European Commission, DG MARE Studies for carrying out the ......i European Commission, DG MARE...

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European Commission, DG MARE

Studies for carrying out the Common Fisheries Policy:

Lot 3 Socio-economic dimensions in EU fisheries

VIGO Case study report

October 2013

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Contents 1. Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Secondary data sources ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Interviews for focus groups ......................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Questionnaires........................................................................................................................... 2

2. Settings ............................................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Description of case study sites .................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Demographics ........................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Employment opportunities/sector overview ................................................................................... 6

2.4 Fisheries ................................................................................................................................... 9

2.4.1 Fleet segment 1: 00-12 m Artisanal ........................................................................................ 17

2.4.2 Fleet segment 2: 12-24 PTS .................................................................................................. 23

2.4.3 Fleet segment 3: 24-40 m surface longline ............................................................................. 29

2.4.4 Fleet segment 4: 24-40 m trawlers ......................................................................................... 33

2.4.5 Fleet segment 5: 40+ m trawlers ............................................................................................ 37

2.5 Summary of settings ................................................................................................................. 42

3. Linkages ......................................................................................................................................... 43

3.1 Inter-sectoral linkages............................................................................................................... 43

Geographical ................................................................................................................................... 43

Labour ............................................................................................................................................ 44

Institutions ....................................................................................................................................... 44

Economic ........................................................................................................................................ 45

3.2 Intra-sectoral linkages............................................................................................................... 46

3.2.1 Between fleet segments ........................................................................................................... 46

3.2.2 Between subsectors ................................................................................................................. 48

3.3 Summary of linkages ................................................................................................................ 50

4. Role of fishing .................................................................................................................................. 51

4.1 Fisheries as an economic activity ............................................................................................... 51

4.1.1 Diversification .......................................................................................................................... 51

4.2 Adaptation ............................................................................................................................... 54

4.3 Future development of the community ........................................................................................ 57

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5. Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................................ 59

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List of tables

Table 1. Sample size Ardan database. Vigo .................................................................................................. 2 Table 2. Stock status of key species exploited by the fleet operating from Vigo .............................................. 13 Table 3. Fleet segments present in Vigo ..................................................................................................... 14 Table 4. Seasonality of fishing by species for the artisanal segment (n=21) ......................................... 18

Table 5. Demographics by employee type. Artisanal firm (n=21) ................................................................... 18 Table 6. Demographics by employee type. Cofradía .................................................................................... 19 Table 7. Level of family involvement in business. Artisanal segment (n=21) ................................................... 20 Table 8. Economic structure of the business for the artisanal segment .......................................................... 20 Table 9. Remuneration type by vessel. Artisanal segment (n=21) ................................................................ 21 Table 10. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Artisanal segment (n=21) ................................................... 22 Table 11. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Cofradía ............................................................................ 22 Table 12. Seasonality of fishing. Seiner segment in Vigo (n=30) ................................................................... 23 Table 13. Demographics by employee type. Seiner segment in Vigo (n=30) .................................................. 24 Table 14. Demographics by employee type. Cooperative ............................................................................. 25 Table 15. Level of involvement in business within seiner segment in Vigo (n=30) ........................................... 25 Table 16. Economic structure (%) of the business for seiner segment ........................................................... 26 Table 17. Remuneration type by vessel. Seiner segment of Vigo (n=30)........................................................ 27 Table 18. Salary band by employee type (euros). Seiner segment of Vigo (n=30) .......................................... 27 Table 19. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Cooperative ...................................................................... 28 Table 20. Seasonality of fishing of key species for Surface longline segment (n=62) ...................................... 29 Table 21. Demographics by employee type. Surface longline segment fleet (n=65) ........................................ 29 Table 22. Level of involvement in business within seiner segment in Vigo (n=65) ........................................... 30 Table 23. Economic structure (%) of the business for surface longliners segment .......................................... 30 Table 24. Remuneration type by vessel within surface longline segment (n=65) ............................................. 32 Table 25. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Surface longline segment (n=65) ......................................... 32 Table 26. Seasonality of fishing of key species for trawlers segment (n=39) .................................................. 33 Table 27. Demographicsby employee type. Trawler segment fleet (n=41)...................................................... 33 Table 28. Level of family involvement in business within of the trawler segment (n=41) .................................. 34 Table 29. Economic structure (%) of the business for trawler segment .......................................................... 34 Table 30. Remuneration type by vessel within trawler segment (n=41) .......................................................... 36 Table 31. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Trawler segment (n=41) ..................................................... 36 Table 32. Seasonality of fishing of key species for freezer trawler segment (n=25) ......................................... 37 Table 33. Demographicsby employee type. freezer trawler segment fleet (n=28) ........................................... 38 Table 34. Level of family involvement in business within of freezer trawler segment (n=28) ............................. 39 Table 35. Economic structure within the freezer trawler segment .................................................................. 39 Table 36. Remuneration type by vessel within freezer trawler segment (n=28) ............................................... 40 Table 37. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Freezer trawler segment (n=28) .......................................... 41 Table 38. Summary of settings .................................................................................................................. 42 Table 39. Analysis of adaptive response by fleet segments and employee-type. ............................................ 55 Table 40. SWOT analysis ......................................................................................................................... 58 Table 41. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2003 ................................................................. 62

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Table 42. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2003 ............................................... 63 Table 43. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2004 .................................................................. 64 Table 44. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2004 ............................................... 65 Table 45. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2005 .................................................................. 66 Table 46. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2005 ............................................... 67 Table 47. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2006 .................................................................. 68 Table 48. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2006 ............................................... 69 Table 49. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2007 .................................................................. 70 Table 50. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2007 ............................................... 71 Table 51. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2008 .................................................................. 72 Table 52. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2008 ............................................... 73 Table 53. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2009 .................................................................. 74 Table 54. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2009 ............................................... 75 Table 55. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2010 .................................................................. 76 Table 56. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2010 ............................................... 77

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List of figures

Figure 1. Statistical organization in the General Administration of the Spanish State. ........................................ 1 Figure 2. Map of Vigo ................................................................................................................................. 3 Figure 3. Trends in population of Vigo over the period 2001-2010 ................................................................... 4 Figure 4. Age structure of the population of Vigo over the period 2001-2010 .................................................... 5 Figure 5. Origin of the population of Vigo for the year 2010 ............................................................................ 5 Figure 6. Trends in migration in and out of Vigo over the period 2001-2010 ..................................................... 5 Figure 7. Life expectancy at birth over time for women and men in Vigo .......................................................... 6 Figure 8. Economic value by economic activity over the period 2003-2010 ...................................................... 6 Figure 9. Breakdown of economic value by economic activity in the year 2010 ................................................ 7 Figure 10. Trends in employment and unemployment in Vigo over the period 2003-2010 .................................. 7 Figure 11. Employment by activity in Vigo over the period 2008-2010 ............................................................. 8 Figure 12. Number of firms operating in Vigo by economic activity over 2008-2010 ......................................... 8 Figure 13. Trends in mackerel stock (Scomber scombrus) stock over the period 1995-2010 ............................. 9 Figure 14. Trends in sardine (Sardina pilchardus) stock over the period 1995-2010 ........................................ 10 Figure 15. Trends in horse mackerel (Trauchurus trachurus) stock over the period 1992-2010 ........................ 10 Figure 16 . Trends in Southern hake (Merluccius merluccius) stock over the period 1982-2010 ....................... 10 Figure 17. Trends in North-Atlantic swordfish (Xiphias gladius) stock over the period 1952-2008 ..................... 11 Figure 18. Trends in Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) stock over the period 2003-2011 ........................... 11 Figure 19. Trends in skates (Amblyraja radiata) stock over the period 1997-2011. Comparison of Thorny Skate biomass indices in 1997-2011 from a Canadian spring survey in Div. 3NO and a Spanish spring survey in Div. 3NO. ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 20. Trends in American plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) stock over the period 2003-2011 ..................... 12 Figure 21. Trends in cod (Gadus morhua) stock over the period 1997-2012 .................................................. 13 Figure 22. Trends in number of vessels by fleet segment over the period 2003-2011 ...................................... 15 Figure 23. Trends in total power (kW) of the fleet segments over the period 2003-2011 .................................. 15 Figure 24. Trends in fleet tonnage (GT) by fleet segment over the period 2003-2011 ...................................... 15 Figure 25. Sole Bank (ICES Division VIIh and VIIj). Trawlers fishing area. ..................................................... 16 Figure 26. NAFO Divisions 3LNO. Freezer trawlers fishing area. .................................................................. 17 Figure 27. ICES Subareas I and II (Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea). Cod freezer trawlers fishing area. ......... 17 Figure 28. Demographics of business within the artisanal segment (n=21) .................................................... 19 Figure 29. Demographics of business within the Cofradía ............................................................................ 19 Figure 30. Trends in landings volume. Artisanal segment of Vigo .................................................................. 20 Figure 31. Trends in landings value. Artisanal segment of Vigo .................................................................... 21 Figure 32. Trends in landed price. Artisanal segment of Vigo ....................................................................... 21 Figure 33. Education level of actors within the artisanal fleet in Vigo (n=21) ................................................... 22 Figure 34. Education level of actors within the Cofradía ............................................................................... 23 Figure 35. Demographics of business within the seiner segment in Vigo ....................................................... 24 Figure 36. Demographics of business within the Cooperative ....................................................................... 25 Figure 37. Trends in landings volume. Seiner segment of Vigo ..................................................................... 26 Figure 38. Trends in landings value. Seiner segment of Vigo ........................................................................ 26 Figure 39. Trends in landed prices. Seiner segment of Vigo ......................................................................... 27

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Figure 40. Education level. Purse seine segment (n=30) .............................................................................. 28 Figure 41. Education level of actors within the Cooperative .......................................................................... 28 Figure 42. Demographic of business within of the surface longline segment (n=65) ........................................ 30 Figure 43. Trends in landings volume. Surface longline segment of Vigo ....................................................... 31 Figure 44. Trends in landings value. Surface longline segment of Vigo .......................................................... 31 Figure 45. Trends in landed prices. Surface longline segment of Vigo ........................................................... 31 Figure 46. Education level within of the surface longline segment (n=65) ...................................................... 32 Figure 47. Demographic of business within of the trawler segment (n=41) ..................................................... 34 Figure 48. Trends in landings volume. Trawler segment of Vigo ................................................................... 35 Figure 49. Trends in landings value. Trawler segment of Vigo ...................................................................... 35 Figure 50. Trends in landed prices. Trawler segment of Vigo ........................................................................ 35 Figure 51. Education level within of the trawler segment (n=41) ................................................................... 36 Figure 52. Demographic of business within of the freezer trawler segment (n=28) .......................................... 38 Figure 53. Trends in landings volume. Freezer trawling segment of Vigo ....................................................... 39 Figure 54. Trends in landings value. Freezer trawling segment of Vigo .......................................................... 40 Figure 55. Trends in landed prices. Freezer trawling segment of Vigo ........................................................... 40 Figure 56. Education level within of the freezer trwaler segment (n=28) ........................................................ 41 Figure 57. Proportion employed in the fisheries sector over time .................................................................. 51 Figure 58. Economic dependence on the fisheries sector over time .............................................................. 52 Figure 59. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Artisanal segment (n=21) ........... 52 Figure 60. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Seiner segment (n=30) ............... 53 Figure 61. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Surface longline segment (n=65) . 53 Figure 62. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Trawling segment (n=41) ............ 53 Figure 63. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Freezer segment (n=28) ............. 54

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List of abbreviations and acronyms

FLAG: Fisheries Local Action Groups (Coastal Action Group)

ICCAT: International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

ICES: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

IGE: Galician Statistical Institute – Instituto Gallego de Estadística

INE: Spanish Statistical Institute – Instituto Nacional de Estadística

Intecmar: Technological Institute for Control of the Marine Environment – Instituto Tecnológico para el Control del Medio Marino

ITQ: Individual transferable quotas

ISSGA: Galician Institute of Safety and Labour Health – Instituto Galego de Seguridad y Salud Laboral

MERCAS: Spanish central wholesale markets

MSC: Marine Stewardship Council

MSY: Maximum sustainable yield

n: Number of questionnaires

SSB: Spawning stock biomass

SWOT: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

TAC: Total allowable catch

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1. Methods

1.1 Secondary data sources The main secondary data source used is the Galician Statistical Institute (IGE) similar to the National Statistical Institute but at regional level, with which it has to be coordinated, and where possible, integrated. Both sources adopted the Code of Practice for European Statistics as its own, thus undertaking to comply with it when establishing general principles regulating statistical production for state purposes. In the Spanish Autonomous Communities, the executive statistical bodies are made up of a central office and services producing statistics in Autonomous Councils/departments, in a similar manner to the statistical organization in the General Administration of the State (GAS. See Figure 1). These organic units perform the functions of coordinating and planning statistics for each region, as well as contributing, together with the statistical services of the boards, to the production of the aforementioned statistics, on their own or in partnership with the GAS.

IGE provides data on the economy, demographics and Galician society, among other general data. In particular, data on population, age structure, origin of population, migration trends, employment, number of firms, and social services were taken from this database.

Figure 1. Statistical organization in the General Administration of the Spanish State. Source: National Statistical Institute.

However, this source provides economic data too aggregated at LAU2 level and data for economic activities aren’t available. For it, the Ardan Database was used for this topic. Ardan database is elaborated by the Free Economic Zone of Vigo and it provides annual data on income and employment by economic activity for all LAU2 of Galicia. This fee-based database is statistically reliable given that it uses sample sizes higher than 10 % (see Table 2).

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Table 1. Sample size Ardan database. Vigo Number of firms (IGE) Ardan sample % Ardan/Total firms

Vigo 24,335 6,123 25.16

Source: Own compilation from IGE and Ardan database. 2011.

In addition to the above sources, the Galician Institute of Safety and Labour Health (ISSGA) was used for collecting data of job accidents in the sea. This institution manages and coordinates policies on prevention of labour risks and provides annual data on number of accidents by main economic activity.

Lastly, the Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar (Xunta de Galicia-pescadegalicia) provides annual information on the Galician fleet and landings by port, although with any lag in the former. This source was used for collecting data on fleet characteristics (number of vessels, tonnage, and power by fleet segment), landings (volume and value) and average prices by species.

1.2 Interviews for focus groups For wider community meeting, the City Hall, the Vigo’s Chamber of Commerce, the Port Authority, Oceanographic Institute and ProVigo Foundation were contacted and nine persons participated in the meeting. They were selected by their own institution. The participants were as follows: the Mayor of Vigo, a worker of city council, two representatives from Chamber of Commerce, a worker from the port institution, two from Oceanographic Institute, a manager of fish marketing firm, and a from Provigo Foundation. The presentation of results of secondary data sources was very useful for contrasting and validating that information. All participants expressed their opinion, although the Mayor dominated the discussions.

Regarding on segments representatives, Cofradía San Francisco represents the polyvalent-artisanal segment and (ARVI) represents the remaining segments involved in the study. Both organizations were contacted for representatives and fishermen focus groups. The participants, both representatives and skippers and crews, were selected by their organization. The final sample size was as follows: one Cofradía’s representative; two managers from ARVI; seven skippers (from an approximated population of 29) and 14 crew (of an approximate population of 55) for artisanal segment; five skippers (of 17 people) and 25 crew (of an approximate figure of 160 people) for purse seiner segment; 12 skippers (of 49 people), 25 crew (of an approximate figure of 490 people), and three managers for the surface longliner segment; seven skippers (of 23 people), 15 crew (of an approximate figure of 345 people), and two managers in the trawling case; and five skippers (of 23 people), ten crew (of an approximate figure of 460 people) and three managers in the freezer trawler segment.

Two focus groups took place for fleet segment representatives, one of them for artisanal segment and the other one for the remaining segments, and all participants were able to express their opinion in relation to the issues which we raised in the meetings. Lastly, and taking into consideration the sample size for this fleet, five focus groups for fishermen took place; and although some of them dominated the discussions, all participants expressed their opinion sufficiently regarding on all issues posed in the meetings.

1.3 Questionnaires

In relation to the questionnaires, for the representatives and the fishermen, the sample was same as participated in the focus groups. The questionnaires were completed at the end of the meetings.

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2. Settings Vigo, with 141 vessels (vessels from joint ventures with Third Countries aren’t included in that figure), represents by 3 % of Galician fleet and by 1.5 % of Spanish fleet in 2011.

2.1 Description of case study sites Vigo is the most densely populated locally-governed city in Galicia. It has three ports (two fishing ports, Vigo and Canido, and a marina for recreational vessels). Vigo has a surface area of 109.06 Km2 and a population density of 2,725 inhabitants.Km-2. It is 81 km from the region’s capital, Santiago de Compostela.

Figure 2. Map of Vigo Source: Google Maps.

Vigo has an oceanic climate, with mild summers, although with the increase in temperatures the summers have been drier in recent years. There is a transition between an oceanic and a Mediterranean climate, characterised by having a dry season with higher temperatures in the warmer months, but Vigo also has important features in common with subtropical climates, mainly due to tropical fronts which pass over the city. The Ría of Vigo is one of Galicia’s most rainy areas. It has a high level of rainfall, registering an annual average of 1,918 mm. Having said this, Vigo has a higher number of clear days than the majority of Galician municipalities, comparable to some towns and cities in eastern and southern Spain. Temperatures in Vigo vary little, due to the fact that the sea has a moderating effect on the climate. It scarcely freezes in the winter and temperatures do not generally fall below 12 ºC. The municipality is mainly urban, given that more than 90 % of its surface area and

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population is in an urban or peri-urban area (16 peri-urban parishes). Only three parishes are rural. The fisheries are marine-based and the coast is sandy.

Early settlements date back to the 8th Century BC, when the Celtic culture was eminent in Galicia. The arrival of the Romans was a great boost to trading and port activity, as well as to the fish-salting factories. The fishing trade continued intensely throughout the Middle Ages, enabling the town to continue to grow, while at the same time developing artisanal activities. From the 15th to the 18th Centuries, Vigo was attacked from the sea constantly, as it was the commonplace shelter for ships returning from the New World after its discovery, but it also benefited from maritime trade. This also coincided with the arrival of Catalan industries in search of raw materials for their processing business, generating an even greater trading activity. The beginning of the 19th Century (1807-1814) saw the French occupation in Spain overall. However, the French army located in Vigo was expelled by a popular uprising in 1809, and Vigo was granted its status as a town for the first time in its history. From then on, Vigo would continue to grow, boosted by trade from the Americas and its strategic Atlantic location. The port facilities were expanded, more salting and marine product factories were created, the railway network was established and other related commercial activities grew. In consequence, an important industrial middle-class was born. In the 20th Century, important local industry developed: fisheries, shipbuilding, the Citroën plant and the development of auxiliary industries. These industries generated a significant demographic growth, leading Vigo to become the largest city with regard to number of inhabitants, representing Spain’s greatest demographic growth during the second half of the 20th century.

2.2 Demographics In 2011, Vigo had a population of approximately 300,000 (Figure 3), experiencing a sustained increase of 1 % between 2001 and 2010. Similarly to Galicia overall, the majority of the population is female (52 %). Most of the population (Figure 4) falls into the 19-65 year-old bracket (68 % of the population). The over-65 age group underwent a positive increase (almost 2 %), higher than that of Galicia overall (1 %), while the youngest age groups saw negative variations as (-0.79 % in the 0-18 age bracket, and -1.15 % in the 19-40 year old age bracket; similar variations to those of the region overall). However, there is a greater percentage of the 0-18 age group (approximately 18 % in 2011) with regard to the total for Galicia as a whole (15.7 %). 98 % of the population is from the area (Figure 5), while the remaining 2 % is mainly from outside Europe, especially from Latin American countries.

Figure 3. Trends in population of Vigo over the period 2001-2010 Source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística.

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Figure 4. Age structure of the population of Vigo over the period 2001-2010 Source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística.

Figure 5. Origin of the population of Vigo for the year 2010 Source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística.

The migratory balance (Figure 6) is positive over the period 2001-2010, but, unlike Galicia overall, the difference between entries and departures is relatively low for most of said period, around 0.3 % of Vigo’s resident population. However, a change in the trend was observed after 2008, after which time departures increased significantly, generating a negative balance in 2010.

Figure 6. Trends in migration in and out of Vigo over the period 2001-2010 Source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística.

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Figure 7. Life expectancy at birth over time for women and men in Vigo Source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística. Life expectancy at birth is 83 (Figure 7), higher for women (86) with respect to men (79) in 2011. There are apparently no significant differences with regard to life expectancy at birth with Galicia as a whole, neither with the total nor the gender.

2.3 Employment opportunities/sector overview From Ardan database, Vigo’s productive structure is characterised by the significant importance of the secondary sector, which stood at above 50 % in the period 2003-2010, increasing slightly in general in this period although decreasing for the last two years. The primary sector remains stable, contributing approximately 3 % of production value. The service sector has waned in importance in the last two years.

The primary sector is characterised fundamentally by fishing and, to a lesser extent, stone mining. There are scarcely any other primary economic activities. Of the industrial activities, we would underline the car and car components industry as the main generator of income, followed by vessel construction and repair, seafood processing, and the building sectors (Figures 8 and 9). In the tertiary activities, the most significant are the commercialisation of sea products and personal service activities (lawyers, legal consultants, business management, architects, etc., the latter of which have seen their activity wane in the last year; Ardan database). The average annual wage stands at slightly over EUR 21,000, higher than the average for Galicia overall.

Figure 8. Economic value by economic activity over the period 2003-2010 Source: Ardán database.

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Figure 9. Breakdown of economic value by economic activity in the year 2010 Source: Ardan database.

Local full-time employment shows an upward trend up until 2007 (Figure 10), after which a downward trend began, continuing until 2011. The number of unemployed has increased slightly, intensifying after 2008. These trends are similar to those shown in Galicia as a whole.

Figure 10. Trends in employment and unemployment in Vigo over the period 2003-2010 Source: Galician Institute of Statistics.

Industrial activities generate the most employment (Figure 11), followed by the tertiary activities and, lastly, the primary activities (Ardan, 2011). Of employment in industry, we would underline the number of full-time jobs in the car industry and auxiliary industries; construction also plays a significant role in the employed population for the years for which figures are available. In the tertiary activities, employment in retail trade stands out (Ardan, 2011). With regard to activities directly related to fishing, the marine product processing industry generates the most employment, followed by the commercialisation of marine products, naval construction and repair, and lastly extractive fishing. The fisheries sector in Vigo includes fishing, aquaculture, processing, and fish commercialization. These activities generated over nine thousand jobs in the three last years.

With respect to how these industries have evolved over those years, we can observe a significant drop in activities regarding building and naval construction and repair. Employment in the car industry and its auxiliary companies has remained relatively stable. Meanwhile, employment generated in extractive fishing, aquaculture, fish processing and commercialisation showed a stable trend in the last three years. However, from main eight activities, the most companies belong to the construction sector, (Figure 12).

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Figure 11. Employment by activity in Vigo over the period 2008-2010 Source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística and Ardan database.

Figure 12. Number of firms operating in Vigo by economic activity over 2008-2010 Source: Instituto Gallego de Estadística and Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar.

In terms of social services – in addition to universal free health care for citizens and for immigrants with work permits, the minimum wage, and pensions for permanent disability, retirement, widowhood and orphanage – in Vigo there are specialised centres comprising basically seven eldercare residence (with 760 places available in 2011) and 13 child-care centre for children under three years of age (with 715 places). There are also social service centres: 11 specialising in the care of people with intellectual disabilities (with 553 places), 32 for children (with 900 places), 11 centres for the social inclusion providing diverse services such as lunchroom, hygiene rooms and workshops for occupational therapy (439 places), and various non-governmental organizations helping people without income such as Caritas and the Food Bank. In the case of Vigo, there are 1,202 people receiving the minimum income aimed at integrating them socially and into the labour force (RISGA), and about 500 people receive emergency social assistance. These numbers have increased since 2008. On the other hand, the number of beneficiaries of non-contributory pensions (disability and retirement) is estimated at about 3,500 in 2011; this number has been declining since 2005 (IGE, 2012).

The wider community representatives see marine industry (it includes the catching, processing, and commercialization) as one of the main generators of revenue and employment in the local community, being Vigo one of the main ports in landings at European level. The marine industry, automobile and auxiliary industry and the shipping building are the strategic activities in Vigo. Everyone also agrees on highlighting the social, cultural and seafaring tradition of the town, which had its origin in a small fishing village and was developed with the first canned industries in Spain, the fishing was the main activity until the installation of car firms in the 1960s of the past century. In their opinion, this cultural background is also something that must be maintained and passed on to future generations. On other hand, they have expressed their concern about the current economic situation and the beginning of a lack of expectations that are starting to be seen among today's youth, and highlight many younger

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people with university education are emigrating to other European countries (basically Germany and United Kingdom) and Third Countries (such as USA, Canada, Australia and China). The youth from Vigo showed ever that trend to emigrating to other places (too to other Spanish zones), however the leavings to other countries are increasing since beginning of current economic crisis.

2.4 Fisheries Vigo forms a part of the network of Spain’s most important ports, and it is the world’s most important port insofar as fish for human consumption landings and commercialisation is concerned, standing at 800,000 tonnes in 2011. This figure also represents 20 % of total goods traffic in the port of Vigo. Fishing activity is diversified, covering all types of fishing methods. The artisanal sector represents 21 % of the local fleet (29 vessels out of a total of 141), and catches octopus (Octopus vulgaris), pout (Trisopterus luscus) and velvet crab (Necora puber). The purse seine segment makes up 12 % of the fleet (17 vessels), catching horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus). These fleet segments carry out their activity in coastal waters, and spells at sea are less than 24 hours. The following segments cover a wider range of activities: The surface longline segment, with 35 % of the fleet (49 vessels), captures species such as swordfish (Xiphias gladius), blue shark, (Prionace glauca) and porbeagle (Lamna nasus), operating mainly in the north Atlantic. The bottom trawl segment represents 33 % of the fleet (46 vessels, 23 of which deal in fresh fish and 23 of which are freezer vessels), operating in Grand Sole and northern Atlantic grounds, catching species such as megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius), hake (Merluccius merluccius), halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), skate (Amblyraja radiata)), or American plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). These segments are represented by Cofradía San Francisco and Vigo Port Owner’s Cooperative (ARVI). Regarding the status of the stocks for the main target species (see Figures 13-21 and Table 2), and starting with mackerel, the spawning stock biomass (SSB) has increased since 2002, although fishing mortality is greater than that associated with maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and ICES biologists have advised that the 2012 total allowable catch (TAC) be drastically reduced. With regard to horse mackerel, the confidence intervals of the ICES estimates are quite broad.

Recruitment of sardine has shown the greatest oscillations in the last decade, but overall the figure fell after 2005. Although there are no known parameters for this species, ICES biologists estimate that the SSB in 2011 is 67 % lower than the long-term average, and therefore the recommended TAC has been drastically reduced.

Figure 13. Trends in mackerel stock (Scomber scombrus) stock over the period 1995-2010 Source: ICES

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Figure 14. Trends in sardine (Sardina pilchardus) stock over the period 1995-2010 Source: ICES

Figure 15. Trends in horse mackerel (Trauchurus trachurus) stock over the period 1992-2010 Source: ICES

For the case of hake, a reduction in biomass can be observed, although there has been an upward trend in the last years. With regard to megrim and anglerfish stocks, there is insufficient biological information as to their situation.

Figure 16 . Trends in Southern hake (Merluccius merluccius) stock over the period 1982-2010 Source: ICES

The fishing mortality of the swordfish is lower than that corresponding to the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The spawning stock biomass (SSB) has shown a decreasing trend until 2000 and an increasing trend in the last years (see Figure 16). With regard to tuna and porbeagle, the information ICCAT has is insufficient to determine the biological values of these species; however, according ICCAT, their fishing mortality appears to be below the MSY.

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Figure 17. Trends in North-Atlantic swordfish (Xiphias gladius) stock over the period 1952-2008 Source: ICCAT.

Regarding the status of the stocks for the main target species of freezer fleet (see Figures 18-21), and starting with halibut, the biomass has increased from 2003 to 2008, although it has decreased from 2008 to 2011. Catches increased sharply in 1990 due to a developing fishery in the NAFO Regulatory Area in Div. 3LMNO and continued at high levels during 1991-94. The fishable biomass declined to low levels in 1995-97 due to very high catches and high fishing mortality. It increased during 1998-2000 due to greatly reduced catches, much lower fishing mortality and improved recruitment. Biomass increased over 2004-2008 with decreased in fishing mortality. The current estimates (2004-2011) of fishable biomass are amongst the lowest in the series. Recent recruitment has been below average, and fishing mortality remains high (NAFO, 2011).

Figure 18. Trends in Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) stock over the period 2003-2011 Source: NAFO Regarding the skate, abundance and biomass were calculated from EU-Spain survey in the NAFO Div. 3NO from 1997-2011 (Figure 19). The survey biomass index showed a consistent increase from 5,000 tons in 1995 to a peak of 50,000 t in 2000. Since 2001, this index fluctuated on an annual basis; averaging 36,307 t in 2001-2006. In 2007-2010, the biomass index averaged 21,504 tons. In 2009, this index declined from 19,959 tons to 17,887 t in 2010, and in 2011 was 10,365 t: the lowest in the surveys since 1997. In the NAFO Div. 3L, the survey biomass index showed a 7,000 t biomass estimate during 2003 and 2004 during which some strata were missed. During 2006, there was an 11 531 t biomass estimate which increased to 14,486 t in 2007. Since 2007, this index has declined consistently to an estimate of 4,448 t in 2011: the lowest in the time series.

12

Figure 19. Trends in skates (Amblyraja radiata) stock over the period 1997-2011. Comparison of Thorny Skate biomass indices in 1997-2011 from a Canadian spring survey in Div. 3NO and a Spanish spring survey in Div. 3NO. Source: NAFO

Regarding the American plaice (Figure 20), there was no fishing targeting this species in 1994 and it has been under moratorium since 1995. Catches increased after the moratorium until 2003 and began to decline afterwards. Biomass and SSB remain low compared to historic levels. SSB declined to the lowest estimated level in 1994 and 1995. It has increased since then but it still remains very low. There has been no good recruitment to the exploitable biomass since the mid-1980s (NAFO, 2011).

Figure 20. Trends in American plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) stock over the period 2003-2011 Source: NAFO Regarding the Northeast Arctic cod in ICES Subareas I and II (Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea), the SSB has been above Bpa since 2002 and is now near its record high (Figure 21). The total stock biomass is close to the highest observed. Fishing mortality was reduced from well above Flim in 1997 to below FMSY in 2007 and is now close to its lowest value. Surveys indicate that year classes 2009–2011 are above average. Fishing mortality was reduced from well above Flim in 1999 to below Fpa in 2007 and is now close to its lowest value. Surveys indicate that year classes 2009–2011 are above average (ICES, 2012). A management plan has been implemented since 2004 with the objectives of maintaining high long-term yield, year-to-year stability, and full utilization of all available information on stock dynamics. The plan aims to maintain F at Fpa = 0.40 and restrict between-year TAC change to ±10 % unless SSB falls below Bpa, in which case the target F should be reduced.

13

Figure 21. Trends in cod (Gadus morhua) stock over the period 1997-2012 Source: NAFO

Table 2. Stock status of key species exploited by the fleet operating from Vigo Declining Stable Increasing Unknown Mackerel X

Sardine X

Horse mackerel X

Octopus X

Velvet crab X

Pouting X

Swordfish X

Blue Shark X

Porbeagle X

Megrim X

Anglerfish X

Hake X

Halibut X

Skate X

American plaice X

Cod X

Source: ICES

The artisanal fleet has permission to combine different fishing gear, basically gillnets and pots, according to the species to be caught (Table 3). All of the fleet segments have decreased since 2003 (Figures 22-24), insofar as number of vessels kW and GRT are concerned, although the artisanal fleet has been the most affected decreasing from 58 boats in 2003 to 29 in 2011.

14

Table 3. Fleet segments present in Vigo Segment (length class)

Number of vessels

Gearsused

Method ofoperation

Number of crew (average)

Main speciesfished

Main fishing locations (ICES areas)

Trip length (average days)

00‐12 29 Gillnets, pots

The artisanal segment use simultaneously different minor gears: fixed gillnets for demersal, pots for octopus, etc.

2 octopus, pouting, velvet crab

IXa (National Fishing Ground)

1

12‐24 17 Purseseiners

The vessel surrounds the pelagic shoal with a curtain of netting, closes the bottom of the net underneath the shoal and hauls it back to the vessel.

9 horse mackerel, pilchard, mackerel

IXa (National Fishing Ground)

1

24‐40 49 Surface drifting line

The vessel uses a long main line kept near the surface, with thousands of baited hooks attached at intervals, to catch swordfish, tuna and sharks along wide fishing trips. It is a highly species‐selective method.

10‐15 swordfish, blue shark, porbeagle

80% North Atlantic10% South Atlantic 10% Pacific and Indian

2045‐90

24‐40 23 Trawling The vessel pulls a net along the sea floor. Bottom trawling targets groundfish and demersal species.

13 megrim, anglerfish, hake

VII (NEAFC) 14

40+ 23

Freezer

trawling

Trawlers operating on

the high seas have

facilities for preserving

fish by freezing, allowing

them to remain at sea

for extended periods of

time.

20 halibut, skate,

American

plaice

North Atlantic

90‐180

Source: Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar and www.pescadegalicia.com

15

0

20

40

60

80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Number of vessels

Year

00‐12 gillnet, pots

12‐24 purse seiners

24‐40 Drifting longline

24‐40 Trawling

40+ Freezer trawling

Figure 22. Trends in number of vessels by fleet segment over the period 2003-2011 Source: www.pescadegalicia.com

Figure 23. Trends in total power (kW) of the fleet segments over the period 2003-2011 Source: www.pescadegalicia.com

Figure 24. Trends in fleet tonnage (GT) by fleet segment over the period 2003-2011 Source: www.pescadegalicia.com

All of the fleet segments land their catches in the port of Vigo. Furthermore, in Vigo, vessels whose base ports are in other LAU2s land their catches, as better prices are obtained in this port and there are better services for landings, as is the case of trawlers from Cangas and Marín, surface longliners from A Guarda, and, recently other trawlers from Portugal landed in Vigo due to the last strikes of stevedores in Portugal for 2012. Approximately 690,000 tonnes of frozen fish and 85,000 tonnes of fresh fish were landed in the port of Vigo in 2011. For these operations to take place, the port has specialist facilities to offer services to the fisheries sector. Approximately 50 % of the dock available is preferentially for fishery activities and around 40% of the floating surface area available is preferentially for the fishing fleet. The port has almost 10,000 m2 available for various different fresh fish markets (seafood, coastal fishery, deep sea and large fish markets), refrigeration facilities for frozen fish (600,000 m3 storage

16

capacity), store rooms for fish exporters and offices (including the head office of fleet segment representatives). As well as the facilities for fishing activities, the port is also used for trade (granite, steel, wood, minerals and goods in general), a ferry terminal (loading and unloading of vehicles), ocean liner dock, dock for local trips along the Ría, and a marina. With respect to investment in the latest years in the fisheries zone, we would underline the construction of two new fish markets (for large fish and deep sea catches), with larger showrooms (6,000 m2), berthing and increased draft, buildings for fish exporters (14,000 m2), automated cutting plants in the large fish market area, and computerised systems in the already-existing markets. The majority have been financed by (mainly) European (ERDF and EFF), Spanish and regional funds. The port received over EUR 57 million in 2011 for all the works in the port (Annual Report-Autoridad Portuaria de Vigo). Regarding industrial accidents, 501 accidents have occurred in these segments overall in the last ten years1. Of those, 481 (96 %) were minor accidents, 13 (3%) were serious accidents, and seven (1 %) were fatal accidents with one or several crew members dead or missing.

Figure 25. Sole Bank (ICES Division VIIh and VIIj). Trawlers fishing area. Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com

1 Galician Institute of Industrial Health and Safety -ISSGA.

17

Figure 26. NAFO Divisions 3LNO. Freezer trawlers fishing area. Source: NAFO, DRAFT SCR Doc. 12/28. (http://www.nafo.ca)

Figure 27. ICES Subareas I and II (Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea). Cod freezer trawlers fishing area. Source: ICES (http://www.ices.dk)

2.4.1 Fleet segment 1: 00-12 m Artisanal Fleet segment 1 is made up of artisanal vessels, 0-12m in length, which mainly use gillnets and pots, catching species such as octopus, pout and velvet crab depending on the fishing season. The trend with regard to number of vessels (58 in 2003, 29 in 2010), kW and GRT has fallen sharply in the last years.

With regard to the seasonality of the catches (see Table 4), in the case of the artisanal fleet most of the species are caught throughout the year, but mainly between July and October.

18

Table 4. Seasonality of fishing by species for the artisanal segment (n=21) Jn Fb Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Sp Oc Nv Dc octopus X X X X X X

pout X X X X X X X X X X X X

velvet crab

X X X X X X X

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the meetings with the fishermen

The legal form of business entity is a natural person. The business structure within the artisanal is family-based and is, moreover, passed on from parents to children or siblings. This passing on does not necessarily occur when the vessel owner retires; in some cases the son (<40 years of age) takes over the business and the father becomes part of the crew. Decisions on fishing activity are taken on a daily basis by the boat's owner (male) based on the season, catch limits and demand. The spouse or partner does not participate in the decision-making process. However, other family members (in addition to those who are part of the crew) are able to and do take part in some tasks, such as landing the gear once the ship has come to port and cleaning it to remove accumulated algae. This is informal, sporadic and unpaid work. These boats fish the coastline near Vigo five days a week, except when there is bad weather, when they remain moored in port. Most of the production is for sale; only a negligible part (<1 %) is for personal consumption. Most workers are aged under 40 years old and are of local origin; although by 7 % of crew are Peruvian origin (see Table 5 and Figure 28). The Cofradía consists of seven employees (Table 6 and Figure 29): three managers (at part-time), two administrators and two workers mainly for the first sale market; most of them with more than 45 years of age and are of local origin.

Table 5. Demographics by employee type. Artisanal firm (n=21)

Gender Age Origin employee type

number of employees male female

0-18

19-40

41-65 >65 local national EU other

Managerial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 7 7 0 0 4 3 0 7 0 0 0 crew 14 14 0 0 8 6 0 13 0 0 1 21 21 0 0 12 9 0 20 0 0 1

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

19

Figure 28. Demographics of business within the artisanal segment (n=21) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Table 6. Demographics by employee type. Cofradía



0-18

19-40


Managerial 3 3 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 administrator 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 secretary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 other workers 2 2 0 0 1 1 0

2 0 0 0

7 2 0 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 0 Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 29. Demographics of business within the Cofradía Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

There is formal family participation in the activity: one of the crew members is usually a relative (usually a son) of the owner of the boat (Table 7). As it was commented above, there is also some additional informal type family (woman and/or other children) involvement in the fishing aimed at removing the nets and cleaning the boat; this is sporadic and unpaid work.

20

Table 7. Level of family involvement in business. Artisanal segment (n=21)

number number in management roles family employees 4 0 non-family employees 17 0 total 21 0

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. With regard to the economic structure of the artisanal fleet (Table 8), around 41 % corresponds to ownership income, 25 % to intermediate consumption – primarily fuel consumption, and around 35 % to crew wages. These percentages were relatively stable in 2009-2010. Artisanal fishermen say there has been a drop in revenues in recent years due to increases in operating costs - fuel in particular.

Table 8. Economic structure of the business for the artisanal segment 2009 2010 Income 100.00 100.00

Operating costs 24.21 24.48

Wages 34.17 34.49

Operating surplus/Mixed Income 41.62 41.03

Source: Consultants calculations based on DFC database, Galician Statistical Institute and Port Authority of Vigo.

Figure 30. Trends in landings volume. Artisanal segment of Vigo Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

21

Figure 31. Trends in landings value. Artisanal segment of Vigo Source: www.pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 32. Trends in landed price. Artisanal segment of Vigo Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. The volume and value of seafood landings has fluctuated significantly (Figures 30 and 31), increasing between 2005 and 2008, then falling up until 2010, and increasing again after that. The volume and value of landings of demersal species are much more stable. The average prices of the main species are relatively stable (Figure 32), although the prices of octopus and velvet crab were increasing slightly in the last year.

Remuneration (Table 9) of crews and skipper/owners is based on piece-share, excepting for workers of Cofradía whose remuneration in a wage. The remuneration for crew include a part that is a salary, and a social security payment (by both the employer and the employee) to cover the provision of social services and future retirement pensions. There is no other additional benefit beyond the regular salary, i.e., no overtime or bonuses.

Table 9. Remuneration type by vessel. Artisanal segment (n=21)

Remuneration type no. people piece-share 21 wage 0 operating surplus/mixed income 0

n= number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

22

All workers in the artisanal fleet (skipper/owner and crew) gross less than EUR 20,000 per year (Table 10). There is no mobility between fleet segments. Most fishermen have a primary education (Figure 33), although new crew members are required to have completed secondary school2. They got their first job in the sector and would like to continue working in the same job. All workers from Cofradía earn less than EUR 20,000 per year and most of them have received a primary education (see Table 11 and Figure 34).

Table 10. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Artisanal segment (n=21)

employee type <10,000 10,000-19,000 20,000-29,000 >29,000 total Managerial 0 0 0 0 0 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 0 7 0 0 7 crew 0 14 0 0 14

n= number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 33. Education level of actors within the artisanal fleet in Vigo (n=21) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Table 11. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Cofradía

employee type <10,000 10,000-19 000 20,000-29,000 30,000-39,000 total Managerial 3 0 0 0 3 administrator 0 2 0 0 2 secretary 0 0 0 0 0 Other workers 0 2 0 0 2

n= number of questionnaires.

2 On other hand, the training requirements to access the position of crew and skipper for fleet segments are shown in an Annex.

23

Figure 34. Education level of actors within the Cofradía Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. The fishermen see their business as stable in the short term, unlike what is occurring in other economic activities such construction and services. In addition, they feel that they are well-represented by local, regional and Spanish institutions in fishing issues.

2.4.2 Fleet segment 2: 12-24 PTS Fleet segment 2 is made up of purse seine vessels 12-24m in length, which mainly catch small pelagic species (horse mackerel, mackerel and sardine). The trend with regard to the number of vessels, kW and GRT has fallen slightly in the last years: from 22 in 2003 to 17 in 2010. They usually carry seven to nine crews, including the skipper (who is usually the owner of the boat).

With regard to the seasonality of the catches (see Table 12), in the case of the purse seiner fleet, the main species are caught throughout the year until the quota is met, while Atlantic bonito is caught only from May to October. Small pelagic fish (sardine) is caught mostly in the months of April to October.

Table 12. Seasonality of fishing. Seiner segment in Vigo (n=30) Jn Fb Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Sp Oc Nv Dc horse mackerel

X X X X X X X X X X X X

mackerel X X X X X X X X X X X X

sardine X X X X X X X

Atlantic bonito

X X X X X X

n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews. The legal form of business entities is natural person and the business structure is family-based.Decisions on fishing activity are taken daily by the boat's owner (male) based on the season, catch limits and demand. The spouse does not participate in the decision-making process. These boats

24

fish near-coastal waters and usually make one-day trips, five days a week. All of their production is sold.

Most workers are aged under 45 years and are of local origin (Table 13 and Figure 35); however, some 24 % of the crew is of foreign origin (Peruvian and Moroccan). They were hired during economic boom years when older crewmembers retired and others switched to other activities such as construction, restaurant and hotel sectors. In short, it was hard at the time to recruit young locals because they preferred land-based jobs.

Table 13. Demographics by employee type. Seiner segment in Vigo (n=30)


number of employees m f 0-18 19-40 41-65 >65 local national EU other


n: number of questionnaires. Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 35. Demographics of business within the seiner segment in Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. This segment and remain fleet segments in Vigo are represented by the Ownership Cooperative. The Cooperative consists of 51 employees (Table 14): three managers, a technical secretary, six department heads, an accountant, and forty workers - mainly for administrative tasks and fish boxes services. Most of them are aged over 41 years of age and all of them are of local origin (Figure 36).

25

Table 14. Demographics by employee type. Cooperative



0-18

19-40


Managerial 3 3 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 technical secretary 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 accountant 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 department heads 6 5 1 0 1 5 0 6 0 0 0 others workers 40 28 12 0 7 33 0 40 0 0 0 51 38 13 0 8 43 0 51 0 0 0

Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 36. Demographics of business within the Cooperative Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

There is family involvement in the fishing business (Table 15); in several vessels, some of the sons are part of the crew. These are formal, paid jobs. In addition, the spouses may also sporadically do informal unpaid work, mostly related to the preparation of gear.

Table 15. Level of involvement in business within seiner segment in Vigo (n=30)



26

With regard to the economic structure (Table 16), most of the costs (47 % of income) pertain to crew wages and close 38 % of the revenues to operating costs, and around 15 % corresponds to mixed income for self-employed owners (skipper). Remunerations decreased in 2010 while operating costs rose. Fishermen are seeing a decline in revenue due to declining quotas resulting from the poor status of mackerel and sardine and its replacement, partly by sardine imports from overseas markets. The constant rise in fuel prices is highlighted by fishers, together with its effect on business performance. Some fishermen also highlight the high margins prevailing in the distribution chain as a problem.

Table 16. Economic structure (%) of the business for seiner segment 2009 2010

Income 100.00 100.00


Wages 48.03 47.42

Operating surplus/Mixed income 16.30 14.92

Source: Consultants calculations based on DFC database, Port Authority of Vigo and Instituto Galego de Estadística. The trend in volume of landings has grown, although it has shown significant fluctuations (Figure 37). Regarding the value of landings (Figure 38), there has been a clearly upward trend. Prices of the main species (Figure 39) increased for mackerel and sardine and fell for horse mackerel.

Figure 37. Trends in landings volume. Seiner segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 38. Trends in landings value. Seiner segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

27

Figure 39. Trends in landed prices. Seiner segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Remuneration (Table 17) is based on piece-share for both skipper/owner of the boat and crew. Most workers in the purse seiner fleet gross less than EUR 29,000 per year (Table 18). The wages for employees of Cooperative show a wide range depending on the position (Table 19).

Table 17. Remuneration type by vessel. Seiner segment of Vigo (n=30)


Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. No mobility between extractive fleet segments takes place in this sector either, but some crew have left to work in other economic activities, as it was commented above, due to the expectations of higher earnings. This occurred in the early years of the past decade when the anchovy and sardine stocks declined. Most changed their fishing strategy from targeting these species toward the less heavily regulated species (such as mackerel and horse mackerel), but other ownerships scrapped vessels. Most fishermen have a primary education (Figure 40), although some of the younger crew has a secondary education, less than 30 %. On other hand, most of employees of the Cooperative have a bachelor degree or higher education (Figure 41).

Table 18. Salary band by employee type (euros). Seiner segment of Vigo (n=30)

employee type <10,000 10,000-19,000 20,000-29,000 >29,000 total Managerial 0 0 0 0 0 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 0 0 2 3 5 crew 0 0 25 0 25


28

Figure 40. Education level. Purse seine segment (n=30) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. Table 19. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Cooperative

employee type 10,000-19,000 20,000-29,000 30,000-39,000 40,000-49,000 >50,000 total Managerial 0 0 0 0 3 3 Technical secretary 0 0 0

0

1 1

accountant 0 0 0 0 1 1 Department heads 0 1 2

1

2 6

other workers 3 22 12 0 3 40 n= number of questionnaires

Figure 41. Education level of actors within the Cooperative Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

29

Most of the local crew members got their first job in the sector (just as their fathers and grandfathers) and would like to continue working in the same job. However, it is the fishermen of this fleet who express a higher level of pessimism about the future of the sector resulting from the lowering of quotas for most of the species targeted by this fleet. As in the case of the artisanal fleet, purse seiner fleet fishermen say they are very well-represented by local, regional and government institutions.

2.4.3 Fleet segment 3: 24-40 m surface longline Fleet segment 3 is made up of surface longline gear, 24-40m in length, which mainly catches swordfish or blue shark. The trend in number of vessels, kW and GWT has fallen in the latest years from 55 vessels in 2003 to 49 in 2010. These vessels usually carry ten to fifteen crews, fishing in distant waters and usually make 20-day trips throughout the year.

In the case of the surface longline segment, swordfish, blue shark and tunas are caught throughout the year following the migratory routes, while porbeagle is caught mainly between January and April and Atlantic bonito is caught only from May to October (see Table 20). All of the catches are landed in Vigo.

Table 20. Seasonality of fishing of key species for Surface longline segment (n=62) Jn Fb Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Sp Oc Nv Dc swordfish X X X X X X X X X X X X

blue shark X X X X X X X X X X X X

porbeagle X X X X

Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews.

Table 21. Demographics by employee type. Surface longline segment fleet (n=65)



0-18

19-40



Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews. The legal form of business entities is legal person; most are small enterprises with a single owner controlling an only one vessel. The business structure is family-based; decisions on fishing activity are taken by the boat owner (male) taking into consideration basically the weather and quotas. The spouse or partner does not participate in the decision-making process. All of the catch is sold. Most workers are aged between 41 and 65 years, however some shipowners have less than 45 years old and approximately 3 % of crew have less than 30 years. Most of them are of local origin although close 18 % are Indonesian and Peruvian origin (Table 21 and Figure 42). Most of the crew are aged between 41 and 65 years, including the skipper, and have received a primary education.

There is family involvement – albeit low - in the fishing business of several vessels: some of the ownership’s sons or brothers are part of the crew (Table 22). These are formal, paid jobs. The spouses

30

may also sporadically do informal unpaid work, mostly related to the preparation of supplies. In addition, some of interviewed owners (18%) are self-employed as skipper. On other hand, the fishermen representatives highlight that older owners are being replaced by new generations (sons) with higher educational levels - at university level in the majority of cases.

Figure 42. Demographic of business within of the surface longline segment (n=65) Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews.

Table 22. Level of involvement in business within seiner segment in Vigo (n=65)


Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. With regard to the economic structure (Table 23) most of the costs (45 % of income) correspond to intermediate consumption and 39 % pertain to crew wages; around 16 % corresponds to operating surplus. The fishermen are seeing a continuous increase in fuel costs and, recently, also in the price of bait (especially mackerel) due to the decrease in the TAC and the consequent price increases. This increase in operating costs has resulted in a slight decrease in operating surplus.

Table 23. Economic structure (%) of the business for surface longliners segment 2009 2010 Income 100.00 100.00


Wages 38.29 38.64


Source: Consultants calculations based on DFC database, Port Authority of Vigo and Instituto Galego de Estadística.

31

The trend in volume and value of landings grew considerably after 2003, to fall after 2009 (see Figures 43 and 44). The prices of the main species (Figure 45) increased slightly insofar as swordfish and blue shark are concerned, and were relatively stable for porbeagle.

Figure 43. Trends in landings volume. Surface longline segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 44. Trends in landings value. Surface longline segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 45. Trends in landed prices. Surface longline segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

32

The majority of remuneration arrangements are based on piece share (see Table 24). The owner of the boat is not usually the skipper. The salary range is between EUR 20,000 and EUR 29,000 for majority workers in the surface longline segment (see Table 25). Table 24. Remuneration type by vessel within surface longline segment (n=65)


Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. Table 25. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Surface longline segment (n=65)

employee type 10,000-19,000

20,000-29,000

30,000-39,000 >39,000 total Managerial 0 0 0 3 3 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 0 0 8 4 12 crew 0 39 11 0 50


As in above segments, there is no mobility between fleet segments. Most fishermen have basic studies (equivalent to primary school), although some skipper and crew are educated to secondary level (see Figure 46), and the managers are educated to university level. Most fishers got their first job in the sector (due to the lack of ability to move to another job) and would like to continue working in the same job.

Figure 46. Education level within of the surface longline segment (n=65) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

The fishermen see their business as being stable and having a future, unlike the situation for other economic sectors. They also feel that they are well-represented by local institutions, but not always by regional, national and European governments.

33

2.4.4 Fleet segment 4: 24-40 m trawlers Fleet segment 4 is made up of bottom trawl vessels, 24-40m in length. This fleet mainly catches megrim, anglerfish and hake. The number of vessels, kW and GRT has fallen in the last years; in particular the number of vessels fell in five units between 2003 and 2010. These vessels usually have 13-15 crews, fishing in European waters (ICES zones VII, VIII and IX) and usually make 14-day trips throughout the year.

With regard to the seasonality of the catches (see Table 26), in the case of the trawlers segment, megrim, anglerfish and hake are caught throughout the year until the quota is met.

Table 26. Seasonality of fishing of key species for trawlers segment (n=39) Jn Fb Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Sp Oc Nv Dc hake X X X X X X X X X X X X

megrim X X X X X X X X X X X X

anglerfish X X X X X X X X X X X X


The legal form of business entity is legal person and, being small enterprises, the owner controls up to a couple of vessels. Most of the crew are aged 41-65, including the skipper; but some owners are under 45 years old and approximately 2 % of crew are under 30. Most of them are of local origin although nearly 22 % of crew came from other countries (Table 27 and Figure 47) - mostly Ghanaians, Senegalese and Indonesians by origin. Most of them have a primary education. The business structure is family-based and, in some cases, the sons work in managing positions (Table 28). In some cases, the older owners are being replaced by the new generations with higher educational level. The decisions on fishing activity are taken by the boat owner. The partner does not participate in the decision-making process. All catches are landed in Vigo port and sold in the first sale market.

Table 27. Demographicsby employee type. Trawler segment fleet (n=41)



0-18

19-40




34

Figure 47. Demographic of business within of the trawler segment (n=41) Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews.

Table 28. Level of family involvement in business within of the trawler segment (n=41)


Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews. With regard to the economic structure (Table 29) most of the costs (46 % of income) correspond to intermediate consumption while 37 % pertain to crew wages; and by 17 % corresponds to operating surplus in both years. This is a fleet with relatively stable income fleet over the last ten years, although the fishermen highlight the steady increase in fuel prices, and in spite of reducing TACs for some species (i.e. hake). Since the middle 2000s, some fishermen, through their ownership association, have undertaken a marketing initiative for one of the target species - the megrim. Megrims with a minimum size, weight and being harvested in the two last days of the fishing trip are being labelled as supreme quality and sold at higher prices than small-sized fish. This initiative, in fishermen’s opinion, has raised their incomes.

Table 29. Economic structure (%) of the business for trawler segment 2009 2010 Income 100.00 100.00


Wages 37.18 37.14


Source: Consultants calculations based on DFC database, Port Authority of Vigo and Instituto Galego de Estadística.

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The volume of landings remains relatively stable and their value increasing slightly (Figures 48 and 49). Since a drop from 2006 until 2009, the prices of the main species increased, with regard to megrim and anglerfish, and hake prices remained stable (Figure 50).

Figure 48. Trends in landings volume. Trawler segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 49. Trends in landings value. Trawler segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

Figure 50. Trends in landed prices. Trawler segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from pescadegalicia.com.

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Remuneration for vessels’ workers is based on piece share (see Table 30), except for managers of fishing firms whose receive a nominal salary. The salary range is between EUR 20,000 and EUR 29,000 for majority workers in the trawler segment (see Table 31). Table 30. Remuneration type by vessel within trawler segment (n=41)


Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. Table 31. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Trawler segment (n=41)


20,000-29,000

30,000-39,000 >39,000 total Managerial 0 0 0 2 2 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 0 0 4 3 7 crew 0 23 9 0 32


There is no mobility between fleet segments. Most fishermen have reached a basic educational level (equivalent to primary school); although some skipper and crew are educated to secondary level (see Figure 51). The managers are educated at university level. Most fishers got their first job in the sector and would like to continue working in the same job.

Figure 51. Education level within of the trawler segment (n=41) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

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The fishermen generally see their business as having a future, but they wish to see changes in the CFP. In particular they think the principle of ‘relative stability’ should be removed and the fishing policy should allow quota transferability between Member States, to increase economic efficiency in fishing activities. In addition, they highlight that all target species should be assessed to adjust fishing capacity actual stock state, while socioeconomic impacts of policies should be taken into consideration (in this sense, the RACs could have more influence in the decision-making process). Some fishermen are concerned about the latest draft on deep-water habitats, perceiving besides that a campaign against the trawling is being launched. Some of them fear that the prime objective of the proposal is to ban this gear in those fisheries. Another point of concern was the possible EU ban of fish discards (n.b. this has since been approved) in the European fishing grounds because by-catches would then count as quotas – despite not being sellable. On other hand, they also feel that they are well-represented by the association and local, regional and Spanish institutions.

2.4.5 Fleet segment 5: 40+ m trawlers The fifth fishing segment in Vigo comprises freezer trawling vessels, larger than 40 m in length, which operate mainly in the North Atlantic (NAFO, Norway). The main species that they catch are: Greenland halibut, skates, American plaice and cod. There has been a slowly downward trend in the number of vessels (26 in 2003, 23 in 2010), power and tonnage capacity in recent years. In addition, there are forty joint ventures in Third Countries operating in the South Atlantic (Argentina, Falkland Islands and Africa) and targeting hake and squid, with 108 vessels and employing 638 crews; the catches are carried by container to Vigo port (these vessels are based in other countries)3.

With regard to the seasonality of the catches (see Table 32), all species are caught throughout the year. However, the fishermen are reducing the fishing season due to decreasing quotas for halibut and cod in four and eight months, respectively, since 2012. These vessels fish in international waters and usually make 180-day trips throughout the year.

Table 32. Seasonality of fishing of key species for freezer trawler segment (n=25) Jn Fb Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Sp Oc Nv Dc halibut X X X X X X X X X X X X

skate X X X X X X X X X X X X

plaice X X X X X X X X X X X X

cod X X X X X X X X X X X X

Note: The fishing season is reduced since 2012 (in cursive months without fishing for these species for that year). Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews.

The legal form of business entity is a legal person and they are medium-sized enterprises; the owner generally controls two but sometimes up to four vessels. Most workers are aged between 41 and 65 years but some owners are between 40-45 years old. Around 4 % of crews are aged under 30 years. Most of the workers are of local origin (Table 33 and Figure 52), although over 22 % of crew were of other origin, mainly Ghanaian, Indonesian, Senegalese, Moroccan and Peruvian. Most of them have

3 The average vessel is 59 m in length and over 700 GTB. Those firms generate 240 jobs in addition to the crew

members.

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primary education. The business structure is family-based4 and the sons or other family members work in managing positions in some firms (Table 34). In some cases, the older owners are being replaced by the new generations with higher levels of educational. The decisions on fishing activity are ever taken by the boat owner. The partner does not participate in the decision-making process. And all of the catch is landed and sold in Vigo.

With respect to gender, an important element is the initiative launched by Fundamar5, which consists of inserting a woman to assess options and constraints for women to work as crew. A vessel involved in NAFO fisheries has just left the port (2013, January) with this woman (a scientist) on board for three months. A priori the following quotes from a spouse on the port when the vessel departed and a fisherman are quite revealing: (the partner) “Why not? We are capable of doing what are traditionally regarded as masculine jobs”; and (the fisherman) “perhaps for processing on board, but not as a fisherwoman because a great physical strength is necessary for fishing tasks”.

Table 33. Demographicsby employee type. freezer trawler segment fleet (n=28)



0-18

19-40




Figure 52. Demographic of business within of the freezer trawler segment (n=28) Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews. 4 Only one of the firms has its capital shared among different (foreign) companies. This firm has four vessels Vigo-based and targeted cod. 5 It is the first Spanish organization in the fisheries sector accounting for an equal representation of employees and trade union, and it is integrated by ARVI and the two main trade unions in Spain. In particular the Redmar project tries to promote gender equality within the fisheries sector jobs. The project is also to receive funding from Community resources (European Fisheries Fund-EFF) and from Spanish government.

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There is family involvement in the fishing business, for example by sons with a university educations engaged in some companies’ administration or management. These are formal, paid jobs (Table 34).

Table 34. Level of family involvement in business within of freezer trawler segment (n=28)


Source: Consultants calculations based on the interviews. With regard to the economic structure (Table 35) most of the costs (43 % of revenues) pertain to intermediate consumption and over 30 % pertain to crew wages. Operating surplus is close 27 % (there isn’t mixed income in this segment). Although this is a fleet with increasing income over the two last years, the fishermen highlight the increase in fuel prices and the decreasing TACs, especially in some target species such as cod and halibut. Table 35. Economic structure within the freezer trawler segment 2009 2010 Income 100.00 100.00


Wages 29.54 29.56


Source: Consultants calculations based on DFC database, Port Authority of Vigo and Instituto Galego de Estadística. Trends in the volume and value of landings of demersal species have been increasing in recent years (see Figures 53 and 54). The prices of the main species are very stable, with only slight oscillations, and no trend is observed (Figure 55).

Figure 53. Trends in landings volume. Freezer trawling segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from apvigo.com. (Port Authority of Vigo).

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Figure 54. Trends in landings value. Freezer trawling segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from apvigo.com. (Port Authority of Vigo).

Figure 55. Trends in landed prices. Freezer trawling segment of Vigo Source: Consultants calculations based on data from apvigo.com. (Port Authority of Vigo).

Remuneration for vessels’ workers is based on piece share (see Table 36), except for the managers of fishing firm whose receives a nominal salary. Table 36. Remuneration type by vessel within freezer trawler segment (n=28)


Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. The salary range is between EUR 30,000 and EUR 39,000 for crew, and between EUR 40,000 and EUR 49,000 for both skippers and managers in the freezer trawler segment (see Table 37).

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Table 37. Salary band by employee type (EUR). Freezer trawler segment (n=28)


20,000-29,000

30,000-39,000 40,000-49,000 total Managerial 0 0 0 3 3 administrator 0 0 0 0 0 skipper 0 0 0 5 5 crew 0 0 20 0 20

Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. There is some mobility within fleet segment, as some crew from this segment were moved to other freezer vessels of joint ventures when the managing plan for the halibut was implemented and close half of this fleet was scrapped in 90s. Those vessels operate in South Atlantic grounds. On other hand, most fishermen have basic studies (equivalent to primary school); although some skipper and crew are educated to secondary level and the managers have university level (see Figure 56). Most fishers got their first job in the fishing sector and would like to continue working in the same job, especially in the current economic situation as there are very few opportunities in the wider job market.

Figure 56. Education level within of the freezer trwaler segment (n=28) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

The fishermen are concerned with their business because they depend on the international agreements between Third Countries and EU and on the international organizations’ decisions, such as NAFO, regarding on the TAC implementation. In particular, they are very worried with decreasing TACs in NAFO zones and finalization of temporary aid paid to fishermen and ownerships in compensation for the months of inactivity (the inactivity due to the current quotas could be for until four months). On fact, some owners are moving the vessels to other grounds in the South Atlantic (Falkland Islands) for those months since 2012, and in particular three vessels began to operate in that zone. Other firms are resorting to temporary lay-offs of staff for those months since 2012. In any case, owners and crew feel that they are well-represented by their respective organisations (at local and Spanish levels) and by the local, regional and Spanish governments.

Finally, the fleet segment has adapted to changes occurred in the last fifteen years. The most important event was the TAC reduction for the halibut in NAFO waters in the 90s. This segment responded

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scrapping or exporting vessels to Third Countries and only the half of vessels are operating in this moment in those zones. A few ownerships, as we commented above, are beginning to move the vessels to other grounds for some months in the year.

2.5 Summary of settings The fishing sector is the eighth and seventh largest generating income and employment, respectively, in Vigo. The income has shown an increasing trend for last ten years despite the decline in number of vessels; however the direct employment has shown a decreasing trend for that period. In most cases, the entities are family business; natural persons in artisanal and purse seiner segments, and legal persons in remaining segments (see Table 38).

Table 38. Summary of settings Artisanal Purse seiners Surface liners 24-40 Trawlers Freezer trawlers

Target species status

Decreasing Decreasing Stable Decreasing/Unknown

Decreasing/Unknown

Fleet evolution Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing

Business type

(for of entities)

Family

(natural person)

Family

(natural person)

Family

(legal person)

Family

(legal person)

Family

(legal person)

Demographics Less than 40 years old

Less than 45 years old

41-65 years of age

41-65 years of age

41-65 years of age

Average annual income (EUR)

<20,000 20,000-29,000 20,000-29,000 20,000-29,000 30,000-39,000

Main education level

Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary

Highlights Seafaring culture

Adaptability

Seafaring culture

Adaptability

Seafaring culture

Self-government

Self-government

Market initiatives

Adaptability

Key points Overfishing

Target species with decreasing quota

High operating costs


Marketing

Target species with decreasing quota


Over-dependence on international agreements Target species with decreasing quota

Source: By consultants based on the interviews.

The fishermen involved in these segments are accustomed to changes in the fishing activity, and, in general, they are optimistic about the future for the fishing (excepting the trawlers). Older ownerships are being replaced by new generations with highest level of qualification in the surface longline and trawl segments. The most crew has a primary education. The partner doesn’t participate in the decision-making process; however they and other close family members can indeed participate in some

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tasks, such as unloading the gear once the ship has come to port and cleaning it, in the most segments (excepting for trawlers). Most workers belong to 41-to-65 year-old segment, but young people under 30 years are being incorporated to the crew. On other hand, the workers from the offshore segments earn more income than those from the coastal segments.

The fishermen from all segments highlight the seafaring culture as an asset which must be conserved and transmitted to future generations. All segments show a high degree of adaptation through changing the fishing strategy and scrapping or exporting vessels (see below). In addition, some noteworthy initiatives have been carried out by the more industrial segments: surface longline and trawling. In the surface liners case, the fishermen themselves set limits on the transferability of quota in other to avoid an excessive concentration of fishing opportunities and greater share of profits from the fishing when a sharp declining in TAC for swordfish was implemented by ICCAT. In the trawling case, the fishermen drove marketing initiatives based on the quality of product for one of the target species (megrim).

The key points affecting to these segments are related to increasing costs (fuel in particular), especially for the vessels involved in distant waters, which has an impact on a lower economic performance. By segment, octopus overfishing is the key point for the artisanal segment; decreasing TACs for the last five years stand out in purse seiners and trawlers segments; and little power in terms of marketing is the key point for the surface liners. The excessive dependence on international agreements, with biannual validity in most cases, must be added to the key points of freezer trawler segment.

3. Linkages

3.1 Inter-sectoral linkages

Geographical Marine space is managed by the Vigo Port Authority, and includes not only the LAU2 itself but also the rest of the Ria of Vigo’s LAU2. Insofar as Vigo is concerned, the use of the space is shared between fishing activities (and others directly related, as we will see in the following section) and transport of both people and freight. The main economic activity is freight traffic in its various facets (general freight and bulk merchandise), with the unique feature that is the significant presence of activities linked to fishing. In the last three years, the Port of Vigo’s volume of traffic has oscillated around 4 million tonnes, of which slightly more than 20 % (around 750,000 tonnes) were fish products.

The port of Vigo divides up its space among the abovementioned uses. In particular, it has specialist facilities aimed at offering services to the fisheries sector (see the section on Fisheries). Approximately 50% of the quay length available (some 15 linear kilometres) are preferentially used for fishery activities (fish markets, cold stores, canning facilities, warehouses, etc.), to which around 40 % of the floating docks for preferential use by the fishing fleet can be added. The remaining percentage is divided up between the transportation of other goods and passenger transport. With regard to the transportation of goods, the embarkation of cars has, in turn, preferential use, with a wide area given over to its exclusive activity. The rest of the space is given over to bulk merchandise, containers (with border inspection posts), blocks of granite and large components for the manufacturing industry. Passenger transport, both international and local (to towns on the other side of the Ria from Vigo and to the Cies Islands) also has space given over to such use. Therefore, with this level of specialisation in the occupation of the port area, there is no competition for the use of the space.

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Labour Fishermen point out that a percentage of the crew from vessels that have been scrapped or exported to third countries over the last ten years have found employment in different jobs at the port (internal transportation of fish, the fish markets, canning facilities, etc.). In this group we also find that part of the crew come from outside the EU, well-integrated in Vigo having brought their family members from their countries of origin. Fishermen have also emphasised that in the years of the economic boom (midway through 2000-2010), some of the younger crewmen of the fleet segments where working conditions are harder (where fishing is done at night or fishing trips are longer) gave up the job to find work on land, basically in construction and service sector activities (restaurants and hotels), both locally and in other parts of Spain, and not always better paid than the fishing industry. In this respect, we are talking of crewmen with little training who changed to other activities which did not need a high level of professional qualifications either. This created a problem regarding the replacement of crew, making it necessary to resort to foreign crew, mainly from Ghana, Senegal, Indonesia and Peru.

Having said this, fishermen also observed that in the last two years those who gave up their jobs in fishing remained unemployed and would like to go back to their previous jobs. Fishermen also point out that even the youngest among them with a higher level of education (secondary education and vocational training) are looking for work in the fishing industry given the lack of work opportunities in other economic sectors.

Regarding dependence of other fishery economic sectors, and in terms of jobs, the hypothetical suspension of fishing would lead to negative impacts on the following activities in the area (with a greater or lesser impact): oil refining; installation and repair of machinery and equipment; transport and communications; insurance; agricultural and livestock products; financial intermediaries; other food industries; health and social services; the metal and metal products industry; and the textile industry. Overall, the loss of jobs in the short and medium terms would come to 2,321 full-time jobs6. In the long term, the impact might not be as severe if the activities are reassigned to other sectors (making it possible to reduce the number of dismissals), if and when the current economic uncertainty disappears. For their part, fishermen emphasise that, in their opinion, the activities most affected would be equipment (metal industry and products), naval construction and repair, insurance and food services. Finally, according to the segment representatives, over 820 jobs were created by the ancillary activities in 2010.

Institutions The main institution is the Shipowners’ Cooperative (ARVI), which includes not only the fleet segments studied (excepting artisanal) but also the fishery companies with vessels in third countries or which have established joint ventures. ARVI also includes twelve regional and national associations and 384 vessels, to become the main fishing vessel association of shipowners in Spain, and one of the most important in Europe. The main services it offers are the management of fishing licenses, accounting and tax declaration services, management of fresh fish landings, labour and social security assistance, fishing vessels’ muster rolls, service for reviewing ships’ hulls, berth assignment, coordination of works and repair of vessels (be it in the water or in dry dock), management of EU structural aid to the fleet, legal and labour counsel, and the management of the quality label for megrim. On other one, the Cofradía represents to artisanal segment and the main services it provides to its members are the management of fishing permits, tax return services, the management of unloading fish and its sale at auction, training, and the management of EU structural aid to the fleet. The Cofradía is in turn integrated into the National Confederation of Cofradías via regional representation.

6 Information gathered from “The fisheries sector in Vigo: An evaluation of its socio-economic impact” (ARVI and UVigo, 2012).

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Fishery companies are also included in “lobbies” or local, regional or national associations, be they of a general economic nature. Of a local or regional nature are the Vigo Financial Club, Pro-Vigo Foundation, Galicia and Pontevedra Employers’ Association. Among sectoral clusters, the Spanish Fisheries Confederation – CEPESCA (a cluster of joint ventures) and the technological fisheries and aquaculture platforms -PTEPA highlight. Representation of the fishery companies in said institutions is carried out via the ARVI.

Another important institution is the Chamber of Commerce, which from time to time (in collaboration with the regional and/or State governments) organises trading expeditions to emerging countries for different economic sectors in collaboration with representatives from the fishery, aquaculture, processing, and naval construction sectors.

Economic The fisheries sector shows some significant upstream linkages, of which we would underline: agricultural and livestock products; other food industries; oil refinery; installation and repair of machinery and naval equipment; rubber and plastic products for packaging; textile industry; metal and metal products industry; transport and communications (especially on the road); insurance; financial intermediaries; legal and accounting services; computing services; health and social services; and advertising services. All of these activities do not depend exclusively on fishing, but the fishing companies are important customer for such activities, and as a result, the possible disappearance of the fishing would generate negative effects on them, such and as discussed more above. The downstream linkages are concentrated in distribution, such as the MERCAS and large stores (throughout the country) and in the hotel and restaurant trade.

Currently, heavy restrictions exist in Galicia with regard to credits granted by financial institutions7 and both families and businesses have to resort to their personal finances. Families which, on top of this, also have to help out with the financial difficulties other family members are undergoing. When the family cannot help, there are institutions such as Food Banks or Caritas (both of which depend on the Catholic Church) which provide basic foodstuffs or help to pay the rent. Vigo town council also has social services programmes for the less-advantaged, such as equality programmes for immigrants, training schemes for immigrants, for the unemployed with economic difficulties and for people below the poverty line.

The level of financial dependency of the household on fishermen is relatively low in comparison with other households. In general, they are people over 40 years of age who have paid off the mortgages on their houses8. Only some (less than 13 %) state that they are still paying off a mortgage on their main house; and in some cases they are also paying of loans on other goods, mainly cars. However, some fishermen emphasise that they are helping their children (who live away from home) to pay for their mortgage payments. On the other hand, currently there are strict restrictions in Galicia (and Spain) with regard to the granting of loans on the part of the banks. In this context and for the economy as a whole, those companies who need them are renegotiating their loans (both financial and trade loans) pending payment and which are expiring9. When this is not possible, companies are turning to the sale of 7 The granting of credits on the part of financial institutions has fallen by 80 % with regard to individuals and around 60 % with regard to businesses since 2008 (Bank of Spain, www.bde.es ). 8 Buying a house is Spanish and Galician households’ main expense financed by loans. The percentage of Galician households with an annual expenditure on a main residence is 20.73 % (as opposed to 31.9 % in Spain overall). Of these Galician households, 70 % devote less than 25 % of their annual income to paying off said loan (Galician Institute of Statistics; www.ige.eu ). 9 Data is unavailable at local level. However, at regional level, Galicia (along with Navarre) is one of the Autonomous Communities with the lowest level of unpaid debt: 2.9 % as opposed to 3.5 % in Spain as a whole (National Institute of Statistics; www.ine.es ).

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assets, to regulation of employment or, ultimately, bankruptcy10. On an individual level, families (generally retired grandparents) are the main financial support for those who have lost their unemployment benefits or who have difficulties reaching the end of the month and, therefore, they act as a back-up for people with economic problems.

3.2 Intra-sectoral linkages

3.2.1 Between fleet segments

Geographical The different fishing segments operate in different fishing grounds, therefore there are no conflicts between them. As we commented on above, all of the vessels land their catches in the port of Vigo, not using any other port to land. Furthermore, vessels based in Cangas, Marín and swordfish boats in A Guarda also land their catches in Vigo and recently some Portuguese trawlers have also been landing their catches here. In spite of this, there are no conflicts between the fleets from other ports and those that land their catches in Vigo; as we mentioned above, half of the quay length is given over to the fishing fleet and there is enough space for the vessels to operate. In addition, ARVI organizes the landings to avoid saturating the market, and, in some cases, the owners have teamed up to carry out initiatives of marketing (see following epigraph). Therefore there are positive interactions.

Labour No movement of labour between the fleet segments studied has been noted. Only in the freezer trawler segment has a transfer of crew to other joint venture freezer vessels been observed, as a consequence of the drastic reduction of the halibut quota at the end of the 1990s and the subsequent export of vessels to third countries (as well as scrapping) from 2000-2010.

Institutions The main institutions are the State and Regional governments. The Spanish government is responsible for fishery regulation, that is, it defines the technical characteristics of the fleet and distributes the fishing opportunities allocated to Spain (if such exist). The Regional government regulates matters regarding social and economic management in internal waters of the Rias, such as working hours on board, the obligation to have a weekly break in the coastal fleet segments, and commercialisation on land. Both institutions organise fleet product production campaigns (fresh or frozen), such as the consumption of oily fish or the non-consumption of fish that are too small. Furthermore, both institutions establish credit lines to boost the sector’s economic activity or to develop research projects (in both cases, with European funds, mainly FEDER). Some examples of the latter are the development of methods to improve how fish is handled on board, or the use of biofuels obtained with fish oil in order to try to reduce fuel dependency (both carried out by ARVI’s research department).

The fishermen are represented by the Cofradía and Cooperative. When a possible change in regulation is being debated, Ministry representatives meet with representatives of the fleet segments possibly affected by such regulations and with representatives of the regional governments. In turn, the debate is transferred to regional level so that all those possibly affected can voice their opinion. Conclusions and decisions, if they were to come about, will then be passed on to State level and the Spanish government will consider whether or not to take them into account.

10 The number of companies in bankruptcy rose in a 39.4 % and 3.9 % in Spain and Galicia, respectively in 2012. From that 3.9 %, 48 % corresponds to companies in the province (NUTS3) of Pontevedra (data not available locally; National Institute of Statistics; www.ine.es ).

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For its part, at European level, ARVI has representatives in some of the RACs of fisheries interesting to these segments: North-western Waters, South-western Waters, and High Seas/Long Distance Fleet. In this sense, ARVI representatives have emphasised the need for the RACs to have the capacity to make fishery management decisions (and not only be advisory boards), so as to debate, among other matters, which species should have their biological campaigns extended and what socio-economic repercussions the fishery management measures proposed by scientists would have.

The fishermen underline that ARVI is one of the most influential organisations at State level. They also positively value its action, as they do the role that the Regional and Spanish governments play in fishery management matters.

Economic The fleet segments, through ARVI, group together suppliers for the purchase of some products, with the aim of reducing operating costs. At present, suppliers associations cover the following products: fuel, foodstuffs, insurance and boxes for handling fish.

Except for the target species of the artisanal fleet and some of the surface longliners, the other target species are subject to TACs. In some cases, the Spanish government allocates part of the TAC to some fishing fleet segments involved in the corresponding fishery, as is the case of the fresh fish trawlers in north-western Cantabrian waters since 2012. The aim is for it to be extended to the rest of the segments involved in these fishing grounds, but there is a lot of opposition on their part (artisanal and purse seine, mainly). In other cases, such as the Grand Sol, the TAC is divided up among the fishing vessels, allocating each vessel the same percentage of all the target species; they are, therefore, individual quotas that the owners can transfer if they so wish. However, the exchange of quotas must be for the entire lot of target species (a single species cannot be exchanged between vessels or different percentages of each species). Fishermen point out that this is very restrictive and limits the possibilities of transferring quotas. In addition, some fishermen prefer individual transferable effort (e.g. number of fishing days) for multispecies fisheries, in particular, if the by-catch proposal is adopted11, because the by-catches would be counted as part of their quota and, taking into consideration that these incidental catches can’t be sold, their final quota would be reduced, and then their production and income. And, lastly, ITQs exist for swordfish and species captured in NAFO (per subzone and species); in both cases, the TAC allocated to Spain is divided up between fishing vessels on the basis of historic catches, mainly, and the owners can exchange their quotas as they deem appropriate. Representatives view the implementation of ITQs in these two fisheries positively, although they do point out that they ought to be able to be exchanged between States and not solely within one country.

Fishermen do not point out that there might be competition per markets. On the one hand, most of the segments are aimed at different target species. On the other, in those segments with similar target species, such as the case of trawl fishing and hake, more than 90 % of the fresh fish is sold at market, whereas the frozen fish is processed or goes to fish traders.

11 Finally, the EP approved the report on the reform of CFP on 7 February 2013, which included the ban on discards, among other issues.

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3.2.2 Between subsectors

Geographical There are no other economic activities competing for the use of the fishing grounds. The only spatial interaction is observed in some of the activities developed in the coastal area of the port of Vigo. There is aquaculture (21 shellfish farms in 2011) and naval construction (52 companies in 2011). However, these activities (as occurs with the fishing fleets) already have facilities and spaces allocated by the port authority. In a similar way, the current location of most of the fish processing companies corresponds to the original one when the activity began in the area. Processing is not on the seafront (37 companies in 2011). However, the construction of some of these companies’ new facilities was in fact carried out on port territory, but in areas where they do not interact with the other activities relating to the sea, given that such territory correspond to extensions of the port surface area. Both in the case of the naval sector as well as the processing sector, the earliest facilities were built in areas which at that time were not inhabited (18th Century), but which needed to be near the fishing fleets’ landing points. With the economic development of the mid-20th Century, these areas were quickly absorbed by urban expansion. The processing sector has its origin in the early salting and canning factories (basically for small pelagic fish) and hasevolved hand in hand with the fishing sector development in Vigo, whichwent from being a traditional sector based on small boats operating in the coastal zone (until mid-20th century) to an industrial sector with significant technological improvements (on board and in gears) and operating in distant grounds. This last issue, and theimprovements in the preservation of the fish on board and in the transport, allowed developing a significant seafood marketing sector in Vigo.

The frozen fish sector devotes more than 95 % of its catches to the processing and marketing sectors. The processing sector, although it has introduced vertical integration processes and possesses its own freezer fleet, is also supplied by the raw material the fisheries sector provides. And the marketing sector is supplied by the fisheries sector’s catches. Therefore, there are scale economies and synergies for the three sectors: fisheries, processing and marketing.

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Labour The participation of at least one member of the household in processing and marketing activities can be observed. In the former case, the wives of some fishermen have paid employment in processing companies (approximately 17 % of those interviewed). And in the latter, and in some cases, a son or daughter might work in the marketing of fish products, also paid (11 % of those interviewed). More than 13 thousand jobs were created by aquaculture (1.6 jobs), processing (7.7) and marketing (3.9) sectors in 2010.

Institutions

The producers’ organisations form a part of the Shipowners’ Cooperative, as is mentioned above. Apart from this one, two relevant organisations based in Vigo also exist, which group together the remaining subsectors: Anfaco-Cecopesca and Conxemar (devoted to the processing of frozen products). Anfaco is a private business organisation which represents the interests of the processing and canning of sea products sector before the different administrations, multilateral organisations and all kinds of bodies with the ultimate aim of boosting the competitiveness of the sector it represents. Its scope of action is national, European and international. Anfaco organises annual conferences to debate the specific matters relating to these subsectors, with special emphasis on the problems of the canning businesses. It also has an important scientific research department. It began its activity at the beginning of the 19th Century and since then has gone on to group together the different companies of these subsectors, first regionally and, after the 1980s, nationally, becoming the only organisation to this effect.

Conxemar, for its part, groups together wholesalers, importers, processors, and exporters of frozen fish and aquaculture products. The association is a full member of the Spanish Advisory Committee of Fisheries and also of the professional associations AIPCE/CEP (European Association of Fish Processors and Traders) the CEOE (Spanish Confederation of Business Organisations) and the FIAB (Spanish Federation of Food and Drink Industries). Its scope of action is both national and European. Every year they hold an international fair which is a meeting-point for the subsectors mentioned and with the aim of increasing competitiveness. The fair promotes campaigns to boost consumption of frozen products and in particular of fish derivatives, and is a point of reference in these matters worldwide, counting on the presence of companies from other European companies and the rest of the world.

Economic

Landings are destined to processing or supply for the end demand, in the latter case through the traders or purchasing groups (national distribution centres –MERCAS- and large supermarkets). According to data provided by the port authority, verified by the fishermen’s representatives, 46 % of landings in 2010 was stored in cold stores to later be processed; 24 % was kept alive in fish ponds to be marketed; 22 % transported in lorries to supply Spain’s fresh fish markets; and the remaining 8 % was destined for the local and Galician markets.

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The fishermen’s representatives point out that sporadic marketing arrangements could exist with fish wholesalers at a price taker in the case of megrim (which would be frozen on board) and whose quantity would not reach 5 % of catches. In the case of the freezer segment, trade agreements also exist with wholesalers, the price being negotiated between both parties. The wholesalers, for their part, and for the internal market, sell to the national distribution centres (MERCAS) and to the large supermarkets at a price taker. The fishermen state they are satisfied with the agreements because, in the case of megrim, it enables them to ensure that part of the catches that will not be granted the supreme quality label (because it is smaller than the size necessary) can be sold at reasonable prices (and not be sold at a lower price at auction); and, in the case of the freezer segment, ensure a set level of income.

In addition, the freezer trawler sector, faced with marketing problems and especially their lack of influence with regard to the sale price of the product in the 1990s, established marketing firms in the early 2000s. The shipowners included in these firms, the majority belonging to the surface longline sector, sell exclusively to these marketing firms at a price setter, and the marketing firms charge a commission of between 3 % and 3.5 % of the sales of the frozen product, in the majority of cases, although for the swordfish boats, the commission falls to 1.5 %. On the other hand, and for some of the frozen products, the marketing firms are beginning to have funding problems with regard to exports to other European countries, and these problems are linked to the country-risk level given to some destination countries and on the basis of which Spanish financial entities have stopped financing sales to such countries. Such are the cases of Italy, Greece and Portugal, which were preferential destinations for exports of hake, swordfish and shark up until recent months. Similarly to other frozen products, traders are looking to eastern countries (Russia, the Ukraine, Slovenia, as well as Croatia). In these cases, trade agreements are a price setter with other distributors in these countries.

No important bottlenecks have been detected in the value chain; most of the processing companies have their own fleet of freezer vessels and have created subsidiaries in Third Countries (mainly in South America).

With respect to possible competition with aquaculture, this subsector is made of shellfish farms which sell directly to the end consumer or to restaurants. Similar products caught by the fishery sector (mainly the velvet crab) are sold at market and bought mainly by the shellfish farms themselves, the hotel and restaurant trade, and, to a lesser extent, by the marketing sector and/or the large supermarkets. The fishermen point out that no competition exists between both sub-sectors as, although they share the same markets, the products are highly sought after.

3.3 Summary of linkages Regarding on the inter-sector relations, no competition exists between the different sectors on account of the use of maritime areas. The port zone has specialist areas for each economic activity, with areas reserved for fishery activities, others for loading cars manufactured in Vigo, and unloading imported cars, processing and naval construction. A movement of crew to other economic activities during the boom years (as well as to other parts of Spain) was observed. However, they underline that they are coming back, having been made unemployed, and want to work in the fishing industry again. On the other hand, the possible disappearance of fishing would have a negative impact on employment and income from other economic activities in the medium term. Lastly, the family is the main back-up in hard economic times; and when it cannot continue to help, other institutions such as Cáritas and the Food Bank help out households in a difficult situation. And although the majority of households have a low level of debt, fishermen are helping other families to bear the financial burdens of mortgage payments.

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With respect to inter-sector relations, although fleets from other ports landing in Vigo exist, there are no conflicts with the local fleet. Movement between segments has not been observed. The main local organisation (ARVI) is positively valued by fishermen, as are the regional and Spanish governments with regard to fishery affairs. Suppliers groups exist for the purchase of some inputs. Lastly, fishermen’s representatives positively value the ITQs but suggest that transferability could take place between member States, in which case it would be necessary to eliminate the corseted Principle of Relative Stability that currently exists in European fisheries management. In the linkages between sub-sectors, we would underline the evolution of processing and marketing activities similar to the development of fishing activity; the participation of other family members in such activities; and the existence of agreements for the marketing of fish products, generally, a price taker.

4. Role of fishing

4.1 Fisheries as an economic activity

4.1.1 Diversification The fisheries industry consists of extractive fishing, aquaculture, processing, and fish marketing. These sub-sectors contribute about 16% of the employment and by 25 % of economic value generated from the main eight activities (see Figures 57 and 58). It is the second largest sector in Vigo, after automobile and supplier industry. Extractive fishing contributes approximately 3 % of the total employment and 2 % of the economic value. The increase in the total economic value of the fisheries sector since 2008 corresponds to marketing companies.

Figure 57. Proportion employed in the fisheries sector over time Source: Consultants calculations based on data from Instituto Galego de Estadística, Xunta de Galicia and Ardan dabase.

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Figure 58. Economic dependence on the fisheries sector over time Source: Consultants calculations based on data from Instituto Galego de Estadística and Anfaco dabase.

The average family consists of four people (a couple and two children). Only in artisanal and purse segments, besides the fisherman, another member of the household brings in income (usually the spouse). For both cases, the income from catching sub-sector is the main source of household income12, and the second source corresponds to very diversity activities: processing, domestic workers, restaurants, workers in small businesses (industry or services), and teaching. The catching is the only source of household income in the other three segments.

In all segments, the skippers and most of the crew have been working at the same company for more than ten years, except for the most of foreign crew members, who have been working for less than nine years (see Figures 59-63). Only some crew members (young men who are just joining the company) have been working for less than six years in their respective organisations. Most of the workers got their first jobs working for the company.

Figure 59. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Artisanal segment (n=21) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

12 The particular figure from each source wasn’t declared.

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Figure 60. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Seiner segment (n=30) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 61. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Surface longline segment (n=65) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

Figure 62. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Trawling segment (n=41) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires.

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Figure 63. Length of time in organisation, fleet segment and employee-type. Freezer segment (n=28) Source: Consultants calculations based on the questionnaires. Finally, the fisheries sub-sectors are relevants in Vigo's local economy, both in terms of employment as well as a generator of economic value. All participants in the meetings highlighted the importance of these activities in the local economy, especially taking into consideration the current economic situation, and they think the catching sector is a buffer to unemployment during the economic crisis with local men returning to fishing having lost work in other economic activities.

Despite all this, the fishermen are finding that after the economic crisis worsened in the last two years, the loss of jobs and declining incomes are higher in other economic activities, most notably construction, the shipbuilding industry, the automotive industry, the metal industry and activities in the tourism-related services sector (primarily restaurants, small shops and holiday home rentals). In fact, they are seeing an increase in the demand for jobs in the fisheries sector, reversing the trend of previous years. This demand comes from both the unemployed and young people who have just joined the workforce and not found employment in alternative activities and who have not yet considered emigrating to another country. So, in this sense, it seems that the fishing activity is recovering the appeal it enjoyed in previous decades in this town and is becoming a haven in times of economic recession. This, as will be discussed in the next section, would allow the crews of retirement age to be replaced and thereby enable the sustainability of the activity. However, as will be discussed in the section below, there are limitations to the inclusion of new crew members due to a limited offer of training courses for access to jobs in the fisheries sector and, in the current context of fiscal consolidation and public spending cuts, this is not likely to be resolved.

4.2 Adaptation The species which have grown in number are horse mackerel, mackerel, hake (in recent years) and swordfish (in the last year). When some of these species were not subject to quotas, the segments most affected (purse seine and trawl) responded by increasing the catches of these species. Those interviewed underline the opportunity of improving income in these cases. While the restrictions are linked to the possibility that the Administration might establish quotas for non-regulated species, the restrictions of the hake recovery plans (especially in the case of the northern stock, as the stock has improved and the plan does not allow the TAC to be increased), the limitations imposed by the Spanish Administration in respect of the possibility of exchanging quotas for a single species in the Grand Sol fisheries, the multiannual quotas for swordfish are for three years and that prevents the TAC from being modified if an improvement such as has occurred recently takes place, and the increase of operating costs (especially fuel).

In the face of a reduction in the abundance of the resource, the majority of segments have responded by changing their fishing strategy, devoting their efforts to species not subject to quotas (as occurred in

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the cases of pouting, horse mackerel and mackerel in the artisanal and purse-seine fleets, and before the implementation of TACs for these last two species) and shark and tuna (in the case of surface longline). The purse-seine and trawl fleets have also responded by scrapping or exporting vessels to Third Countries due to the situation of the sardine (purse-seine) and the establishment of the recovery plans for hake and nephrop (trawl). In the case of the freezer vessels, those fishing in north Atlantic waters have responded by scrapping vessels, given that all their target species are subject to TACs and these have decreased in the last fifteen years; and those that fish in other zones have responded by increasing catches of other species (shrimps) or by changing fishing ground (some vessels that operated in the South Atlantic have moved to the Pacific). Opportunities revolve around broadening the range of catches (artisanal), an increase in the price of more valued species such as the anchovy (purse-seine, although in a small quantity), the possibility of extending markets (in Asia) with the capture of other species (shark/tuna using surface longline), increasing captures of other species (horse mackerel/mackerel in the trawl segment), and marketing initiatives (such as the case of the good quality and health benefits of frozen fish). Of the restrictions pointed out, they underline the possibility that the Administration could establish quotas for non-regulated species (artisanal, purse-seine, surface longline), the increase in fuel costs, as they now direct their attention towards other species (purse-seine), the obligation to throw away discards (trawl), the obligation to exchange the same percentage of quota for all the target species (trawl), and the ever-more restrictive agreements with third countries with regard to catch possibilities (which are reduced) and the employment of staff (greater in number) from the third country (freezer trawl).

Table 39. Analysis of adaptive response by fleet segments and employee-type.

Scenario/Historic event

Fleet segment Employee-type

Increase in resource abundance

Decline in resource abundance

Declining wider economy

Improving wider economy

Res

pons

e

Artisanal

Skipper Retirements/scrapping Increase in activity

Crew Catch Increase Change in fishing strategy Renewal with young

Movement to other sectors

Skipper Increase of catches not subject to TACs

Change of strategy and scrapping Scrapping

Scrapping (coincided with negative situation of stocks

Seine Crew Abandonment of activity Renewal

Movement to other sectors

Skipper Change of strategy Replacement of staff

Increase of catches of non-regulated species

Surface Crew -- Retirement/young people

Some changed activity

Skipper Catch increase

Scrapping and exportation of vessels Scrapping/retirements

Fleet modernisation Trade initiatives

Trawling Crew Change ec. activity

Retirements and replacement by young people Change ec. activity

Freezer

Skipper Increase of catches in some zones

Scrapping (NAFO) and strategic change (other zones)

Scrapping and retirements

Increase in activity and catches

Crew Greater activity

Retirements/ Some crew move to other freezer vessels

Retirements and replacement by young people

Some change economic activity

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

Artisanal

Skipper Improve income Broaden range of species Renew fishermen Improve ec. yield

Crew

Skipper Improve income

Increase prices of the more valued species Crew rejuvenation Increase in demand.

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Seine Crew

Improvement in living conditions due to the change of activity

Skipper Widening of markets Improve financing

Surface crew

Broaden business options (Asian markets)

Possibility of alternative employment

skipper Increase fishing possibilities Trade initiatives Improve financing

Trawling crew Improve ec. yield

Possibility of improving labour conditions by going to other activities Employment on land

Freezer

skipper Improve income Marketing

Improve marketing and broaden markets (emerging countries)

Access to better financing conditions

crew

Movement of crew to other freezers

Employment in less hard activities on land

Con

stra

ints

Artisanal

skipper Increase in training levels Fuel costs

crew Possibility of establishing quotas

Possibility of establishing quotas

Need to study more courses

skipper Restrictive TACs Possibility of reducing TACs

Increase of training levels

Limits to the renovation of vessels

Seine crew Increase in fuel costs


skipper Situation of the financial market Increase in costs

Surface crew Multiannual TACs

Possible application of regulations on non-regulated species


skipper

Stocks subject to recovery plans/Limits to transferability

Implementation of precautionary TACs. Discards. Financing

Restrictive TACs. Technical restrictions on fleet renovation

Trawling crew Need to study more courses

Freezer

skipper Increase in costs Insufficient aid for scrapping Financing difficulties Fuel costs

crew

Restrictive agreements with third countries


In the face of deterioration in the economic situation, the artisanal, purse-seine, trawl and freezer segments have responded, in general, by scrapping vessels. The announcement of the end of public aid to this end has also contributed towards this. The surface longline is the most stable insofar as number of vessels is concerned. In all of the segments, some crew (the older ones) have retired and are being replaced by young people. We should also emphasise the marketing initiative carried out by the Shipowners’ Cooperative for the megrim caught by the trawl fleet since half-way through 2000-2010, establishing requirements for eligibility for the “supreme quality” label: specimens which exceed 800 gr in weight, measure more than 35 cm and are caught in the final days of the fishing in the ground. This initiative has made it possible to increase the price of megrim up to 17 EUR per kg and has remained stable in the last five years. The opportunities underlined by all the segments are the possibility of renovating fishing activity and providing continuity to the family business, incorporating the new generations and younger crew (something they point out is beginning to happen after the difficulties of finding crew in the years of the economic boom). Only the surface longline and freezer segments (the owner of the vessel in both cases) also emphasise the possibility of widening markets in emerging countries (Asian and from Eastern Europe, respectively). The restrictions relate to the bad situation of the financial market and the difficulties involved in financing the operating costs (surface longline, trawl and freezer segments).

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In the face of an improvement in the economic situation, the majority responded by increasing fishing activity. The exception is found in the purse-seine segment, as that situation coincided with the anchovy moratorium, which gave rise to the withdrawal of some of the vessels in this fishery. The crew responded in the main by abandoning the activity to work in other alternative activities on land, such as industry and construction. In the artisanal case, as well as increasing the activity of the vessels that remained in the fishery, those interviewed underlined that some fishermen and crew abandoned the activity to work in other less hard activities than fishing which provided greater income, such as construction and the restaurant trade (in the case of construction in tourist areas). The opportunities emphasised by owners/skipper were to improve income (artisanal and purse-seine) and access to financing sources in better conditions and at a low interest rate (surface longline, trawl and freezer). The crew has pointed out the opportunity to opt for a less difficult job than fishing, with the possibility of earning more. And the restrictions are fuel costs (artisanal, surface longline and freezers) and the limits on renewing vessels because more vessels have to be scrapped than vessels that are renewed (purse-seine and trawl).

To sum up, adapting to these events has, in general, consisted of changing target species in the face of a decrease in the abundance of the resource and/or scrapping or exporting vessels. The latter is significant in the trawl segment, given the highly restrictive number of fishing rights for vessels that fish in EU waters, first, since Accession, and, later, after the implementation of the hake management plan. The freezer trawl segment has also chosen to scrap vessels, especially those that fished in NAFO zones, and in the face of a notable reduction in TACs for halibut. In the majority of segments, part of the crew has sought employment in other activities on land, given that this situation coincided with a context of economic growth. Moreover, the existence of more job opportunities in other industries contributed to young people over the age of 16 leaving school or deciding not to continue their studies by finishing a vocational or university study programme.

4.3 Future development of the community The short-term future can be summed up in the following way: (i) economic recession; and (ii) reduction in the abundance of some fleet target stocks. The sector emphasises that, in terms relative with other economic activities, it is well-positioned to face such a situation on account of two main factors. Firstly, the profound restructuring of the fleet carried out in previous years via (i) the modernisation of vessels (more efficient and, therefore, they can generate greater value added), (ii) fleet reduction in segments that needed to adapt to the situation of the stocks, and (iii) vertical integration in companies with freezer vessels. And, secondly, the process of market internalisation begun some years ago; and which can be summed up by (i) foreign investments through the creation of joint ventures, and (ii) the opening-up of markets in the BRICS countries (especially in China and Russia). To this we would have to add the capacity to develop marketing initiatives in nearby markets, such as the establishment of “supreme” quality labels. The stated objective of the fleet, in such circumstances, focuses on maintaining employment and social cohesion in the area.

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Table 40. SWOT analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Professionalised fleet and associations

Excessive dependency on international agreements

Technological improvements Energy efficiency

Economic and financial crisis

New generations of better-trained shipowners

High operating costs Tight collaboration with research bodies

Increase in fuel prices

Entrepreneurial spirit and capacity to adapt

Crews that have aged Generational replacement with young people who have come back

Reduction in demand

Integration of fishery activities

Uncertainty with respect to fisheries regulation

Growing external competition (octopus, sardine)

More highly-qualified crew

Difficulties to convey the hardships of the job to the public

Declining stocks of target species (especially for seiners)

Proximity to and variety of means of transport


In terms of the SWOT analysis, the fisheries sector in Vigo shows a high level of professionalism, with generational renewal in the management of fishery companies on the part of young people with university degrees. It is a dynamic sector, with a high capacity to adapt and a high level of flexibility derived from adaptations to important changes in past decades linked to the reduction of target stocks (this is especially significant in the purse-seine, trawl and freezer segments). There also exists a high number of companies from all the fishery subsectors with a high degree of integration among them. Furthermore, infrastructures, both port and others, have improved in the last decade.

The weaknesses observed revolve around the excessive dependence on international agreements with Third Countries or on international organisations (ICCAT, NAFO). Aged crews exist (the majority of crew and skipper belong to the 40-65 age group), although this would seem to be starting to change with the present economic crisis. Also emphasised is the difficulty of conveying to the public aspects on the living conditions of crew (who sometimes have to spend six months a year away from their families) and the economic relevance of an activity that contributes basic good to society.

Opportunities revolve around the research effort on the part of the sector, with its own research departments, in close collaboration with both public and private research bodies. We would underline the proximity to the International Campus of Excellence in Marine Sciences and the institutional integration of the sector itself in said Campus. This innovative effort can be translated into technological improvements (in fishing gear), the implementation of new procedures (on-board), and energy improvement, among others.

The main threats revolve around not only the biological situation of some of the fleet segments’ target species, but also on the species that come from the economic surroundings and that can be summed up as follows: possible reduction in the demand for products with a higher value due to the reduction in customers’ purchasing power, the increase of external competition with lower-priced products (octopus

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and sardine), the increase in fuel prices (on account of the foreseeable tax increase), and the increase in financial restrictions.

In any case, given that (i) all economic activities – nationally, regionally and locally – are losing income and job losses are accelerating, (ii) the projected growth of the Spanish economy remains negative and about -1.5% for 2013, (iii) credit constraints remain strong in terms of implementing business projects (or for refinancing projects), and (iv) public funding is also reduced due the need to achieve fiscal consolidation, options for economic diversification or for simply improving existing activities appear to be few and far between. In this context, families are sending young people with medium and high qualification levels abroad, in most cases in response to calls for staff by some countries (primarily Germany, Finland and Canada). All this is also contributing to the fact that people who had left school due to the ease with which they could find work during the economic boom have in the past two years returned to the classroom to complete vocational training courses and different university programmes13. It is no wonder, therefore, that the long-term unemployed from industries other than the fisheries sector and young people, who for whatever reason cannot go abroad, are seeking refuge in the fishing industry. Most boat owners would like to continue working in the future because there are direct and indirect jobs – mostly held by family members – that would be lost if they stopped working, and with this would come the loss of income for his entire household or for the households of other relatives in the town.

5. Summary and conclusions The fishing sector generates around 3 % of employment and economic value in Vigo, percentages which rose to 16 % and 25 % in 2010 as it included directly related activities (aquaculture, processing and marketing). The sector has been seen to be very dynamic over the years, adapting both to a reduction in resources as well as to an economic downturn, albeit restructuring the fleet, carrying out vertical integration processes or internalising markets.

The highlights are summarised as follows:

Family business. In addition, the spouses play an important role contributing to fishing activity in an informal way in artisanal and purse seine segments.

The fishermen have in general primary education but with training increasing, especially younger men; and have been working in the same company for more than ten years.

There is not competition between the fleet segments, both local fleets and from other ports.

After reductions in stock or as a result of decreasing quotas, the fishermen are responded changing the fishing strategy (toward not regulated species), scrapping or exporting vessels, or retirements (for crew).

The key points for fishing are in relation to declining TACs and quotas for the target species and overdependence on international agreements.

13 It is especially significant that the number of working-age people seeking work decreased in 2012, mainly among young people under the age of 25, although this is due both to them returning to the classroom and emigrating to other countries (INE, January 2013, www.ine.es). Despite this, the unemployment rate in that segment rose to 55 % in 2012 (INE, January 2013).

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The fishermen take a positive view of ITQs, however in their opinion, the transferability between Member States should be allowed and the principle of relative stability removed.

There isn’t competition for the space with other economic sectors and there is little mobility between economic sectors, though some crew from scrapped vessels found employment in other activities. The main upstream linkages are shown with food services, fuel, machine repair, rubber and plastic manufacture, textile manufacture, road transport, insurance, and financial intermediaries. And the main downstream linkages (fisheries related sectors not included) are concentrated in the wholesale food markets (MERCAS), large supermarkets, restaurants and hotels.

There is a high diversification level in fisheries related sectors and the aquaculture, processing and marketing generate close 13 % of employment. The linkage with these sectors is high, over 90 % of landings go to processing and marketing firms, most of them in the zone.

Finally, the fishing sector has shown a sufficient adaptability, and is beginning to be a buffer to unemployment during the economic crisis with local men returning to fishing having lost work in other economic activities. The marine industry has achieved a high degree of internationalisation of markets and is well positioned in order to deal with the current economic situation in comparison with other economic activities. Worthy of note is the success story of selling one of the target species, the megrim. This initiative was launched in mid-2000 and granted labels denoting the highest product quality to specimens attaining a certain size and average weight and fulfilling certain conditions related to freshness. The initiative was quickly successful: prices increased and fishermen managed to increase their income. Another notable success story is that of the swordfish segment, a fleet fishing in the Canary/Saharan bank waters. When these waters were annexed by Morocco, the fleet was converted by changing their fishing gear and strategy in search of new species that had not been exploited by Spain's Atlantic fleets until then, such as the swordfish. They were quickly able to build a modern, professional fleet and introduced this species to inland markets where they were not usually sold (such as north and central Spain), thereby improving their income levels.

Given the current recessionary environment and the negative outlook for the economy in the short term, options must necessarily entail using available human and natural resources. We understand that any assessment in terms of a socio-economic perspective of the situation in the fisheries sector must begin with the objectives of sustainable development. Available indicators show problems, both in terms of resource sustainability and of stability and economic efficiency in businesses and communities that depend on the fishing industry. With this in mind, it seems logical that any strategic measure for the future of the fisheries sector must take both aspects into consideration.

In our review of the perceptions of local fishermen we have noted an unmistakable concern regarding both aspects, although most of the reflections – in line with the objective of the project – were in reference to the socio-economic viability of fleets and ports. To the extent that this town's fleet segments share concerns and weaknesses similar to those of the segments in other towns – the assessment will be common to all of them. In these reflections, problems and responsibilities – not excluding their own – were analysed, initiatives (regarding fishing strategies, the acquisition of crew, and marketing) were considered and the values of the cultural, social and economic function of fishermen were defended. Naturally, what we are expressing in general terms has particular connotations in different fleet segments, depending on its size and specific circumstances.

We also found that fishermen are aware of the importance of conserving this resource. Firstly, for their own good, as their future income depends on it and also because they are linked to the marine

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environment and take responsibility for it14. If there are behaviours that are inefficient in this respect (less "conservationist" in biological jargon), these are due to the effects of rivalry arising from regulations that have been implemented incorrectly or defined insufficiently fomenting the fishing race (such as the regulation based on TACs). Fishermen also seem aware of this.

The most industrialised and professionalised segments (the trawl and swordfish fleets) are already taking steps in an attempt to improve revenue from the activity (in a difficult economic situation), such as the innovations being introduced to process the fish on board, the search for alternative fuels, market diversification (both in terms of products and countries) and finding alternative fishing grounds. It is the artisanal and purse seiner segments that are perhaps in worse conditions for facing the scenario of more dynamics markets, due to the small size of their own fishing units and their businesses. But, in general, they share problems of global markets, loss of social esteem, difficulties in growing through mergers or partnerships, insufficient scientific analyses, problems of national and international regulation, and concern about restrictions in terms of training and of scientific knowledge of the environment.

14 Along this line, mention should be made of the fishermen's reaction after the Prestige disaster (December 2002) recalled by some of the participants in the meetings (primarily from the artisanal segment) who set out to sea in an attempt to prevent with their own resources (boats and fishing gear) the oil slick from penetrating the Rías and affecting marine resources. The photos of fishermen in small boats collecting the fuel with their own hands were seen across the entire country and also had an impact internationally, generating a high level of solidarity with the fishing community and attracting thousands of volunteers to help with the work of cleaning the coast. We will touch on social recognition again later.

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Annex: Monthly volume and average price per species landed in Vigo. 2003-2010

Table 41. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2003 January February March April May June July August September October November December

pouting 20.00 22.06 22.62 26.14 26.92 27.24 19.71 19.50 26.40 39.22 25.87 16.84

porbeagle 4.69 30.05 39.78 25.87 29.82 20.11 44.98 31.85 55.87 32.83 27.86 23.60

velvet crab 2.58 3.94 3.07 2.33 2.91 2.45

swordfish 33.39 68.53 89.64 53.34 78.02 43.80 85.63 73.61 131.02 85.50 122.54 154.04

anglerfish 207.50 151.59 102.63 149.84 127.01 211.75 161.26 154.33 190.80 84.69 86.81 228.15

hake 67.29 140.10 186.56 184.12 122.30 145.05 114.85 56.18 123.89 92.72 71.25 86.00

octopus 9.04 3.09 3.73 64.63 72.17 38.47 35.14 21.31 12.02 14.83 5.69 10.69

blue shark 35.16 69.41 109.68 118.39 129.57 157.12 162.80 95.51 140.45 72.19 90.47 121.22

megrim 425.45 411.73 533.66 535.46 458.17 590.44 575.33 490.24 685.51 680.07 606.74 578.73

sardine 0.06 0.30 0.11 0.07 0.05

mackerel 3.77 21.88 18.79 9.50 4.73 9.96 5.05 45.44 28.18 3.74 2.40 2.09

horse mackerel 3.98 25.89 22.35 14.02 7.96 5.01 4.01 2.06 3.78 7.24 2.90 4.23

Greenland halibut 174.09 232.12 290.15 406.21 638.33 696.36 812.42 870.45 1160.60 348.18 116.06 58.03

skate 110.19 146.92 183.65 257.11 404.03 440.76 514.22 550.95 734.60 220.38 73.46 36.73

plaice 77.55 103.40 129.25 180.95 284.35 310.20 361.90 387.75 517.00 155.10 51.70 25.85

cod 195.15 260.20 325.25 455.35 715.55 780.60 910.70 975.75 1301.00 390.30 130.10 65.05

Source: www.pescadegalicia.com. www.apvigo.com.

63

Table 42. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2003

January February March April May June July August September October November December

pouting 1.72 1.44 1.59 1.49 1.20 0.77 1.25 1.22 1.41 1.41 1.40 1.91

porbeagle 6.87 4.82 3.82 4.65 4.19 4.71 3.85 3.78 3.13 3.34 3.40 3.83

velvet crab 16.15 23.98 17.64 16.55 15.99 28.93

swordfish 7.15 6.26 5.59 7.53 5.65 6.51 5.82 4.77 4.11 3.96 4.11 4.06

anglerfish 5.66 4.30 4.40 4.11 4.22 3.36 3.93 3.92 4.21 4.32 4.88 5.06

hake 5.72 4.80 4.98 4.34 4.99 4.23 4.42 3.37 5.14 4.79 5.10 5.28

octopus 5.05 4.79 4.79 4.26 4.17 4.11 3.63 3.15 4.80 4.23 5.05 4.57

blue shark 2.30 2.14 1.96 1.65 1.24 1.45 1.27 1.87 1.92 1.58 1.45 1.24

megrim 4.99 4.02 3.81 3.61 4.04 3.07 3.13 3.28 3.63 3.72 4.07 4.36

sardine 1.27 0.35 1.00 0.18 0.85

mackerel 0.20 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.25

horse mackerel 0.49 0.35 0.61 0.32 0.37 0.33 0.36 0.51 0.42 0.29 0.27 0.63


skate 2.20 2.29 2.27 2.42 2.10 2.19 2.27 2.12 2.00 2.10 1.90 2.00

plaice 2.30 2.38 2.42 2.17 2.29 2.37 2.19 2.30 2.34 2.19 2.27 2.42

cod 3.54 3.4 3.37 3.15 3.20 3.3 3.38 3.45 3.22 3.10 3.29 3.40


64


pouting 20.16 17.14 17.38 14.17 17.14 26.13 23.72 28.80 27.88 30.11 26.50 26.14

porbeagle 17.73 41.55 30.83 5.32 24.69 21.52 14.13 20.91 35.65 33.00 24.55 28.70

velvet crab 0.08 2.38 3.75 2.96 1.48 1.94 2.30

swordfish 46.78 95.72 139.77 56.03 66.32 33.39 27.88 26.11 60.49 105.52 89.25 111.07

anglerfish 164.97 164.32 132.54 126.71 118.51 140.57 75.58 151.53 109.50 96.75 145.36 140.50

hake 65.28 56.90 86.17 95.90 114.61 153.20 125.64 65.62 108.55 94.93 152.95 170.68

octopus 8.64 13.85 8.47 5.09 22.10 37.65 16.00 9.84 17.93 15.42 22.65 10.71

blue shark 39.38 91.37 133.24 78.89 150.10 92.72 87.97 89.84 82.74 68.82 95.80 87.83

megrim 534.58 571.08 670.88 491.20 547.41 510.35 510.71 461.76 561.32 498.58 563.09 486.97

sardine 32.48 76.29 136.25 29.28 81.78 333.29 404.38 356.46 1027.95 272.38 263.16 126.75

mackerel 25.61 25.75 14.97 16.14 4.26 4.20 87.90 42.01 130.28 11.55 2.00

horse mackerel 37.61 56.34 45.86 44.27 155.61 68.92 40.78 68.09 72.39 23.10 72.63 47.27


skate 124.83 166.44 208.05 291.27 457.71 499.32 582.54 624.15 832.20 249.66 83.22 41.61

plaice 100.71 134.28 167.85 234.99 369.27 402.84 469.98 503.55 671.40 201.42 67.14 33.57

cod 204.30 272.40 340.50 476.70 749.10 817.20 953.40 1021.50 1362.00 408.60 136.20 68.10


65



pouting 2.11 2.13 2.16 2.18 1.67 1.52 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.72 1.80 1.92

porbeagle 4.86 5.00 5.00 5.71 4.09 3.36 4.15 3.34 3.97 3.88 4.25 4.45

velvet crab 32.70 19.39 25.26 20.63 25.65 18.66 33.51

swordfish 5.93 5.94 6.76 7.83 5.79 6.49 7.12 6.51 5.53 4.72 5.06 6.05

anglerfish 5.35 3.71 4.22 4.36 3.99 3.64 4.75 4.54 4.81 5.15 4.75 6.05

hake 5.11 4.08 4.25 5.87 4.61 4.84 3.93 4.50 4.79 4.66 5.20 5.94

octopus 5.56 6.30 5.97 5.97 4.39 4.30 3.97 4.78 4.57 4.78 5.14 5.02

blue shark 2.13 1.66 1.44 1.53 1.21 1.38 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.57 1.47 1.44

megrim 4.69 3.73 4.01 4.22 3.58 3.20 4.06 4.11 4.53 4.21 4.01 4.75

sardine 0.40 0.39 0.40 0.59 1.05 0.79 0.78 0.69 0.48 0.51 0.40 0.35

mackerel 0.15 0.28 0.35 0.24 0.24 0.30 0.48 0.59 0.39 0.59 0.38

horse mackerel 1.98 2.12 1.87 1.99 1.63 1.64 1.25 1.35 1.03 1.22 1.61 0.88


skate 2.20 1.90 2.20 2.35 2.20 2.30 2.45 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.35 2.10

plaice 2.15 2.32 2.18 2.29 2.37 2.40 2.48 2.44 2.38 2.43 2.45 2.53

cod 2.40 2.70 2.45 2.70 2.75 2.30 2.70 2.75 2.70 3.00 3.15 3.32


66

Table 45. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2005


pouting 24.00 18.06 11.83 15.14 19.91 31.65 34.19 39.63 35.49 27.56 27.21 25.53

porbeagle 11.54 17.39 46.31 19.27 29.94 12.72 12.39 24.33 27.23 22.54 21.70 29.33

velvet crab 0.10 2.51 3.26 2.60 1.65 2.63 3.01

swordfish 43.76 111.91 136.54 50.45 88.61 38.69 49.27 19.96 43.80 33.81 38.54 104.60

anglerfish 94.34 176.45 153.96 134.70 154.62 140.61 101.95 117.48 135.90 107.18 109.37 137.77

hake 58.46 148.28 134.54 157.18 214.62 144.34 133.06 85.77 191.72 190.70 79.52 57.20

octopus 6.03 5.19 2.26 4.99 20.47 13.91 13.99 13.22 13.76 7.85 7.88 8.98

blue shark 46.06 61.47 155.94 148.09 154.18 101.82 135.20 89.91 71.17 59.64 53.98 109.06

megrim 310.65 478.05 458.37 445.46 414.01 466.96 418.58 473.78 567.94 490.07 500.41 384.16

sardine 14.73 19.01 210.50 83.42 380.68 420.75 386.16 476.51 476.25 130.49 385.69 95.58

mackerel 1.15 10.15 16.90 3.11 14.12 145.77 138.75 328.73 743.90 136.54 180.84 12.33

horse mackerel 14.58 3.19 3.44 10.84 14.83 17.22 21.79 29.93 53.90 67.90 42.33 28.60


skate 135.75 181.00 226.25 316.75 497.75 543.00 633.50 678.75 905.00 271.50 90.50 45.25

plaice 115.62 154.16 192.70 269.78 423.94 462.48 539.56 578.10 770.80 231.24 77.08 38.54

cod 210.57 280.76 350.95 491.33 772.09 842.28 982.66 1052.85 1403.80 421.14 140.38 70.19


67



pouting 1.92 2.03 2.42 2.15 2.05 1.85 1.65 1.58 1.65 1.87 2.04 1.92

porbeagle 6.68 6.15 5.89 6.23 4.17 4.69 4.78 4.53 4.97 3.99 4.44 4.46

velvet crab 36.20 17.59 25.36 21.81 18.95 16.89 22.45

swordfish 8.55 6.81 6.85 9.64 6.60 7.16 7.19 6.69 5.50 5.25 5.85 6.16

anglerfish 6.84 4.07 4.57 4.97 4.50 5.02 5.53 5.71 5.20 5.65 6.33 7.41

hake 5.14 4.45 4.66 5.17 4.86 5.26 4.92 5.70 6.23 5.87 5.93 7.37

octopus 5.80 6.08 6.81 6.60 4.64 4.42 4.65 4.50 4.60 5.44 5.73 5.02

blue shark 2.56 2.12 1.75 1.49 1.21 1.12 0.93 1.08 1.23 1.13 1.45 1.20

megrim 6.05 4.09 4.30 4.72 4.47 4.69 4.72 5.08 4.50 4.70 5.64 6.28

sardine 0.86 1.15 0.61 0.65 0.28 0.44 0.55 0.52 0.43 0.61 0.60 0.59

mackerel 0.26 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.29 0.38 0.31 0.31 0.33 0.23 0.28 0.21

horse mackerel 1.06 1.36 0.79 1.50 0.88 1.04 1.09 0.77 0.58 0.68 0.86 0.94


skate 2.15 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.2 2.17 2.12 2.15 2.19 2.20 2.27 2.35

plaice 2.11 2.30 2.20 2.20 2.10 2.23 2.30 2.48 2.67 2.60 2.50 2.30

cod 2.30 2.40 2.45 2.85 3.00 2.8 2.75 2.80 2.70 2.85 3.00 3.35


68


pouting 24.89 25.07 17.46 22.45 34.53 36.59 30.62 30.26 37.42 28.30 25.23 19.51

porbeagle 13.95 24.46 32.83 20.68 11.91 13.11 2.42 6.59 21.01 28.45 45.05 27.03

velvet crab 0.32 2.19 4.34 3.77 2.23 2.50 3.05

swordfish 19.59 62.86 114.64 36.14 53.03 38.97 12.63 8.52 20.48 55.43 94.08 98.09

anglerfish 124.48 104.92 128.51 134.13 137.16 88.51 163.42 185.37 142.56 191.42 147.82 190.01

hake 56.53 95.19 111.47 150.12 227.77 198.42 157.51 153.04 117.18 120.16 57.45 78.74

octopus 6.49 4.08 1.75 3.75 2.63 18.54 16.70 21.90 11.78 13.84 30.61 31.18

blue shark 57.66 106.81 104.25 102.84 80.84 29.94 8.57 60.45 85.03 84.92 151.39 129.39

megrim 444.07 449.18 503.21 373.43 443.59 370.93 405.68 513.09 367.28 515.39 540.27 474.78

sardine 39.03 85.16 182.49 68.55 612.37 638.04 311.72 222.82 65.81 104.34 168.77 154.89

mackerel 1.25 7.01 19.92 17.83 68.76 283.81 562.35 644.72 684.36 536.27 272.28 21.58

horse mackerel 51.05 10.24 22.88 45.31 30.91 31.96 46.36 43.86 52.54 41.39 46.48 107.70


skate 143.46 191.28 239.1 334.74 526.02 573.84 669.48 717.30 956.40 286.92 95.64 47.82

plaice 126.09 168.12 210.15 294.21 462.33 504.36 588.42 630.45 840.60 252.18 84.06 42.03

cod 208.11 277.48 346.85 485.59 763.07 832.44 971.18 1040.55 1387.40 416.22 138.74 69.37


69



pouting 2.13 1.86 2.30 2.09 1.72 1.49 1.51 1.61 1.37 1.36 1.60 1.73

porbeagle 6.38 5.93 5.54 5.49 4.57 4.56 4.98 4.07 4.56 3.95 4.31 3.93

velvet crab 21.72 16.13 19.43 17.07 17.94 15.60 25.24

swordfish 8.91 8.11 7.38 8.39 6.74 6.27 5.70 7.39 7.04 4.63 4.66 4.80

anglerfish 6.11 5.00 5.70 5.60 5.38 5.83 5.31 5.64 6.27 4.97 5.85 7.19

hake 5.20 5.23 5.77 5.65 5.49 5.29 5.34 4.86 3.70 3.56 3.74 6.13

octopus 5.72 5.54 5.82 5.44 5.82 3.67 3.91 4.13 5.02 4.81 4.30 5.36

blue shark 1.73 1.59 1.64 1.34 1.39 1.65 1.88 1.36 1.38 1.27 1.72 1.28

megrim 5.73 5.14 5.86 5.80 5.54 5.62 4.68 5.18 6.13 4.90 5.57 6.66

sardine 0.52 0.47 0.37 0.43 0.36 0.49 0.47 0.76 0.70 0.60 0.48 0.44

mackerel 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.26 0.30 0.29 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.32

horse mackerel 1.33 0.94 0.67 1.08 0.89 1.26 0.80 0.73 0.92 0.91 1.15 0.75


skate 2.32 2.20 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.10 2.21 2.32 2.30 2.40 2.43 2.41

plaice 2.30 2.35 2.30 2.30 2.40 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.43 2.36 2.35

cod 2.80 2.95 2.84 2.87 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.93 2.95 2.85


70

Table 49. Volume landed (Tn) of the main species in Vigo. 2007


pouting 17.95 12.04 15.46 24.05 29.82 30.98 26.54 27.70 30.03 37.52 32.99 17.69

porbeagle 18.43 12.90 38.04 17.03 44.05 24.21 54.95 20.32 42.33 56.45 81.66 52.18

velvet crab 0.20 3.73 3.40 2.17 2.05 1.91 2.95

swordfish 28.37 48.91 96.17 35.37 75.49 20.57 36.69 19.15 63.51 111.88 85.51 156.46

anglerfish 217.31 143.06 178.38 200.49 204.72 144.5

4 175.30 212.90 166.49 224.68 288.72 473.95

hake 85.80 126.87 145.11 134.99 168.05 106.9

2 175.93 109.75 120.24 165.12 183.66 131.52

octopus 32.01 13.03 13.89 14.69 20.22 17.62 31.85 28.35 16.81 26.49 46.05 24.64

blue shark 69.20 86.17 297.11 135.43 181.61 42.97 56.00 49.86 122.21 136.55 154.96 149.35

megrim 378.19 302.41 343.14 397.98 369.00 342.7

1 389.88 404.84 359.78 651.86 717.89 593.25

sardine 132.25 88.90 20.11 271.81 258.85 272.0

3 76.74 80.69 60.09 119.23 100.82 10.76

mackerel 45.14 7.41 6.67 8.42 109.89 227.3

3 446.15 566.40 662.95 163.76 124.06 94.26

horse mackerel 48.99 18.41 24.08 8.64 20.93 32.15 87.92 22.23 130.01 128.77 66.67 111.85

Greenland halibut 133.80 178.40 223.53 312.20 490.60

535.20 624.48 669.74 892.94 267.36 89.26 44.86

skate 140.67 187.56 234.45 328.23 515.79 562.6

8 656.46 703.35 937.84 281.34 93.78 46.89

plaice 132.54 176.72 220.9 309.26 485.98 530.1

6 618.52 662.76 883.67 265.08 88.36 44.18

cod 219.78 293.04 366.3 512.82 805.86 879.1

2 1025.6

4 1098.9

9 1465.27 439.56 146.52 73.26


71

Table 50. Average prices (EUR/Kg) of the main species landed in Vigo. 2007 January February March April May June July August September October November December

pouting 2.19 2.38 2.48 2.27 1.84 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.69 1.56 1.62 1.89

porbeagle 5.05 5.66 5.20 6.61 4.54 4.62 3.72 3.90 4.72 3.73 3.76 3.04

velvet crab 25.78 18.08 23.95 19.40 18.34 16.68 30.66

swordfish 7.68 7.75 7.68 9.27 5.83 6.63 6.54 6.05 5.95 4.31 4.79 4.67

anglerfish 6.02 5.46 5.82 5.32 5.19 5.08 5.11 5.44 5.65 4.97 5.07 5.73

hake 4.74 5.04 5.26 4.44 4.42 4.27 4.22 4.74 4.66 4.26 4.40 5.65

octopus 5.16 5.41 5.45 5.19 4.59 4.29 4.82 4.78 5.31 4.93 4.88 5.42

blue shark 1.78 2.15 1.32 1.36 1.29 1.91 1.37 1.40 1.56 1.67 1.73 1.06

megrim 6.51 6.05 5.98 4.78 5.15 5.28 5.08 5.46 5.22 4.25 3.97 3.92

sardine 0.47 0.44 0.59 0.45 0.52 0.85 1.04 1.16 0.92 0.65 0.62 0.82

mackerel 0.19 0.18 0.27 0.25 0.36 0.35 0.40 0.47 0.41 0.39 0.49 0.55

horse mackerel 1.51 0.67 0.50 0.57 0.88 1.15 1.06 1.37 0.64 0.43 0.40 0.97


skate 2.20 2.20 2.30 2.23 2.10 2.20 2.24 2.36 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15

plaice 2.30 2.30 2.20 2.30 2.21 2.70 2.32 2.35 2.34 2.45 2.40 2.30

cod 2.85 2.90 3.00 3.00 3.30 3.25 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.45 3.30 3.40


72


pouting 23.18 27.80 16.97 25.09 44.75 15.12 35.23 36.27 30.20 31.30 27.05 18.47

porbeagle 33.63 21.59 51.03 24.17 32.33 9.48 18.53 24.07 42.83 35.00 33.72 34.52

velvet crab 0.38 2.66 3.05 2.51 2.22 1.89 2.47

swordfish 77.56 46.93 110.88 48.21 64.16 29.38 14.18 25.11 77.88 55.69 66.92 108.26

anglerfish 318.47 174.65 171.75 180.59 193.38 71.61 202.44 176.10 235.08 266.49 210.95 531.69

hake 124.17 152.61 158.52 153.03 208.76 83.76 201.80 223.69 217.27 251.59 236.30 246.25

octopus 25.38 42.73 24.00 71.35 140.95 39.97 104.83 95.26 63.71 43.06 34.16 20.21

blue shark 68.66 144.51 218.70 198.09 133.22 42.61 71.13 89.79 131.02 104.16 162.92 198.19

megrim 456.07 335.68 392.19 355.00 328.26 177.5

9 389.13 434.11 574.75 665.03 583.89 748.79

sardine 17.10 93.81 55.81 122.93 367.74 264.3

7 377.66 175.86 228.80 256.26 102.95 30.93

mackerel 76.38 1.01 24.16 36.25 41.79 117.9

0 410.95 380.86 134.86 71.83 10.38 2.65

horse mackerel 53.03 22.88 10.35 16.94 14.09 7.53 48.44 110.35 150.71 129.30 128.46 134.88


578.43 674.80 723.08 964.03 289.20 96.40 48.20

skate 150.96 201.28 251.60 352.24 553.52 603.8

4 704.48 754.80 1006.40 301.92 100.64 50.32

plaice 137.58 183.44 229.30 321.02 504.46 550.3

2 642.04 687.90 917.20 275.16 91.72 45.86

cod 228.93 305.24 381.55 534.17 839.41 915.7

2 1068.3

4 1144.6

5 1526.20 457.86 152.62 76.31


73


pouting 2.15 1.82 2.11 1.90 1.37 2.37 1.50 1.41 1.74 1.66 1.85 1.87

porbeagle 6.22 5.65 4.31 4.77 3.24 2.98 4.07 2.74 3.35 4.21 4.19 4.07

velvet crab 29.02 20.13 23.39 17.57 16.78 15.78 29.26

swordfish 7.19 8.00 6.04 8.06 5.69 5.10 9.48 4.43 5.37 6.30 6.71 5.22

anglerfish 6.25 4.98 5.66 5.44 4.99 6.10 5.11 5.36 5.36 4.55 5.36 5.14

hake 5.21 5.21 5.11 4.64 4.06 5.27 3.81 4.18 4.50 4.43 4.62 4.62

octopus 5.81 5.23 5.46 4.12 3.06 3.70 3.72 3.68 4.27 4.57 4.23 4.72

blue shark 2.60 1.73 1.24 1.30 1.29 1.71 1.49 2.07 1.45 1.59 1.66 1.28

megrim 4.92 5.30 5.40 5.21 4.90 5.41 4.36 4.53 4.32 3.51 4.14 3.59

sardine 0.67 0.58 0.87 0.72 0.66 1.18 0.76 0.81 0.72 0.67 0.61 0.83

mackerel 1.31 0.44 0.30 0.43 0.48 0.61 0.53 0.45 0.49 0.63 0.45 1.32

horse mackerel 1.60 1.02 1.12 0.70 1.44 1.25 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.23 1.36 0.93


skate 2.15 2.25 2.20 2.10 2.20 2.27 2.30 2.40 2.30 2.31 2.36 2.35

plaice 2.20 2.20 2.23 2.31 2.30 2.33 2.20 2.23 2.21 2.46 2.64 2.70

cod 2.80 2.82 2.80 2.93 2.95 2.85 2.84 2.87 2.75 2.80 2.80 2.95


74


pouting 18.53 29.34 18.67 25.90 26.75 28.76 24.73 29.52 33.98 36.69 22.14 12.55

porbeagle 25.82 20.44 28.24 22.88 39.59 23.52 35.31 30.75 48.61 55.10 46.37 37.54

velvet crab 0.07 4.86 4.51 3.62 2.86 2.19 2.81

swordfish 60.77 49.60 103.99 62.30 71.00 40.68 22.89 22.80 68.82 97.82 103.24 172.12

anglerfish 263.32 197.10 192.81 217.60 180.70 202.1

4 182.27 188.34 154.52 246.51 350.38 556.95

hake 174.83 262.55 306.39 261.42 266.68 276.2

3 279.70 214.21 223.85 220.69 236.85 244.88

octopus 7.76 13.04 8.81 10.04 7.90 8.64 28.07 26.42 21.57 24.99 16.48 20.43

blue shark 152.07 139.97 242.23 314.28 235.63 147.6

1 83.81 204.60 224.41 215.32 227.01 170.42

megrim 455.98 454.74 560.46 459.75 404.73 603.0

4 615.87 539.11 444.93 630.77 558.81 847.73

sardine 3.36 3.24 64.02 93.35 217.64 260.2

5 217.88 292.59 255.66 129.82 262.55 9.76

mackerel 4.69 9.50 33.76 28.00 116.57 692.3

8 0.29 0.01 0.02

horse mackerel 152.35 98.76 32.87 214.97 119.21 37.17 55.99 60.62 104.82 117.14 176.24 99.77


527.52 615.44 659.40 879.20 263.76 87.92 43.96

skate 153.24 204.32 255.4 357.56 561.88 612.9

6 715.12 766.20 1021.60 306.48 102.16 51.08

plaice 142.86 190.48 238.1 333.34 523.82 571.4

4 666.68 714.30 952.40 285.72 95.24 47.62

cod 226.29 301.72 377.15 528.01 829.73 905.1

6 1056.0

2 1131.4

5 1508.60 452.58 150.86 75.43


75


pouting 2.29 1.70 2.31 1.83 1.86 1.66 1.50 1.74 1.80 1.76 2.06 2.09

porbeagle 5.09 5.02 4.37 4.37 3.68 3.87 4.25 3.34 4.30 4.60 4.39 3.72

velvet crab 36.43 15.39 18.45 15.98 15.60 17.61 26.57

swordfish 6.81 6.18 5.93 6.49 5.02 6.08 6.89 6.06 5.60 5.98 6.08 4.48

anglerfish 5.73 4.24 4.34 4.30 4.45 4.10 4.69 4.84 5.55 4.76 5.43 5.05

hake 3.44 2.87 3.72 3.60 3.29 3.18 3.41 3.14 3.73 3.36 4.41 3.64

octopus 5.15 5.30 5.54 4.75 3.62 3.35 4.33 4.40 4.61 4.68 4.96 4.55

blue shark 1.88 1.53 1.37 0.88 1.22 1.26 1.43 1.13 1.48 1.43 1.89 1.23

megrim 4.71 3.29 3.31 3.15 3.60 2.37 2.90 3.27 4.25 3.60 4.44 3.35

sardine 1.29 1.07 0.74 0.70 0.73 2.05 1.35 1.02 0.85 0.68 0.59 1.51

mackerel 1.23 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.64 0.61 0.34 0.40 0.30

horse mackerel 1.87 1.78 1.87 1.24 1.45 1.60 1.21 1.42 1.16 1.00 1.14 1.17

Greenland halibut 3 3.30 3.3 3.20 3.05 3 3.25 3.20 3.50 3.40 3.45 3.40

skate 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.10 2.20 2.20 2.24 2.30 2.23 2.35 2.32 2.31

plaice 2.30 2.30 2.27 2.23 2.33 2.30 2.36 2.48 2.46 2.35 2.43 2.45

cod 3.20 3.10 3.00 2.80 2.85 2.95 3.00 2.90 3.00 3.25 3.35 3.30


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pouting 26.28 25.66 23.21 36.43 44.14 46.97 34.80 40.43 40.63 50.29 43.86 20.88

porbeagle 10.94 35.64 31.56 22.17

velvet crab 0.10 6.10 3.85 3.48 3.04 2.73 3.24

swordfish 23.21 58.57 69.98 46.61 38.82 14.04 8.47 17.26 46.72 77.36 92.16 123.94

anglerfish 226.92 209.48 262.02 215.59 232.56 242.8

3 223.91 271.40 259.11 312.63 415.16 738.99

hake 142.54 217.26 269.66 212.30 359.14 323.1

1 176.07 128.88 154.46 155.44 229.34 253.84

octopus 30.74 23.66 23.19 21.92 33.85 67.74 115.15 91.82 123.66 109.43 80.02 88.04

blue shark 88.58 189.39 224.10 203.79 280.56 152.9

3 166.03 121.58 184.04 189.84 143.01 174.45

megrim 488.46 554.65 605.95 389.41 419.06 460.4

7 492.90 554.47 493.47 556.37 672.62 689.72

sardine 3.22 25.89 71.88 284.97 402.40 163.9

9 109.37 83.78 207.51 328.96 43.72 72.94

mackerel 63.13 35.72 111.68 0.12 0.98 0.13 7.85 5.84 8.01 1.41 0.35 0.46

horse mackerel 64.37 19.15 49.45 26.70 44.43 70.21 98.05 94.14 128.29 73.89 64.37 34.09


597.12 696.64 746.40 995.20 298.56 99.52 49.76

skate 152.16 202.88 253.60 355.04 557.92 608.6

4 710.08 760.80 1014.40 304.32 101.44 50.72

plaice 149.10 198.80 248.50 347.90 546.70 596.4

0 695.80 745.50 994.00 298.20 99.40 49.70

cod 235.02 313.36 391.70 548.38 861.74 940.0

8 1096.7

6 1175.1

0 1566.80 470.04 156.68 78.34


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pouting 2.19 1.97 2.48 2.14 1.46 1.53 1.72 1.66 1.59 1.42 1.70 2.29

porbeagle 5.61 4.54 4.30 5.54

velvet crab 22.90 15.96 22.49 17.48 16.28 16.30 24.78

swordfish 9.88 8.03 8.11 7.78 5.76 6.93 5.89 5.44 6.43 6.53 7.31 6.59

anglerfish 5.66 4.20 4.68 5.16 4.45 4.49 4.63 4.56 5.29 4.58 4.93 5.05

hake 3.40 2.86 3.56 3.32 2.77 3.27 3.03 2.82 3.32 3.50 3.68 3.93

octopus 4.09 3.86 4.09 4.16 3.64 2.91 3.25 3.14 3.40 3.48 3.69 4.23

blue shark 2.69 2.03 1.66 1.46 1.38 1.48 1.34 1.60 1.73 2.07 2.17 1.97

megrim 4.37 3.18 3.45 4.18 3.54 3.62 3.64 3.35 4.27 4.20 4.36 4.26

sardine 0.95 0.63 1.00 0.94 0.71 1.37 1.58 1.29 0.84 0.69 0.91 0.93

mackerel 0.82 0.20 0.54 0.52 0.62 0.95 1.50 0.92 0.57 1.17 0.31 0.34

horse mackerel 1.67 1.00 0.95 1.47 0.90 0.91 1.02 1.15 0.77 1.05 1.35 1.45


skate 2.10 2.20 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.21 2.20 2.23 2.28 2.34 2.40 2.30

plaice 2.30 2.30 2.35 2.30 2.27 2.30 2.33 2.32 2.36 2.30 2.41 2.24

cod 3.00 3.00 2.85 3.05 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.00 2.95 2.90 3.00 3.10


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Annex: Professional qualifications of personnel on board vessels

The adaptation of the Spanish law to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel, 1995 (STCW-F 1995), is made through the Certificate of Basic Training, obtained after a 70 hours course. It consists of four modules: survival at sea, prevention of fire, first aid and occupational hazard prevention. It is run by entities approved by the Ministry of Public Works, and it is required for any crew member of a fishing vessel since September 2012. The regional government (through Nautical-Fishing Schools or Institutes located in Vigo, Ferrol, Riveira, Bueu, and Coruña) supplied this course throughout 2012 and previous years with the aim that the fishermen may have the certificate. The fishermen may too participate in the courses supplied by other public institutions, such as the National Centre of Maritime Training (located in Bamio) and the Ministry of Public Works (Madrid), or private centres (in this moment only five Galician centres are approved by the Ministry for supplying this training: two in Santiago and one in Pontevedra, Salvaterra and Celeiro). In addition and for the new skippers who incorporate in fishing vessels over 24 m since September 2012, they must hold the qualification of Fishing Captain, and therefore pass the corresponding specialized course. Those institutions usually offer an only course per year.

In particular, the sailor category must hold the following documents since September 2012:

‐ Certificate of Basic Training (above mentioned).

‐ Fisherman Professional Card, obtained after a 23 hours course run by the nautical-fishing institutes (regulation “Real Decreto 1519/2007, de 16 de noviembre, BOE 290”).

‐ Medical check-up in force, issued by the Maritime Health Services (ISM).

The skipper (and the other nautical-fishing graduate categories: officer, engineer officer) must hold the following documents:

‐ Certificate of Basic Training (above mentioned).

‐ Professional Qualification for new skippers case:

. Local Fishing Skipper, for 0-12 m and 0-100 Kw vessels, operating up to 12 miles offshore (same qualification that the requested before September 2012).

. Coastal Multipurpose Skipper, for 0-24 m and 0-400 Kw vessels, operating up to 60 miles offshore (same qualification that the requested before September 2012).

. Fishing Captain, for any kind of fishing vessel, with unlimited length, tonnage and offshore distance.

‐ Certificates of Specialization:

Advanced Certificate of fire-fighting.

Certificate of survival and rescue boats (fast and non-fast).

Certificate of GMDSS general operator.

Certificate of GMDSS restricted operator.

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‐ Specific Health Training, basic or advanced, run by entities approved by the Maritime Health Services (ISM), with a period of validity of 5 years and updating courses (regulation “ORDEN PRE/646/2004, de 5 de marzo, BOE 62”).

‐ Medical check-up in force, issued by the Maritime Health Services (ISM).

‐ Food Handler Certificate.

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