European Monarchs. Important Vocabulary Absolute monarch A ruler whose power is not limited by...
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![Page 1: European Monarchs. Important Vocabulary Absolute monarch A ruler whose power is not limited by having to consult with nobles, peasants, etc. Divine right.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070415/5697bff81a28abf838cbf662/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
European Monarchs
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Important Vocabulary
Absolute monarch A ruler whose power is not limited by having
to consult with nobles, peasants, etc. Divine right
The belief that monarchs receive their power from God and therefore cannot be challenged
Constitutional Monarch A monarch whose power is limited
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Divine Right
The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God Himself they are called gods… Kings justly gods, for they exercise a… divine power upon earth… God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake at His pleasure, to give life or sent death to judge and to be judged nor accountable to none, to raise low things and to make high things low at His pleasure… And the like power of kings…
-King James IV/I of Britain, 1609
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Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor Wanted all of Europe to be
Catholic Peace of Augsburg
Said each German prince could decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant
Gave up his throne in 1556
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Phillip II
Spanish King Devout Catholic Rivalry with England
1588-Spanish Armada- called invincible, attacked England
England won Insisted on approving every
decision himself, trusted nobody
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Phillip II used his royal status as an absolute monarch to increase his personal power, extend Spain’s power and influence around the world, and defend the Catholic Church.
Was named a Defender of the Faith by the Catholic Church.
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Spanish Empire
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Spanish decline
Wars overseas, which cost much of Spain’s accumulated wealth
Dependence on the treasure from the New World, causing Spain to neglect its farming and commerce
Heavy taxes on the middle class The expulsion of the Muslims and
Jews
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France
1593 – Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV “Paris is well worth a mass”
1598 – Edict of Nantes
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Louis XIII
France Cardinal Richelieu was his
chief minister and advisor Suppressed nobles and
Huguenots (French Protestants)
Weak ruler
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Louis XIV
King of France “I am the state”- ruled as
absolute monarch The Sun King Versailles 1685 - Revoked the
Edict of Nantes - Outlawed Protestants in France
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War of Spanish Succession
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Versailles
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Versailles
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Versailles
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Versailles
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England
In England, Kings and Parliament struggled for control for centuries. After much conflict, including a civil war, Parliament won.
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Henry VIII
King of England Called Reformation
Parliament to declare England free of authority of the Pope
Established the Church of England
Had six wives
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Mary I
English Queen Catholic, daughter of
Henry VIII Forced Catholicism
on England Persecuted
Protestants Died without an heir
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Elizabeth I
Queen of England Returned England to
the Anglican Church Parliament pressured
her to marry, she refused
Reigned for 45 years- “Elizabethan Age”
Died without an heir
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James I
First monarch of the Stuart dynasty
Wanted to be an absolute monarch, but was low on funds
King James Bible
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Charles I
Wanted money from Parliament Signed Petition of Right
King could not levy taxes without Parliament’s approval
Challenged absolute monarchies Dismissed Parliament for a
decade 1642- English Civil War Sentenced to death for treason
and beheaded
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Oliver Cromwell
Led “Roundheads,” or Parliament
Became Lord Protector of England
Clamped down once in power Dismissed Parliament Closed theaters, other
forms of entertainment
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Charles II
Invited back by Parliament- Restoration
Reopened theaters, drama flourished
Habeas Corpus Act: someone accused of a crime has the right to appear in court
Plague, Great Fire of London
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James II
Catholic Believed in his right to
rule as an absolute monarch
English would no longer tolerate such a belief
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William and Mary
1688 - Glorious Revolution
English Bill of Rights Constitutional
Monarchy
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Russia
Two Russian rulers, Peter and Catherine, attempted to modernize Russia, and gathered an enormous amount of power to their thrones.
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Ivan the Terrible
In the beginning of his reign, he made many reforms- “good period”
Became suspicious (wife’s death)
Created a private police force Killed thousands of people,
including his own son Died without an heir
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Peter the Great
Russia Known for his efforts to
modernize, “Westernize” Russia
Traveled Europe in disguise Brought church under state
control Promoted officials based on
service Supported education Founded St. Petersburg
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Catherine the Great
Czarina Sought to continue
Peter’s practices Faced rebellion in
Russia, strengthened the authority of the monarchy
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Austria
In central Europe, the Thirty Years’ War left Germany divided.
The Hapsburg family in Austria added territory but couldn’t maintain as strong an authority as other monarchs.
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Thirty Years War
Thirty Years War -- between the Catholic Hapsburgs and Protestants in Prague.
Laid waste to much of central Europe. It was settled by the Peace of Westphalia. France won --got more territory Hapsburgs lost a lot. Germany was divided into more than 360
separate states.
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Maria Theresa
Daughter of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Fought war of Austrian Succession, lost
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Prussia
Prussia emerged as a power in the 1600’s, led by the Hohenzollerns.
They created an efficient bureaucracy and strong military.
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Frederick the Great
Prussia, seized Austrian lands
Tried to offer Maria Theresa an alliance, she refused
Fought War of Austrian Succession, won