EUROPE. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High...
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Transcript of EUROPE. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High...
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EUROPE
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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High degrees of specialization Manufacturing dominance Urbanized population High standards of living
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REGIONS OF THE REALM
Western Europe British Isles Northern (Nordic)
Europe Mediterranean Europe Eastern Europe See pg 64
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PHYSICALLANDSCAPES
• Alpine System
• Western Uplands
• Central Uplands
• North European Lowland
• See pg 44
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RELATIVE LOCATION
• At the heart of the land hemisphere
• Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
• Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
• Navigable waterways
• Moderate distances
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RELATIVE LOCATION
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AGRARIAN REVOLUTION
Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 Led to Colonialism Evolved from technical innovations that
occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards
increased urbanization
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Movement across geographic space
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Principles
Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening opportunity
SPATIAL INTERACTION
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Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy
COMPLEMENTARITY
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COMPLEMENTARITY
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• The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
• Rivers, mountain passes/tunnels, road networks are very good in Europe
• Advances in transportation technology• Europe’s small size an advantage
TRANSFERABILITY
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The presence of a nearer source of supply
or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beerbe cheaper to import
into Italy than German beer?
INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
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URBAN TRADITION Urbanization – see world map (next slide)
Related concepts Metropolis – central city & its suburban ring. See
La Defense, pg 53. CBD – downtowns Europe, oldest parts and
usually in the middle of the city; skyscrapers & most prestigious residences.
Primate cities, see next slides
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POPULATION DENSITY
Population Density: 256 persons per square mileUrbanization: 75% overall (when East & West are combined)
EUROPE
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Older Coreor
Central City
Outer Suburban City
METROPOLITAN COMPLEXES
A Metropolis is the central city and its suburban ring. Suburbs of Europe are more concentrated with population and people live more in apartments than in single family houses.
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A country’s largest city
Jefferson’s criteria:
- Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size
- In Europe, they are esp. expressive of the national culture
- Usually (but not always) the capital
Examples: Paris, London, Athens, etc – many on list of cities on pg 53.
PRIMATE CITIES
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EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Similarities:•Central core•Suburban ring•But European has a Greenbelt
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Differences:
•High suburban density
•Apartments
•Public transportation
•Land scarcity
•Centralized urban planning
EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
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• Falling share of the world’s population
• Fertility at an all-time low e.g. Germany, Italy, etc.
• Fewer young people
• Smaller working age population
• Immigration partially offsetting losses
EUROPE’SPOPULATION IMPLOSION
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Supranationalism A venture involving three or more states Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation
to promote shared objectives. See next slide.
New “Euro”Currency, adopted in 2002 (pg 57)
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•EU – 1991, but actually dating back to 1958 (then called EEC).
•EU Members, pg 58.
•Non-members
•Prospective Members
European Supranationalism
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Supranationalism Problems
Loss of autonomy
Disparities in levels of economic development, esp. btw East & West.
Cultural barriers
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What does the future hold for Europe?
•Unification?•Instability?
•Especially in light of the creation of new States,
see map, pg 58