Table of cases






Geven (Wendy) v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen,Case C-213/05, [2007] ECR I-6347 178

Giersch (Elodie) and Others v. Etat du Grand-Duché deLuxembourg, Case C-20/12, [2013] ECR I-00000 32,135, 176–177

Glaxo Wellcome GmbH & Co. KG v. FinanzamtMünchen II, Case C-182/08, [2009] ECR I-8591 303

Gomes Valente, Case C-393/98, [2001] ECR I-1327 88Gottwald, Case C-103/08, [2009] ECR I-9117 120, 121,

135–136Gourmet International, Case C-405/98, [2001]

ECR I-1795 65Government of Communauté Française and

Gouvernement Wallon v. Gouvernement Flamand,Case C-212/06, [2008] ECR I-1683 31

Graf, Case C-190/98, [2000] ECR I-493 158, 171–172Gravier, Case 293/83, [1985] ECR 593 97–98, 100,

111, 131Grilli, Case C-12/02, [2003] ECR I-11585 84, 85–86Grimme (Christian) v. Deutsche Angestellten-

Krankenkasse, Case C-351/08, [2009] ECR I-1077725–26

Groener v. Ministry of Education, Case 379/87, [1989]ECR 3967 174–174

Groenveld (PB) BV v. Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees,Case 15/79, [1979] ECR 3409 83, 84, 85–86

Grogan see Society for the Protection of UnbornChildren Ireland Ltd v. Stephen Grogan and Others

Grundstücksgemeinschaft Busley and CibrianFernandez v. Finanzamt Stuttgart-Körperschaften,Case C-35/08, [2009] ECR I-9807 313–314

Grunkin and Paul, Case C-353/06, [2008] ECR I-7639 140Grzelczyk, Case C-184/99, [2001] ECR I-06193 93, 95,

111, 116, 120, 124–125, 134–136, 183Gül, Case 131/85, [1986] ECR 1573 190Gysbrechts (Lodewijk) v. Santurel Inter BVBA,

Case C-205/07, [2008] ECR I-9947 21, 84, 85–86

Hansen & Balle, Case 148/77, [1978] ECR 1787 89Hartlauer Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Wiener

Landesregierung and OberösterreichischeLandesregierung, Case C-169/07, [2009] ECR I-172134, 69, 77–78, 214

Hartmann (Gertraud) v. Freistaat Bayern, Case C-212/05, [2007] ECR I-6303 31, 157, 178

Hedley Lomas, Case C-5/94, [1996] ECR I-2553 83Hendrix, Case C-287/05, [2007] ECR I-6909 157, 184Hengartner (Alexander) and Rudolf Gasser v.

Landesregierung Vorarlberg, Case C-70/09, [2010]ECR I-7233 25–26, 198

Henn and Darby, Case 34/79, [1979] ECR 3795 55Hoeckx, Case 249/83, [1985] ECR 973 180Hoekstra, Case 75/63, [1964] ECR 177 152–153Hoffmann-La Roche, Case 102/77, [1978] ECR 1139 79Höfner (Klaus) and Fritz Elser v. Macrotron GmbH, Case

C-41/90, [1991] ECR I-1979 200–201, 281

Holböck (Winfried L) v. Finanzamt Salzburg-Land, CaseC-157/05, [2007] ECR I-4051 301

Holdijk (Gerrit) and Others, Joined Cases 141/81 to143/81, [1982] ECR 1299 84

Huber, Case C-524/06, [2008] ECR I-9705 114–115, 118Humbel see Belgian State v. René Humbel and Marie-

Thérèse EdelHumblot, Case 112/84, [1985] ECR 1367 89

Idryma Typou AE v. Ypourgos Typou kai MesonMazikisEnimerosis, Case C-81/09, [2010] ECR I-10161 238

Iida (Yoshikazu) v. Stadt Ulm, Case C-40/11, [2013]ECR I-00000 107

Inspire Art see Kamer van Koophandel en Fabriekenvoor Amsterdam v. Inspire Art Ltd

International Fruit Company, Joined Cases 51/71 to 54/71, [1971] ECR 1107 73–74

International Transport Workers’ Federation and theFinnish Seamen’s Union (Viking), Case C-438/05,[2007] ECR I-10779 22, 204–205, 269

Inzirillo, Case 63/76, [1976] ECR 2057 177, 180Ioannidis, Case C-258/04, [2005] ECR I-8275 153–154,

183–184ITC Innovative Technology Center GmbH v.

Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Case C-208/05, [2007]ECR I-181 155, 168, 171–172, 248

Jäger (Theodor) v. Finanzamt Kusel-Landstuhl,Case C-256/06, [2008] ECR I-123 314–315

Jägerskiöld (Peter) v. Torolf Gustafsson, Case C-97/98,[1999] ECR I-7319 41–42, 246, 247

Jany (Aldona Malgorzata) and Others v.Staatssecretaris van Justitie, Case C-268/99, [2001]ECR I-8615 249

Jipa, Case C-33/07, [2008] ECR I-5157 99–100,116–117, 118

Johnnie Walker, Case 243/84, [1986] ECR 875 88–89Jongeneel Kaas, Case 237/82, [1984] ECR 483 84Jundt (Hans-Dieter) and Hedwig Jundt v. Finanzamt

Offenburg, Case C-281/06, [2007] ECR I-12231 248

Kaba (Arben) v. Secretary of State for the HomeDepartment, Case C-356/98, [2000] ECR I-262399–100

Kakavetsos-Fragkopoulos, Case C-161/09, [2011]ECR I-915 84, 86

Kalinchev, Case C-2/09, [2010] ECR I-4939 88Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam

v. Inspire Art Ltd, Case C-167/01, [2003] ECR I-10155226–227, 231

Kawala, Case C-134/07, [2007] ECR I-10703 89Keck and Mithouard, Joined Cases C-267 and C-268/91,

[1993] ECR 6097 42, 61, 62, 63–64, 65, 66, 74–75,207, 254, 256

Kempf, Case 139/85, [1986] ECR 1741 151–152Ker-Optika, Case C-108/09, [2010] ECR I-12213 74–75

xxi Table of cases






Klopp see Ordre des avocats au Barreau de Paris v.Onno Klopp

Knoors (J) v. Staatssecretaris van Economische Zaken,Case 115/78, [1979] ECR 399 29–30

Kohll (Raymond) v. Union des Caisses de Maladie,Case C-158/96, [1998] ECR I-1931 244, 246, 247, 248,273, 274

Konle (Klaus) v. Republik Österreich, Case C-302/97,[1999] ECR I-3099 309

Konstantinidis, Case C-168/91, [1992] ECR I-1191 93–94Kranemann, Case C-109/04, [2005] ECR I-2421

151–152, 166–167Kraus (Dieter) v. Land Baden-Württemberg, Case C-19/

92, [1993] ECR I-01663 206–207Kurz (Bülent), né Yüce v. Land Baden-Württemberg,

Case C-188/00, [2002] ECR I-10691 149–150

L. N. v. Styrelsen for Videregående Uddannelser ogUddannelsesstøtte, Case C-46/12, [2013] ECR I-00000179–180

Läärä (Markku Juhani), Cotswold Microsystems Ltd andOy Transatlantic Software Ltd v. Kihlakunnansyyttäjä(Jyväskylä) and Suomen valtio (Finnish State),Case C-124/97, [1999] ECR I-6067 265–266

Lair (Sylvie) v. Universität Hannover, Case 39/86, [1988]ECR 3161 189

Lakebrink, Case C-182/06, [2007] ECR I-6705 187Land Baden-Württemberg v. Metin Bozkurt,

Case C-303/08, [2010] ECR I-13445 149–150Land Baden-Württemberg v. Panagiotis Tsakouridis,

Case C-145/09, [2010] ECR I-11979 115, 116–117,129, 130–131

Las (Anton) v. PSA Antwerp NV, Case C-202/11, [2013]ECR I-00000 168–169

Laurence Prinz v. Region Hannover (Case C-523/11) andPhilipp Seeberger v. Studentenwerk Heidelberg(Case C-585/11) Joined Cases, [2013] ECR I-00000 135

Laval un Partneri Ltd v. SvenskaByggnadsarbetareförbundet,SvenskaByggnadsarbetareförbundets avdelning 1,Byggettan and Svenska Elektrikerförbundet,Case C-341/05, [2007] ECR I-11767 248, 251–252,253, 255–256, 268, 269

Lawrie-Blum, Case 66/85, [1986] ECR 2121 151–152,165, 166–167

Lebon, Case 316/85, [1987] ECR 2811 155, 176–177Levin v. Staatssecretaris van Justitie, Case 53/81, [1982]

ECR 1035 151Libert (Eric) and Others v. Gouvernement Flamand

(C-197/11) and All Projects & Developments NV andOthers v. Vlaamse Regering (C-203/11), Joined Cases,[2013] ECR I-00000 283–284, 309–310

Lindfors, Case C-365/02, [2004] ECR I-7183 139Luisi (Graziana) and Giuseppe Carbone v. Ministero del

Tesoro, Joined Cases C-286/82 and C-26/83, [1984]ECR 377 271, 292, 293

Lütticke, Case 57/65, [1966] ECR 3159 89

Mann Singh Shingara, Joined Cases C-65/95 and C-111/95, [1997] ECR I-3343 117

Manninen (Petri), Case C-319/02, [2004] ECR I-7477299–300, 311–312

Mars, Case C-470/93, [1995] ECR I-1923 62–63Marsman, Case 44/72, [1972] ECR 1243 180Martínez Sala (María) v. Freistaat Bayern, Case C-85/96,

[1998] ECR I-2691 94–95, 135–136Matteucci, Case 235/87, [1988] ECR 5589 189McCarthy (Shirley) v. Secretary of State for the Home

Department, Case C-434/09, [2011] ECR I-3375 104,121, 122, 157

Meca-Medina (David) and Igor Majcen v. Commissionof the European Communities, Case C-519/04P,[2006] ECR I-6991 246, 247

Meeusen, Case C-337/97, [1999] ECR I-3289 180–181Metock, Case C-127/08, [2008] ECR I-06241 119, 121Meyhui, Case C-51/93, [1994] ECR I-3879 44Michel, Case 76/72, [1973] ECR 457 180, 190Micheletti, Case C-369/90, [1992] ECR I-04239 101Mickelsson and Roos see Åklagaren v. Percy Mickelsson

and Joakim RoosMinister voor Wonen, Wijken en Integratie v.

Woningstichting Sint Servatius, Case C-567/07,[2009] ECR I-9021 310–311

Mobistar SA v. Commune de Fléron (C-544/03) andBelgacom Mobile SA v. Commune de Schaerbeek(C-545/03), Joined Cases, [2005] ECR I-7723 250–251,254–255

Monsees, Case C-350/97, [1999] ECR I-2921 60Morgan, Joined Cases C-11/06 and C-12/06, [2007] ECR

I-9161 98–99, 103, 109–110, 114, 137, 138Morson and Jhanjan, Joined Cases 35/82 and 36/82,

[1982] ECR 3723 157Moser (Hans) v. Land Baden-Württemberg, Case 180/

83, [1984] ECR 2539 156–157MRAX, Case C-459/99, [2002] ECR I-6591 122Mutsch, Case 137/84, [1985] ECR 2681 180

N, Case C-470/04, [2006] ECR I-7409 200, 232Nadin, Case C-151/04, [2005] ECR I-11203 152Nancy Delay see Delay (Nancy) v. Università degli Studi

di Firenze, Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale(INPS) and Italian Republic

National Grid Indus BV v. Inspecteur van deBelastingdienst Rijnmond/kantoorRotterdam, Case C-371/10, [2011] ECR I-12273203–204, 232

Netherlands v. Ann Florence Reed, Case 59/85, [1986]ECR 1283 180

Nimco Hassan Ibrahim, Case C-310/08, [2010]ECR I-1065 170–171

Ninni-Orasche, Case C-413/01, [2003] ECR I-13187151–152, 155–156

Nolte, Case C-317/93, [1995] ECR I-4625 151Nottebohm Case, Judgment of April 6, 1955, ICJ

Reports 1955, p. 4 101

xxii Table of cases






Nunes Tadeu, Case C-345/93, [1995] ECR I-479 88NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming

van Gend & Loos v. Netherlands Inland RevenueAdministration, Case 26/62, [1963] ECR 3 2, 19, 40

Öberg, Case C-185/04, [2006] ECR I-1453 164–165,176–177, 180, 182

Oebel, Case 155/80, [1981] ECR 1993 84O’Flynn, Case C-237/94, [1996] ECR I-2617 180Oguz (Tural) v. Secretary of State for the Home

Department, Case C-186/10, [2011] ECR I-6957 199Olympique Lyonnais, Case C-325/08, [2010] ECR I-2177

160, 172, 174–175Omalet NV v. Rijksdienst voor Sociale Zekerheid,

Case C-245/09, [2010] ECR I-13771 248Omega Spielhallen- und Automatenaufstellungs-GmbH

v. Oberbürgermeisterin der Bundesstadt Bonn, CaseC-36/02, [2004] ECR I-9609 258

Omroep see Vereniging Veronica Omroep Organisatiev. Commissariaat voor de Media

Oosthoek, Case 286/81, [1982] ECR 4575 43Opel Austria GmbH v. Council of the European Union,

Case T-115/94, [1997] ECR II-39 24Ordre des avocats au Barreau de Paris v. Onno Klopp,

Case 107/83, [1984] ECR 2971 212Orfanopoulos, Joined Cases C-482/01 and C-493/01,

[2004] ECR I-5257 117, 119, 128–129Orifarm A/S and Others (C-400/09) and Paranova

Danmark A/S and Paranova Pack A/S (C-207/10) v.Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. and Merck Sharp &Dohme BV and Merck Sharp & Dohme, Joined Cases,[2011] ECR I-7063 47, 78

Ospelt (Margarethe) and Schlössle WeissenbergFamilienstiftung, Case C-452/01, [2003] ECR I-9743302

Parking Brixen GmbH v. Gemeinde Brixen andStadtwerke Brixen AG, Case C-458/03, [2005]ECR I-8585 248, 285–286

Patrick (Richard Hugh) v. Ministre des affairesculturelles, Case 11/77, [1977] ECR 1199 234–235

Pesla, Case C-345/08, [2009] ECR I-11677 166–167, 236Petersen (Helga) and Peter Petersen v. Finanzamt

Ludwigshafen, Case C-544/11, [2013] ECR I-00000184–185

Petersen (Jörn), Case C-228/07, [2008] ECR I-06989 94,95, 103, 109–110, 162–163

Pharmaceutical Importers see R v. RoyalPharmaceutical Society of Great Britain

PI v. Oberbürgermeisterin der Stadt Remscheid,Case C-348/09, [2012] ECR I-00000 128–129

Placanica see Criminal proceedings against MassimilianoPlacanica

Poucet (Christian) v. Assurances Générales de Franceand Caisse Mutuelle Régionale du Languedoc-Roussillon, Case C-159/91, [1993] ECR I-637 282–283

Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri v. RegioneSardegna (stopover tax), Case C-169/08,[2009] ECR I-10821 20, 34, 248, 254–255, 272

Prete (Déborah) v. Office national de l’emploi,Case C-367/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 183–184

Preussen Elektra, Case C-379/98, [2001] ECR I-2099 43Procureur de la Republique Besancon v. Bouhelier, Case

53/76, [1977] ECR 3151 83, 84Procureur du Roi v. Benoît and Gustave Dassonville,

Case 8/74, [1974] ECR 837 32, 33, 40–41, 54, 55–56,58–59, 60–61, 62, 69, 74–75, 83, 163, 254

Punto Casa, Joined Cases C-69/93 and C-258/93, [1994]ECR I-2355 60–61, 63–64

Pusa, Case C-224/02, [2004] ECR I-5763 113–114

Queen v. see R v.

R v. Ernest George Thompson, Brian Albert Johnsonand Colin Alex Norman Woodiwiss, Case 7/78,[1978] ECR 2247 41–42, 293

R v. HM Treasury and Commissioners of InlandRevenue, ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust plc,Case 81/87, [1988] ECR 5483 220–222, 226

R v. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, exparte Association of Pharmaceutical Importers andOthers, Joined Cases 266/87 and 267/87, [1989] ECR1295 21–22, 45, 56–57

R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, exparte Abdulnasir Savas, Case C-37/98, [2000]ECR I-2927 27, 28–29, 199

R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, exparte Mann Singh Shingara (C-65/95) and ex parteAbbas Radiom (C-111/95), Joined Cases, [1997]ECR I-3343 209

R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, exparte on the application of Ezgi Payir, Burhan Akyuzand Birol Ozturk, Case C-294/06, [2008] ECR I-203149–150

R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parteFactortame Ltd and Others, Case C-221/89, [1991]ECR I-3905 215–216

Raccanelli, Case C-94/07, [2008] ECR I-5939 151–152Radlberger, Case C-309/02, [2004] ECR I-11763 79Radziejewski (Ulf Kazimierz) v.

Kronofogdemyndigheten i Stockholm, Case C-461/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 181

Rahman see Secretary of State for the HomeDepartment v. Muhammad Sazzadur Rahman andOthers

Ramel, Joined Cases 80/77 and 81/77, [1978] ECR 92744

Rau, Case 261/81, [1981] ECR 3961 68–69Reading Borough Council, Case C-304/90, [1992]

ECR I-6493 60–61Recep Tetik v. Land Berlin, Case C-171/95, [1997]

ECR I-329 28

xxiii Table of cases






Redmond, Case 83/78, [1978] ECR 2347 40–41Reed see Netherlands v. Ann Florence ReedReina, Case 65/81, [1982] ECR 33 176–177, 180Reisch Montage AG v. Kiesel Baumaschinen Handels

GmbH, Case C-103/05, [2006] ECR I-6827 309–310Renneberg (RHH) v. Staatssecretaris van Financiën,

Case C-527/06, [2008] ECR I-7735 187Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für

Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon), Case 120/78, [1979]ECR 649 33, 58–59, 62, 69, 70–71, 299, 303

Reyners (Jean) v. Belgian State, Case 2/74, [1974]ECR 631 196, 210, 211

Ritter-Coulais (Hans-Jürgen) and Monique Ritter-Coulaisv. Finanzamt Germersheim, Case C-152/03, [2006]ECR I-1711 187

Rochdale Borough Council, Case 306/88, [1992]ECR I-6457 60–61

Rottmann, Case C-135/08, [2010] ECR I-1449 98–99,101, 102, 105

Rubino, Case C-586/08, [2009] ECR I-12013 234–235Rüffert (Dirk) v. Land Niedersachsen, Case C-346/06,

[2008] ECR I-1989 268, 269Rüffler (Uwe) v. Dyrektor Izby Skarbowej weWroclawiu

Osrodek Zamiejscowy w Walbrzychu, Case C-544/07,[2009] ECR I-03389 111, 113–114, 138

Ruiz Zambrano, Case C-34/09, [2011] ECR I-1177 98–99,100, 103, 104, 106–107, 122

Runevic-Vardyn (Malgožata) and Lukasz Pawel Wardynv. Vilniaus miesto savivaldybes administracija andOthers, Case C-391/09, [2011] ECR I-3787 140

Rush Portuguesa Ltd v. Office National d’Immigration,Case C-113/89, [1990] ECR I-1417 156, 169, 267, 268

Rutili, Case 36/75, [1975] ECR 1219 116–117, 165

Sacchi (Giuseppe), Case 155/73, [1974] ECR 409 41–42Safir (Jessica) v. Skattemyndigheten i Dalarnas Län,

formerly Skattemyndigheten i Kopparbergs Län,Case C-118/96, [1998] ECR I-1897 246, 247

Säger (Manfred) v. Dennemeyer & Co Ltd, Case C-76/90, [1991] ECR I-4221 32, 253–254, 261

Sagulo, Case 8/77, [1977] ECR 1495 145–146Sandoz GmbH v. Finanzlandesdirektion für Wien,

Niederösterreich und Burgenland, Case C-439/97,[1999] ECR I-7041 296–297

Santander Asset Management SGIIC SA (C-338/11) v.Directeur des Résidents à l’Etranger et des ServicesGénéraux and Santander Asset Management SGIICSA and Others (C-339/11 to C-347/11) v. Ministre duBudget, des Comptes Publics, de la FonctionPublique et de la Réforme de l’Etat, Joined Cases,[2013] ECR I-00000 299–300

Sanz de Lera see Criminal proceedings against LucasEmilio Sanz de Lera, Raimundo Díaz Jiménez andFigen Kapanoglu

Sapod Audic v. Eco-Emballages SA, Case C-159/00,[2002] ECR I-5031 46–47

SAT Fluggesellschaft mbH v. Eurocontrol, Case C-364/92, [1994] ECR I-43 282–283

Saunders, Case 175/78, [1979] ECR 1129 156Savas see R v. Secretary of State for the Home

Department, ex parte Abdulnasir SavasSchempp, Case C-403/03, [2005] ECR I-6421 105, 106,

139, 270Scheunemann (Marianne) v. Finanzamt Bremerhaven,

Case C-31/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 294–296Schindler, Case C-275/92, [1994] ECR I-01039 42,

264–265Schmidberger v. Republic of Austria, Case C-112/00,

[2003] ECR I-5659 33, 46–47, 69Schnitzer (Bruno), Case C-215/01, [2003] ECR I-14847

250–251, 262Scholz, Case C-419/92, [1994] ECR I-505 157, 174Schöning-Kougebetopoulou v. Freie und Hansestadt

Hamburg, Case C-15/96, [1998] ECR I-47 174–175Schröder (Ulrich) v. Finanzamt Hameln, Case C-450/09,

[2011] ECR I-2497 293, 314Schulz-Delzers (Cathy) and Pascal Schulz v. Finanzamt

Stuttgart III, Case C-240/10, [2011] ECR I-8531187–188

Schumacker see Finanzamt Köln-Altstadt v.Schumacker

Schwarz (Herbert) and Marga Gootjes-Schwarz v.Finanzamt Bergisch Gladbach, Case C-76/05, [2007]ECR I-6849 112, 138, 187, 249

Scorpio Konzertproduktionen see FKP ScorpioKonzertproduktionen GmbH v. Finanzamt Hamburg-Eimsbüttel

Seco see Société anonyme de droit français Seco andSociété anonyme de droit français Desquenne & Giralv. Etablissement d’assurance contre la vieillesse etl’invalidité

Secretary of State for the Home Department v.Muhammad Sazzadur Rahman and Others, CaseC-83/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 126

Secretary of State for Work and Pensions v. Lucja Czop(C-147/11) and Margita Punakova (C-148/11), JoinedCases, [2013] ECR I-00000 171

Semeraro Casa Uno Srl v. Sindaco del Comune diErbusco (C-418/93), Semeraro Mobili SpA v. Sindacodel Comune di Erbusco (C-419/93), RB ArredamentoSrl v. Sindaco del Comune di Stezzano (C-420/93),Città Convenienza Milano Srl v. Sindaco del Comunedi Trezzano sul Naviglio (C-421/93), CittàConvenienza Bergamo Srl v. Sindaco del Comune diStezzano (C-460/93), Centro Italiano Mobili Srl v.Sindaco del Comune di Pineto (C-461/93), Il 3CCentro Convenienza Casa Srl v. Sindaco del Comunedi Roveredo in Piano (C-462/93), Benelli ConfezioniSNC v. Sindaco del Comune di Capena (C-464/93),M. Quattordici Srl v. Commissario straordinario delComune di Terlizzi (C-9/94), Società ItalianaElettronica Srl (SIEL) v. Sindaco del Comune di Dozza

xxiv Table of cases






(C-10/94), Modaffari Srl v. Sindaco del Comune diTrezzano sul Naviglio (C-11/94), Modaffari Srl v.Comune di Cinisello Balsamo (C-14/94), Cologno Srlv. Sindaco del Comune di Cologno Monzese (C-15/94), Modaffari Srl v. Sindaco del Comune di OsioSopra (C-23/94), M. Dieci Srl v. Sindaco del Comunedi Madignano (C-24/94) and Consorzio CentroCommerciale “Il Porto” v. Sindaco del Comune diAdria (C-332/94), [1996] ECR I-2975 207

SEVIC Systems AG, Case C-411/03, [2005] ECR I-10805229–230, 231

Sevince (S Z) v. Staatssecretaris van Justitie, Case C-192/89, [1990] ECR I-3461 28

SIA Garkalns v. Rigas dome, Case C-470/11, [2013]ECR I-00000 265–266

SIAT see Société d’ investissement pour l’agriculturetropicale SA (SIAT) v. Belgian State

SIDEF, Case C-312/89, [1991] ECR I-997 60–61Simitzi, Joined Cases C-485/93 and C-486/93, [1995]

ECR I-2655 43Simmenthal I, Case 35/76, [1976] ECR 1871 73–74Simmenthal II see Amministrazione delle Finanze dello

Stato v. Simmenthal SpASkandia see Försäkringsaktiebolaget Skandia (publ)

and Ola Ramstedt v. RiksskatteverketSkatteverket v. A and B, Case C-102/05, [2007]

ECR I-3871 294–296Sky Italia Srl v. Autorità per le Garanzie nelle

Comunicazioni, Case C-234/12, [2013] ECR I-00000258

Smith & Nephew, Case C-201/94, [1996] ECR I-581978–79

Smits v. Peerbooms see BSM Geraets-Smits v. StichtingZiekenfonds VGZ and HTM Peerbooms v. StichtingCZ Groep Zorgverzekeringen

Société Anonyme de Droit Français Seco and SociétéAnonyme de Droit Français Desquenne & Giral v.Etablissement d’Assurance Contre la Vieillesse etl’Invalidité, Case 62/81, [1982] ECR I-223 255–256

Société d’Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TF1Publicité SA and M6 Publicité SA, Case C-412/93,[1995] ECR I-179 66

Société d’Investissement pour l’Agriculture Tropicale SA(SIAT) v. Belgian State, Case C-318/10, [2013] ECRI-00000 270–271

Société Fiduciaire Nationale d’Expertise Comptable v.Ministre du Budget, des Comptes Publics et de laFonction Publique, Case C-119/09, [2011] ECR I-2551267

Society for the Protection of Unborn Children IrelandLtd v. Stephen Grogan and Others, Case C-159/90,[1991] ECR I-4685 249

Solgar Vitamins France and Others v. Ministre del’Economie, des Finances et de l’Emploi and Others,Case C-446/08, [2010] ECR I-3973 34

Sotgiu, Case 152/73, [1974] ECR 153 162, 167, 180

Soysal (Mehmet) and Ibrahim Savatli v. Germany,Case C-228/06, [2009] ECR I-1031 28–29, 199

Spanish Strawberries see Commission v. France –Spanish Strawberries

Spotti, Case C-272/92, [1993] ECR I-5185175–176

Staatssecretaris van Financiën v. LAC van Putten (C-578/10), P Mook (C-579/10) and G Frank (C-580/10),Joined Cases, [2013] ECR I-00000 293, 297, 298,303–304

Staatssecretaris van Justitie v. F Toprak and I Oguz,Joined Cases C-300/09 and C-301/09, [2013]ECR I-00000 149–150

Staatssecretaris van Justitie v. Tayfun Kahveci (C-7/10)and Osman Inan (C-9/10), Joined Cases, [2013]ECR I- 00000 149–150

Stadt Halle and RPL Recyclingpark Lochau GmbH v.Arbeitsgemeinschaft Thermische Restabfall- undEnergieverwertungsanlage TREA Leuna, Case C-26/03, [2005] ECR I-1 285

Stadtgemeinde Frohnleiten, Case C-221/06, [2007]ECR I-9643 41–42, 89

Stanleybet International Ltd and Others (C-186/11)and Sportingbet plc (C-209/11) v. YpourgosOikonomias kai Oikonomikon and YpourgosPolitismou, Joined Cases, [2013] ECR I-00000265–266

Star Fruit Company, Case 247/87, [1989] ECR 291 44Steinhauser (P) v. City of Biarritz, Case 197/84, [1985]

ECR 1819 217Stewart (Lucy) v. Secretary of State for Work and

Pensions, Case C-503/09, [2011] ECR I-6497112–114

Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda andOthers v. Commissariaat voor de Media, Case C-288/89, [1991] ECR I-4007 246, 247, 256

Stopover Tax see Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri v.Regione Sardegna

Stylianakis (Georgios) v. Elliniko Dimosio, Case C-92/01,[2003] ECR I-1291 250–251

Susisalo (Marja-Liisa), Olli Tuomaala and Merja Ritala,Case C-84/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 213

Svensson (Peter) and Lena Gustavsson v. Ministre duLogement et de l’Urbanisme, Case C-484/93, [1995]ECR I-3955 298

Sydhavnens Sten & Grus, Case C-209/98, [2000]ECR I-3743 84, 85

Tankstation Heukske, Joined Cases C-401/92 and C-402/92, [1994] ECR I-2199 60–61

Tas-Hagen (K) and RA Tas v. Raadskamer WUBO van dePensioen- en Uitkeringsraad, Case C-192/05, [2006]ECR I-10451 95, 109, 112, 135–136

Tatu (Ioan) v. Statul Român Prin Ministerul Finantelor siEconomiei and Others, Case C-402/09, [2011] ECRI-2711 86, 89–90

xxv Table of cases






Teckal Srl v. Comune di Viano and Azienda Gas-AcquaConsorziale (AGAC) di Reggio Emilia, Case C-107/98,[1999] ECR I-8121 285

Teixeira (Maria) v. London Borough of Lambeth andSecretary of State for the Home Department,Case C-480/08, [2010] ECR I-1107 170–171

Terhoeve, Case C-18/95, [1999] ECR I-345 157,171–172

Test Claimants in the FII Group Litigation v.Commissioners of Inland Revenue and theCommissioners for Her Majesty’sRevenue & Customs, Case C-35/11, [2013]ECR I-00000 296

Thieffry (Jean) v. Conseil de l’ordre des avocats à la courde Paris, Case 71/76, [1977] ECR 765 216–217,234–235

Thompson see R v. Ernest George Thompson, BrianAlbert Johnson and Colin Alex Norman Woodiwiss

Tobacco Advertising I see Federal Republic of Germanyv. European Parliament and Council of the EuropeanUnion

Tobacco Advertising II see Commission v. GermanyToprak see Staatssecretaris van Justitie v. F Toprak and I

OguzTorfaen Borough Council, Case 145/88, [1989] ECR

3851 60–61Trojani, Case C-456/02, [2004] ECR I-7573 135–137, 152,

183Trummer (Manfred) and Peter Mayer, Case C-222/97,

[1999] ECR I-1661 298, 302Tsakouridis see Land Baden-Württemberg v. Panagiotis

TsakouridisTulliasiamies, Case C-101/00, [2002] ECR I-7487 88Turpeinen, Case C-520/04, [2006] ECR I-10685 111,

138–139, 186

Überseering BV v. Nordic Construction CompanyBaumanagement GmbH (NCC), Case C-208/00,[2002] ECR I-9919 211, 225–225, 226, 231

Uecker and Jacquet, Joined Cases C-64/96 and C-65/96,[1997] ECR I-3171 157, 190

Unión de Televisiones Comerciales Asociadas (UTECA)v. Administración General del Estado, Case C-222/07,[2009] ECR I-1407 33

Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football AssociationASBL v. Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal Club Liégeois SAv. Jean-Marc Bosman and Others and Union desAssociations Européennes de Football (UEFA) v.Jean-Marc Bosman, Case C-415/93, [1995]ECR I-4921 32, 160, 161–162, 163–164, 171–172,174–175

United Foods, Case 132/80, [1981] ECR 995 58United Pan-Europe Communications Belgium SA and

Others v. Belgian State, Case C-250/06, [2007]ECR I-11135 33, 258

Upjohn, Case C-379/97, [1999] ECR I-6927 78

VALE Epítési kft, Case C-378/10, [2013] ECR I-00000230–231

Valentina Neri v. European School of Economics (ESEInsight World Education System Ltd), Case C-153/02,[2003] ECR I-13555 211

Van Binsbergen (Johannes Henricus Maria) v. Bestuurvan de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid,Case 33/74, [1974] ECR 1299 243, 248, 253

Van de Haar see Criminal proceedings against Jan vande Haar and Kaveka de Meern BV

Van Duyn, Case 41/74, [1974] ECR 1337 148Van Eycke, Case 267/86, [1988] ECR 4769 87–88Van Gend see NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie

Onderneming van Gend & Loos v. NetherlandsInland Revenue Administration

Van Putten see Staatssecretaris van Financiën v. LACvan Putten

Variola, Case 34/73, [1973] ECR 981 50–51Vatsouras, Joined Cases C-22/08 and C-23/08, [2009]

ECR I-4585 153–154, 155–156, 181, 183VBV – Vorsorgekasse AG v.

Finanzmarktaufsichtsbehörde (FMA), Case C-39/11,[2013] ECR I-00000 310

Vereniging Veronica Omroep Organisatie v.Commissariaat voor de Media, Case C-148/91, [1993]ECR I-487 302

Veronsaajien oikeudenvalvontayksikkö v. A Oy,Case C-48/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 303

Viking see International Transport Workers’ Federationand the Finnish Seamen’s Union

Vlassopoulou v. Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- u.Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg, CaseC-340/89, [1991] ECR I-2357 234–235

Volkswagen see Commission v. Germany (Volkswagen)Vriend, Case 94/79, [1980] ECR 327 84

Wählergruppe “Gemeinsam Zajedno/BirlikteAlternative und Grüne GewerkschafterInnen/UG”,and Bundesminister für Wirtschaft und Arbeit andOthers, Case C-171/01, [2003] ECR I-4301 28

Walrave and Koch, Case 36/74, [1974] ECR 1405 22,159–160, 244

Waypoint Aviation SA v. Belgian State-SPF Finances,Case C-9/11, [2011] ECR I-9697 270

Webb see Criminal proceedings against Alfred JohnWebb

Weigel, Case C-387/01, [2004] ECR I-4981 42Wirth (Stephan Max) v. Landeshauptstadt Hannover,

Case C-109/92, [1993] ECR I-6447 249Wolzenburg, Case C-123/08, [2009] ECR I-9621 126Woningstichting Sint Servatius see Minister voor

Wonen, Wijken en Integratie v. Woningstichting SintServatius

Wouters and Others v. Algemene Raad van deNederlandse Orde van Advocaten, Case C-309/99,[2002] ECR 1-1577 22, 204, 294–296, 307

xxvi Table of cases






Württembergische Milchverwertung-Südmilch AG v.Salvatore Ugliola, Case 15/69, [1969] ECR 363 174

Ymeraga (Kreshnik) and Others v. Ministre du Travail,de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration, Case C-87/12, [2013]ECR I-00000 107

Zambrano see Ruiz ZambranoZanotti (Emiliano) v. Agenzia delle Entrate, Case C-56/

09, [2010] ECR I-4517 138

Zentralbetriebsrat der Landeskrankenhäuser Tirols v.Land Tirol, Case C-339/05, [2006] ECR I-7097 25

Zeturf Ltd v. Premier ministre, Case C-212/08, [2011]ECR I-5633 265–266

Zhu and Chen, Case C-200/02, [2004] ECR I-9925 105,106, 124, 125

Ziebell v. Land Baden-Württemberg, Case C-371/08,[2011] ECR I-00000 149–150

ZZ v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CaseC-300/11, [2013] ECR I-00000 118–119

xxvii Table of cases






Table of legislation

International instrumentsConvention on Certain Questions Relating to the

Conflict of Nationality Laws (Hague Convention),The Hague, April 12, 1930 101

Arts. 1–2 101Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, New

York, August 30, 1961 101General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994

3–5, 36, 246Art. XI 54

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 1995241, 246

Art. I(2) 246Art. II 246Art. XVI 246Art. XVII 246

European regional instrumentsEuropean Convention on Nationality, Strasbourg,

November 6, 1997 101

EU external agreementsAgreement creating an association between the

European Economic Community and Turkey of 12September 1963 (Ankara Agreement) [1964] OJL217/3687 23, 27, 149–150

Art. 4 28Art. 9 27Arts. 12–14 27, 28Art. 12 149–150Arts. 13–14 199

Additional Protocol to the Agreement establishing anAssociation between the European EconomicCommunity and Turkey, of 23 November 1970,[1972] OJ L293/3 27

Art. 37 149–150Art. 41(1) 28–29, 199Art. 41(2) 199

Agreement between the European EconomicCommunity and the Swiss Confederation [1972]OJ L300/189 25

Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEAAgreement) 1992 [1994] OJ L1/3 23–24

Art. 28 149

Art. 31 198Art. 34 199–200Art. 40 303

Agreement between the European Community and itsMember States, of the one part, and the SwissConfederation, of the other, on the free movementof persons [2002] OJ L114/6 25–26, 182

Arts. 1–2 25Art. 4 198, 199–200Art. 5(1) 25–26Art. 18 243–244Annex I, Art. 18 25–26, 243–244

Agreement between the European Community and itsMember States, of the one part, and the SwissConfederation, of the other, on the freemovement of persons – Final Act – JointDeclarations – Information relating to the entryinto force of the seven Agreements with the SwissConfederation in the sectors free movement ofpersons, air and land transport, publicprocurement, scientific and technologicalcooperation, mutual recognition in relation toconformity assessment, and trade in agriculturalproducts [2002] OJ L114/6 149

Agreement on scientific and technological cooperationbetween the European Community and theEuropean Atomic Energy Community, of the onepart, and the Swiss Confederation, of the otherpart [2007] OJ L189/26 25

Agreement between the European Community and theSwiss Confederation concerning the criteria andmechanisms for establishing the State responsiblefor examining a request for asylum lodged in aMember State or in Switzerland [2008] OJ L53/5 25

Agreement between the European Union, theEuropean Community and the SwissConfederation on the Swiss Confederation’sassociation with the implementation, applicationand development of the Schengen acquis [2008]OJ L53/52 24

EU treatiesTreaty of Paris (ECSC Treaty) 1951 4

Art. 69 145–146

xxviii






Treaty of Rome (EEC Treaty) 1957 3–5, 7, 8–9, 14–15,36, 47, 50, 54, 141, 149–150, 196

Art. 7 97–98Art. 8 47Art. 8(1) 5Art. 12 40, 49Art. 13 49Art. 30 63, 73–74Art. 33(7) 55–56Art. 34 73–74Arts. 48–51 152–153Art. 48 148Art. 48(1) 145–146Art. 48(4) 167Art. 52 207Art. 54 197–198Art. 57 197–198, 211, 233–235Art. 67 288–289Art. 67(1) 288–289Art. 68(1) 288–289Art. 100a 10Art. 106 288–289, 292

Treaty of Brussels (Merger Treaty) 1965 4Treaty Amending Certain Budgetary Provisions

1970 4Treaty Amending Certain Financial Provisions 1975 4Single European Act (SEA) 1986 3, 4, 8–10, 14–15Treaty on European Union (TEU) (Treaty of Maastricht)

1992 3, 4, 8–9, 10, 93, 94, 288–289Art. 1(2) 1–2Art. 11(4) 143Art. 55(1) 143–144

Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 4, 10, 49Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

(CFREU) 2000 4, 10, 102, 143–144Art. 20 107Art. 21 107Art. 24 107Art. 33 107Arts. 34–36 282Art. 42 143–144Art. 46 143Art. 51(1) 107Protocol 26, Arts. 1–2 282

Treaty of Nice 2001 4, 10Treaty of Lisbon 2007 4, 10, 143Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

(TFEU) 2009 19, 24, 27, 36, 107, 139Part Two 96–97, 140, 143–144Part Four 142Title II 86Title VII 86Arts. 1–6 11, 12–13Art. 2(1) 13Art. 2(2) 13Art. 2(5) 13–14

Art. 3 14Art. 3(3) 1–2Art. 4 14Art. 5(2) 13–14Arts. 7–17 11, 13Art. 7 115–116Art. 8 13Art. 9 13Art. 11 13Art. 12 13Art. 14 282Art. 15 102Art. 15(3) 143–144Art. 17(1) 16Art. 17(2) 16Arts. 18–25 3, 11Art. 18 27, 96–98, 99–100, 103, 104,

110, 111, 131, 132–133, 135, 136–137, 138–139,140, 286

Art. 18(1) 109Art. 19 96–97, 141Art. 20 96–97, 98–99, 100, 104, 106–107, 109–110,

111, 138, 140Art. 20(1) 98–99, 101Art. 20(2)(b) 142Art. 20(2)(c) 143Art. 21 20, 96–97, 98–100, 103, 104, 105, 109–110,

111, 112–114, 121, 132–133, 135, 136–137,138–139, 140

Art. 21(1) 99Art. 21(2) 15Arts. 22–25 96–97Art. 22 97, 142Art. 22(2) 142Art. 23 97, 143Art. 24 97, 143–144Art. 24(1) 143Art. 25 97Arts. 26–37 11Art. 26(1) 1Art. 26(2) 1Art. 27 115–117, 118Art. 27(1) 118Art. 27(2) 117Arts. 28–30 66Arts. 28–32 40Arts. 28–37 3, 11Art. 28(2) 41, 42, 51Art. 29 42, 51Art. 30 20, 40–41, 43–44, 49, 60–61, 64–65,

86, 87Art. 30(1) 118–119Art. 31 51Art. 33 15Arts. 34–35 40–41Arts. 34–36 40, 41–42, 43–44

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Treaty on the Functioning (cont.)Art. 34 11, 20, 22, 32, 41–42, 45, 54, 55–56, 58, 59,60–61, 62–63, 66, 67, 72–73, 82–83, 84, 86, 207,254, 273–274, 293, 297

Art. 35 21, 67, 73–74, 82–83, 84, 85, 86Art. 36 32–33, 45, 55–56, 64–65, 69, 70, 73–74,76–77

Art. 37 40Arts. 38–44 11Art. 38(2) 11, 12–13Arts. 39–44 12–13Arts. 45–48 3, 152–153Arts. 45–66 11Art. 45 20, 22, 42, 99–100, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152,153, 154, 155, 156–164, 168, 169–170, 172,174–175, 176, 181, 183–187, 190, 191, 200, 217,297, 313

Art. 45(2) 153–154, 161–162, 173Art. 45(3) 161–162, 165Art. 45(4) 32–33, 165–168, 210Arts. 46–48 147Art. 46 15, 147, 191, 234Art. 47 147Art. 48 15, 147, 191Arts. 49–55 3, 196Art. 49 20, 22, 99–100, 197–198, 200–201, 208, 212,214, 215–217, 219–220, 222–224, 225, 226–227,229, 230–231, 232–233, 234–235, 275–276, 286,294–296, 297, 307–308, 313

Art. 49(1) 196Art. 49(2) 220Arts. 50–52 15Art. 50 197–198Art. 50(2)(g) 238–239Art. 51 32–33, 197, 198, 208, 210, 243, 257Art. 52 197, 198, 208, 243, 257Art. 52(1) 209Art. 53 12–13, 15, 197–198, 211, 233, 234,243, 275

Art. 54 22, 196, 197, 198, 201, 219–220, 222–224,225, 226–227, 229, 230–231, 243

Art. 54(1) 199–200Art. 54(2) 199–200Art. 55 198Art. 56 20, 22, 99–100, 203, 204, 217, 232–233,243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249–252, 253–256, 258,260–263, 264–265, 266, 270, 273, 274, 275–276,286, 297

Arts. 56–62 3Art. 56(1) 241Art. 56(2) 243–244Art. 57 242, 243, 245, 248–251, 253Art. 58 243Art. 58(1) 243Art. 59 15, 242, 243, 275Art. 60 243

Art. 61 243Art. 62 234, 242, 243, 257, 275Arts. 63–66 3Art. 63 20, 22, 24, 42, 200, 288, 292, 293, 294–297,

298, 299–300, 302, 304–305, 307–308, 309–310,311–312, 313–315

Art. 63(1) 306–307Arts. 64–66 291Art. 64 292Art. 64(1) 292, 301Art. 64(2) 292, 316Art. 64(3) 316Art. 65 292Art. 65(1) 270–271Art. 65(1)(a) 292, 299–300, 301, 314–315Art. 65(1)(b)(item 1) 298Art. 65(1)(b)(item 2) 299Art. 65(1)(b)(item 3) 299Art. 65(3) 299–300Art. 65(4) 316Art. 66 292, 316Arts. 67–89 11Art. 83(1) 128–129Arts. 90–100 11Art. 93 11Arts. 101–109 11Art. 101 46–47Art. 106(2) 281, 282, 284Art. 107 283, 284Arts. 110–113 11Art. 110 11, 20, 40–41, 43–44, 86–87, 89–90Art. 110(1) 87–88, 90Art. 110(2) 87–88, 90Art. 113 87Arts. 114–118 11Art. 114 10, 12–13, 14–16, 81–82, 191, 233,

234, 275Art. 114(2) 16, 87, 191Art. 115 12–13, 14–15, 16, 87, 191,

233, 275Arts. 145–197 12Art. 157 141Art. 165 191Art. 166 97–98, 131, 191Art. 197 13Arts. 198–204 12, 142Arts. 205–222 12, 12–13Art. 207 51Art. 217 51Arts. 223–309 12, 13Art. 227 102, 143–144Art. 228 102, 143–144Art. 258 16–17, 44, 165–166Art. 259 16–17Art. 267 16–17Art. 288 40

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