European Lessons for U.S. Poverty Measurement Deconstructing poverty measures in Europe and the...
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Transcript of European Lessons for U.S. Poverty Measurement Deconstructing poverty measures in Europe and the...
European Lessons for U.S. Poverty Measurement
Deconstructing poverty measures in Europe and the United States
Richard V. Burkhauser
November 4, 2009
Table 1. European Poverty Rates by Member State Using Alternative Solidarity Group Medians
Table 2. State Child Poverty Rates in the United States Using Alternative Solidarity Group Medians
Table 2. State Child Poverty Rates in the United States Using Alternative Solidarity Group Medians
30000
31000
32000
33000
34000
35000
36000
37000
38000
39000
40000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Size-adj Household Income Size-adj Household Income + Employer Health InsuranceSize-adj Household Income + All Health Insurance
Real Median Size-Adjusted Household Income of individuals in the USA, including and excluding health-insurance benefits: 1995 to 2007 (in 2007 dollars)
Table 1. Alternative Measures of Mean Income in 2007, by Decile
Decile Income EmployerHealth
Insurance
Medicaid Medicare Total Health
Insurance
Total Income
Share Health
InsuranceLowest 5,987 346 1,561 2,129 4,036 10,023 40.26
2 13,645 987 867 3,111 4,964 18,610 26.68
3 19,712 1,719 542 2,514 4,775 24,486 19.50
4 25,834 2,455 341 1,879 4,675 30,509 15.32
5 32,132 3,043 217 1,242 4,502 36,634 12.29
6 39,046 3,531 140 1,025 4,696 43,742 10.74
7 47,017 4,007 110 843 4,960 51,977 9.54
8 57,264 4,318 63 716 5,097 62,361 8.17
9 73,314 4,582 45 635 5,262 78,576 6.70
10 138,865 4,764 28 634 5,426 144,292 3.76
Mean 45,933 2,975 395 1,472 4,843 50,776 9.54
Table 2. Changes in Mean Income (with and without value of Health Insurance) 1995 to 2007
Decile Income 1995
Income 2007
PercentChange inIncome
Total Income 1995
Total Income 2007
PercentChange in Total Income
Share of Health Insurance 1995
Share of Health Insurance 2007
Lowest 5,314 5,987 12.66 8,162 10,023 22.80 34.89 40.26
2 11,817 13,645 15.47 15,021 18,610 23.89 21.33 26.68
3 17,118 19,712 15.15 20,025 24,486 22.28 14.52 19.50
4 22,419 25,834 15.23 25,266 30,509 20.75 11.27 15.32
5 27,815 32,132 15.52 30,675 36,634 19.43 9.32 12.29
6 33,716 39,046 15.81 36,628 43,742 19.42 7.95 10.74
7 40,556 47,017 15.93 43,609 51,977 19.19 7.00 9.54
8 49,462 57,264 15.77 52,740 62,361 18.24 6.21 8.17
9 63,386 73,314 15.66 66,779 78,576 17.67 5.08 6.70
10 120,721 138,865 15.03 124,122 144,292 16.25 2.74 3.76
Mean 40,378 45,933 13.76 43,455 50,776 16.85 7.08 9.54
Gini coefficients including health-insurance benefits
Year Income
Income plus Employer Health
InsuranceIncome plus
Medicaid Income plus Medicare
Total Income = income + all health insurance
benefits 1995 0.4222 0.4166 0.4137 0.4100 0.39631996 0.4266 0.4208 0.4188 0.4140 0.40081997 0.4291 0.4228 0.4226 0.4162 0.40371998 0.4263 0.4200 0.4202 0.4141 0.40191999 0.4267 0.4196 0.4216 0.4148 0.40272000 0.427 0.4193 0.4216 0.4144 0.40162001 0.4323 0.4243 0.4263 0.4188 0.40502002 0.4288 0.4206 0.4221 0.4144 0.40002003 0.4316 0.4236 0.4243 0.4170 0.40232004 0.433 0.425 0.4252 0.4178 0.40252005 0.4366 0.4282 0.4287 0.4210 0.40522006 0.438 0.4295 0.4302 0.4205 0.40462007 0.4301 0.4223 0.4217 0.4115 0.3959
YearPre-tax income(exclude health
insurance)Pre-tax income + all
health insurancePost-tax income +
all health insurance
Post-tax income + all health insurance + tax
employer-based health insurance
Gini increase from taxing
health insurance
1995 0.4222 0.3963 0.3352 0.3359 0.0007
1996 0.4266 0.4008 0.3379 0.3387 0.0008
1997 0.4291 0.4037 0.3411 0.3421 0.0010
1998 0.4263 0.4019 0.3356 0.3364 0.0007
1999 0.4267 0.4027 0.3344 0.3352 0.0008
2000 0.4270 0.4016 0.3332 0.3343 0.0011
2001 0.4324 0.4050 0.3359 0.3368 0.0009
2002 0.4288 0.4000 0.3354 0.3364 0.0011
2003 0.4316 0.4023 0.3471 0.3474 0.0004
2004 0.4330 0.4025 0.3462 0.3465 0.0003
2005 0.4366 0.4052 0.3507 0.3516 0.0009
2006 0.4380 0.4046 0.3539 0.3553 0.0014
2007 0.4301 0.3959 0.3458 0.3468 0.0010
Gini coefficients including taxes, and changing tax-policies