HISTORICAL DIVISION

Classical Europe (800-290 BC)

• Italic people migrate into central Italy (800 BC)

• Greeks colonized southern tip of Italy (800 BC)

• Establishment of Rome (753 BC) Roman Republic (590 BC)

• Carthage became an empire (575 BC)

• Dacians staring to gain power & territory on the Balkan peninsula (513 BC)

*Formation of Greece (1000-500 BC) started. • Athens & Sparta; Polis established

• Greco-Persian Wars

Alexander conquered nearly all of Greece and the Persian Empire. He was also able to unify Greek city-states into a single kingdom. Upon his death, the empire was divided amongst his generals.

Roman Dominance(290 - 235BC)

Territories conquered:• Anatolia (133BC)• Romania • Crete (69BC)• Syria (64BC)• Germania (58BC)• Gaul (51BC)• Egypt (30BC)• Hispania (19AD)• Britannia (43AD)

*Christianity spreads

Decline of Rome(235 – 490AD)

1 2

3 4

• North Africa lost by Rome (429)• Pannonia/Dalmatia lost by Rome (455)

* FALL OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

Early Dark Ages I (490-600AD)

• North Africa conquered by Byzantine (534)• Portions of Italy conquered by Byzantine (553)• Southern Iberia conquered by Byzantine (554)

• Establishing theirown kingdom: Franks,Visigoths & Lombards.

Early Dark Ages II(600-755AD)

Byzantine losses:• Southern Hispania to the Visigoths• Middle East: Syria, Israel, & Egypt to Arab Muslims• North Africa to Umayyad Caliphate• Adriatic Coast to the Slavs

Early Dark Ages III(755-840)

• Franks to help Rome free from the Lombards.

• Frankish conquest of Germania

• Frankish conquest of Northern Italy.

Deeper Into the Dark Ages (840 – 967AD)

• After King Louis I, Frankish empire

was divided with his 3 sons.

After the ruler’s death of the Central Realm, East & West Francia gained more territories.But the strip of land in the South was kept by Louis II, son of the deceased ruler.

High Middle Ages (967 – 1050AD)

• Byzantine conquest of Eastern Bulgaria (968)• Byzantine conquest of Anatolia & the Middle East

• Conversion to Christianity: Denmark (980), Kievan Rus (988), Hungary (1001), Norway (1030)• Official Inception of France• Kingdom of Poland established (1025)• Muslim Hispania Collapses (1031)

Christian Crusades(1050-1240)

• Byzantine Empire lost Southern Italy to Normans (1071)• Byzantine territory lost to Turks (1071)• Byzantine loss of Serbia (1086)

• Normans invaded England

• Croatia and Bosnia gained by Hungary from Serbia (1102)

Europe's Darkest Days (1240 - 1350)

Renaissance (1350 - 1505)

• Ottomans Enter Europe (1354)

• Ottomans Conquer Bulgarian Empire (1362-95), Albania (1385), Macedonia (1450), Defeated Byzantine Empire (1453), Serbia and Bosnia (1459), Montenegro (1496)

• Poland-Lithuanian Merger (1385)

• Consolidated Scandinavian Kingdom (1397)

• Mongol Golden Horde Fragmentation (1440)

• Birth of Spain (1469) and the end of Muslim stronghold

• Moscow Independence from Mongols (1480)

Age of Exploration (1505 - 1650)

• Hungary Conquered by Ottoman Empire (1521)

• Dissolution of Kalmar Union (1523) 

• Eastern Prussia Conquered by Poland (1525)

• Latvia Conquered by Poland (1583)

• Austria Conquers Bohemia & Western Hungary From Ottoman Empire (1526)

• France Gains Possession of Brittany

 (1532)

• Wales Absorbed into England 

(1535)

• Spain Takes Control of Mediterranean Sea From Ottoman Empire (1571)

• Duchy of Prussia (1618)• Polish-Swedish War Ending

in Sweden Victory (1625–29)

Age of Enlightenment & Expansionism (1650 - 1789)

• Russian-Polish War (1654–57)

• Ottomans capture Crete from Venice (1669)

• Russian Victory Over Sweden in Northern War (1700-21)

• England Becomes Great Britain (1707)

• Austria Conquers Hungary From Ottoman Empire (1699)

• Kingdom of Prussia Formed (1701)

Napoleonic Wars (1789 - 1816)

• Beginning of French Revolutionary Wars (1792)

*France Conquers: • Spain (1792)• Netherlands(1795)• Northern Italy from

Austria. Thus establishing the Kingdom of Italy (1796)

• France Annexes the Papal States (1796)

• Egypt & Syria (1798-1801)• Switzerland, setting it up as the

Helvetic Republic (1798)• France Dissolves Holy Roman

Empire (1806)• France Establishes the Kingdom

of Naples (1806)

• United Kingdom Absorbs Ireland (1801)

• Finland Territory Conquered by Russia from Sweden (1809)

• Ottoman Empire Loses Bessarabia to Russia(1812)

• Battle of Waterloo - Final Defeat of Napoleon (1815)

• Papal States Restored

Build-Up to World War I (1816 - 1914)

• Greek War of Independence - Greece Gains Independence from Ottoman Empire(1821-29)

• Belgium & Luxembourg gains independence from Netherlands (1830)

• Romania Formed (1859)• Austro-Prussian War Won by

Prussia (1866)• Formation of Austria-Hungary

Empire (1867)• German Empire

Established (1871)

Great War/World War I (1914 - 1919)

Austria: split from the Austro-Hungarian EmpireCzechoslovakia: Czechs and Slovaks Unite for Form Czechoslovakia (1918) split from the Austro-Hungarian EmpireEstonia: independence from the Russian EmpireFinland: independence from the Russian EmpireHungary: split from the Austro-Hungarian EmpireIreland: independence from the United Kingdom (but still part of the British Empire)Latvia: independence from the Russian EmpireLithuania: independence from the Russian EmpireMontenegro: was annexed by Yugoslavia

Poland: recreated from parts of the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian EmpiresUnited Kingdom: gained League of Nations Mandates in Africa and the Middle EastYugoslavia, as the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia

Territorial gains and losses

Inter-War Period (1919 - 1939)

• Escalation of the War of Turkish Independence (1920)

• Ireland Gains Independence from the United Kingdom(1922

• Vatican City Sovereignty (1929):

• German Annexation of Austria (1938):

• German Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939

World War II (1939 - 1945)

• End of Winter War Between USSR and Finland (Mar. 12, 1940)

• Allied Invasion and Conquest of Mainland Italy (Sept 3-16, 1943

• German Retreat Out of USSR Begins (1943)

• Soviets Drive Germans Out of Russia (1944)

• Allies Storm Normandy in Northern France (June, 1944)

• Allied Invasion and Liberation of Southern France (August, 1944)

• Soviets Captures: Romania(August, 1944), Bulgaria (Sept, 1944),  East Poland from Germany (Sep-Dec, 1944), Capture Yugoslavia (Oct, 1944)

• The Germans surrendered to the Western Allies on May 7.

• Denmark and Norway Liberated from Germans (1945)

• Nazi Germany Surrender (May 2, 1945)

• Czechoslovakia Liberated (1945)• Loss of East Germany to Poland (1945)

• Marshall Plan Implemented to Rebuild European Economies (1947-51)• Yugoslavia Breaks Away from Soviet Union (1948)• USSR Partitions East Germany (1949).• NATO Established (1949).• Warsaw Pact Established by USSR (1955).• End of Allied Occupation of Austria (1955).• Berlin Wall Erected by USSR (1961)

Post-World War II Era (1945 - 1989)

• Break-Away Soviet Republics (1990)

• Official Dissolution of the USSR (1991)

Recent History in Europe (1989 - 2008)