European ExplorationEuropean Exploration

Ch 19.1Ch 19.1

What exploration had already What exploration had already occurred?occurred?

• Europeans explored during the Europeans explored during the Crusades beginning in 1100. Crusades beginning in 1100.

• Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese empire in 1275.the Chinese empire in 1275.

Money! Money! Money! Money! Money! Money!

• The main reason for new exploration The main reason for new exploration was to seek for new sources of was to seek for new sources of wealth.wealth.

• Merchants and traders hoped to Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from the trade of spices and benefit from the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia. other luxury goods from Asia.

High Demand for SpicesHigh Demand for Spices• Europeans became introduced to Europeans became introduced to

certain items during the Crusades. certain items during the Crusades.

• After the crusades, Europeans still After the crusades, Europeans still demanded these items.demanded these items.– Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper

• All of these added flavor to the bland All of these added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. foods of Europe.

• Because the supply of spices was low, Because the supply of spices was low, merchants could demand higher merchants could demand higher prices. prices.

Muslims and Italians control Muslims and Italians control tradetrade

• Muslims sold Asian goods to the Muslims sold Asian goods to the Italian merchants.Italian merchants.

• Italian merchants sold the items at Italian merchants sold the items at increased prices throughout Europe. increased prices throughout Europe.

Everyone wants a piece of the Everyone wants a piece of the action! action!

• European merchants (England, European merchants (England, Spain, Portugal, and France) wanted Spain, Portugal, and France) wanted to trade directly with Asia and to trade directly with Asia and bypass the Italian merchants. bypass the Italian merchants.

• This meant finding a direct sea route This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia. to Asia.

ChristianityChristianity

• The desire to spread Christianity also The desire to spread Christianity also fueled European exploration. fueled European exploration.

• The Crusades left bad relations The Crusades left bad relations between the Christians and Muslims. between the Christians and Muslims.

• Christians wanted to continue to Christians wanted to continue to convert non-Christians throughout convert non-Christians throughout the world. the world.

Bartolomeu Dias – Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese ExplorerPortuguese Explorer

““To serve God and To serve God and His Majesty, to give His Majesty, to give light to those who light to those who were in darkness were in darkness and to grow rich as and to grow rich as all men desire to all men desire to do.”do.”

• The motto behind European The motto behind European Exploration became: Exploration became:

The Caravel The Caravel

• A new ship that made sea A new ship that made sea exploration possible exploration possible

• Sturdier than previous shipsSturdier than previous ships

• It had triangular sails, which made it It had triangular sails, which made it possible to sail against the wind. possible to sail against the wind.

• It was extremely maneuverable. It was extremely maneuverable.

CaravelCaravel

Navigational Improvements Navigational Improvements also encouraged sea also encouraged sea explorationexploration• Two major advances helped sailors Two major advances helped sailors

improve navigation methods. improve navigation methods. – AstrolabeAstrolabe– Magnetic compassMagnetic compass

AstrolabeAstrolabe

• The astrolabe was a brass circle with The astrolabe was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees, which was perfected by the degrees, which was perfected by the Muslims. Muslims.

• Using the rings to sight the stars, a Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was. or south of the equator he was.

Magnetic CompassMagnetic Compass

• Explorers were also able to more Explorers were also able to more accurately track their direction by accurately track their direction by using a magnetic compass invented using a magnetic compass invented by the Chineseby the Chinese

Astrolabe

Compass

Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator

• Prince of PortugalPrince of Portugal

• Wanted to discover sources of wealth Wanted to discover sources of wealth and spread Christianity. and spread Christianity.

• Founded a navigation school. Founded a navigation school. – Map makers, instrument makers, ship Map makers, instrument makers, ship

builders, scientists, and sea captains builders, scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect their trade. gathered there to perfect their trade.

Prince Henry Prince Henry

Portugal

Portugal leads the wayPortugal leads the way

• Soon the Portuguese established trading Soon the Portuguese established trading posts all along the coast of Africa. posts all along the coast of Africa.

• They traded gold and ivory. They traded gold and ivory.

• Eventually, they traded for African Eventually, they traded for African slaves. slaves.

• After establishing themselves in Africa, After establishing themselves in Africa, they wanted to find a sea route to Asia. they wanted to find a sea route to Asia.

1111thth century Ivory Elephant century Ivory Elephant Tusk found in ItalyTusk found in Italy

The Portuguese believed they The Portuguese believed they would have to sail around the would have to sail around the southern tip of Africa to get to southern tip of Africa to get to India.India.

Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias

• In 1488, Captain In 1488, Captain Bartolomeu Dias Bartolomeu Dias ventured further ventured further down the coast of down the coast of Africa until he Africa until he reached the tip. reached the tip.

• As he arrived, a As he arrived, a huge storm rose huge storm rose and battered his and battered his fleet for days. fleet for days.

Bartolomeu DiazBartolomeu Diaz

• When the storm ended, Dias realized When the storm ended, Dias realized his ships had been blown around the his ships had been blown around the tip to the other side of the continent. tip to the other side of the continent.

• Realizing supplies were low, he Realizing supplies were low, he returned home. returned home.

• He was the first European to have He was the first European to have sailed around the tip of Southern sailed around the tip of Southern Africa. Africa.

• Dias’s VoyageDias’s Voyage

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama

• With the southern tip of Africa finally With the southern tip of Africa finally rounded, the Portuguese continued rounded, the Portuguese continued pushing east. pushing east.

• In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama reached the port of Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. India.

• They were amazed with the spices, They were amazed with the spices, rare silks, and precious gems. rare silks, and precious gems.

• The Portuguese sailors filled their The Portuguese sailors filled their ships with pepper and cinnamon and ships with pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal in 1499. returned to Portugal in 1499.

• Vasco da Gama was given a hero’s Vasco da Gama was given a hero’s welcome. welcome.

• His remarkable voyage of 27,000 His remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India. route to India.

• Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama

Da Gama’s Da Gama’s VoyageVoyage

SPAIN IS SPAIN IS JEALOUS!JEALOUS!

• Spain watched with envy as Portugal Spain watched with envy as Portugal increased in wealth. increased in wealth.

• The Spanish monarchs also wanted The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find a direct sea route to the to find a direct sea route to the treasures of Asia. treasures of Asia.

14921492

• Spain just kicked the Moors out of Spain just kicked the Moors out of Spain in the ‘Reconquista’Spain in the ‘Reconquista’

• Also that same year, Christopher Also that same year, Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance Columbus convinced Spain to finance finding a route to Asia by sailing finding a route to Asia by sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean. West across the Atlantic Ocean.

ColumbusColumbus

ImpactImpact

• In October of 1492, Columbus reached In October of 1492, Columbus reached the shores of an island in the the shores of an island in the Caribbean. Caribbean.

• His voyage opened the way for His voyage opened the way for European colonization of the American European colonization of the American continents – a process that would continents – a process that would forever change the world. forever change the world.

• The immediate effect increased The immediate effect increased tensions between Spain and Portugal. tensions between Spain and Portugal.

Rivalry grows intenseRivalry grows intense

• Columbus believed that he had Columbus believed that he had reached Asia. reached Asia.

• Believing him to be right, Portugal Believing him to be right, Portugal suspected that Columbus had suspected that Columbus had claimed lands that Portuguese sailors claimed lands that Portuguese sailors might have reached first. might have reached first.

Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation• In 1493, In 1493, Pope Alexander VI tried to Pope Alexander VI tried to

keep the peacekeep the peace between the two nations. between the two nations.

• He He suggested an imaginary dividing suggested an imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Oceanthe Atlantic Ocean. .

• All All lands westlands west of the line would of the line would belong belong to Spain. to Spain.

• All All land eastland east of the line would of the line would belong to belong to Portugal. Portugal.

• This became known as the line of This became known as the line of Demarcation. Demarcation.

Pope Alexander VIPope Alexander VI

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

• Portugal complained that the line Portugal complained that the line gave too much to Spain. gave too much to Spain.

• It was It was moved farther west to moved farther west to include parts of modern-day include parts of modern-day Brazil for the PortugueseBrazil for the Portuguese. .

• In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the line. they agreed to honor the line.

Line of Demarcation

Treaty of Tordesillas

Portugal’s Trading EmpirePortugal’s Trading Empire

• Built trading empire through the Built trading empire through the Indian oceanIndian ocean

• Took control of the spice trade from Took control of the spice trade from the Muslim merchantsthe Muslim merchants

• In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India.fleet off the coast of India.

• The following year, the Portuguese The following year, the Portuguese captured Goa, a city on India’s west captured Goa, a city on India’s west coast. coast.

• They made it the capital of their They made it the capital of their trading empire. trading empire.

• Then they sailed farther east to Then they sailed farther east to Indonesia, also known as the East Indonesia, also known as the East Indies. Indies.

IndonesiaIndonesia

• In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the city of Malacca on the west the city of Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. coast of the Malay Peninsula.

• In capturing the town, Portuguese In capturing the town, Portuguese seized control of the Strait of seized control of the Strait of Malacca.Malacca.

• Seizing this waterway gave them Seizing this waterway gave them control of the Moluccas. control of the Moluccas.

• These were islands so rich in spices These were islands so rich in spices that they later became known as the that they later became known as the Spice Islands. Spice Islands.

Close up Close up

viewview

• Portuguese merchants brought back Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about 1/5 of the goods from Asia at about 1/5 of the price of what they paid Italian and price of what they paid Italian and Muslim merchants. Muslim merchants.

• Portugal’s success attracted the Portugal’s success attracted the attention of other European nations. attention of other European nations.

Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan

• In 1521, Ferdinand In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Magellan arrived in the Philippines. the Philippines.

• Spain claimed the Spain claimed the islands and began islands and began settling them in settling them in 1565.1565.

English and Dutch want inEnglish and Dutch want in

• By the early 1600s, The English and By the early 1600s, The English and the Dutch began to challenge the Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance over the Indian Portugal’s dominance over the Indian Ocean trade. Ocean trade.

• The Dutch Republic (also known as The Dutch Republic (also known as the Netherlands) declared their the Netherlands) declared their independence from Spain in 1581.independence from Spain in 1581.

Western EuropeWestern Europe

• NetherlandsNetherlands

NetherlandsNetherlands

• The Netherlands became a leading The Netherlands became a leading sea power. sea power.

• By 1600, the Dutch owned the By 1600, the Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships in the world – largest fleet of ships in the world – 20,000 vessels.20,000 vessels.

• Together the English and Dutch Together the English and Dutch broke Portuguese Dominance in the broke Portuguese Dominance in the Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean.

• The two nations then battled each The two nations then battled each other for control. other for control.

• Each nation had formed an East India Each nation had formed an East India Company to establish and direct Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. trade throughout Asia.

• These companies had the power to These companies had the power to mint money, make treaties, and raise mint money, make treaties, and raise armies. armies.

• The Dutch East India Company was The Dutch East India Company was richer and more powerful than richer and more powerful than England’s company. England’s company.

• As a result, the Dutch eventually As a result, the Dutch eventually drove out the English and drove out the English and established their dominance over the established their dominance over the region. region.

• In 1619, the Dutch established their In 1619, the Dutch established their trading headquarters at Batavia on trading headquarters at Batavia on the island of Java. the island of Java.

• From there, they expanded west to From there, they expanded west to conquer several nearby islands. conquer several nearby islands.

• The Dutch also took Malacca and the The Dutch also took Malacca and the valuable Spice Islands. valuable Spice Islands.

• With so many goods traveling from Asia With so many goods traveling from Asia to the Netherlands, Amsterdam became to the Netherlands, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center. a leading commercial center.

• By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of Indonesia and had trading posts in Indonesia and had trading posts in numerous Asian countries. numerous Asian countries.

• They also controlled the Cape of Good They also controlled the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa. Hope on the southern tip of Africa.

Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope

The Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope

• First European to reach this area was First European to reach this area was Bartolomeu Dias. Dias originally Bartolomeu Dias. Dias originally named it the named it the Cape of StormsCape of Storms. .

• Later, John II of Portugal renamed it Later, John II of Portugal renamed it ‘Cabo de boa esperanca’ = ‘Cabo de boa esperanca’ = Cape of Cape of Good HopeGood Hope because it was a symbol because it was a symbol of opening the sea route eastward of opening the sea route eastward toward India. toward India.

Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope

• Was settled by the Dutch and later Was settled by the Dutch and later conquered by the English. conquered by the English.

• There are two monuments erected There are two monuments erected there to honor Dias and da Gama. there to honor Dias and da Gama.

• In honor of da In honor of da Gama, the Gama, the Portuguese Portuguese government built government built this to this to commemorate his commemorate his passage around passage around the Cape of Good the Cape of Good Hope. Hope.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Cape_of_good_hope.JPG

Britain and France Britain and France

• English East India Company built English East India Company built successful business in trading fine successful business in trading fine cloth.cloth.

• In 1664, France also entered the Asia In 1664, France also entered the Asia trade with its own East India trade with its own East India Company. Company. – The company struggled at first but The company struggled at first but

eventually became established. eventually became established. – They never made a large profit. They never made a large profit.

• Even though there were many Even though there were many European trading posts throughout European trading posts throughout Asia, Asian people remained Asia, Asian people remained unaffected by them. unaffected by them.

• Europeans’ influences rarely spread Europeans’ influences rarely spread beyond the port cities into the beyond the port cities into the countries interiors. countries interiors.

Assignment: pick A or BAssignment: pick A or B

• (A) Write a paragraph comparing the (A) Write a paragraph comparing the demand for spices in the 1500s to the demand for spices in the 1500s to the demand for oil today. What lengths will demand for oil today. What lengths will countries go to, to have the control on countries go to, to have the control on oil? Will oil ever be as common (or oil? Will oil ever be as common (or cheap) as spices are today? cheap) as spices are today?

• (B) Create a cartoon about the high (B) Create a cartoon about the high demand for spices by Europeansdemand for spices by Europeans