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![Page 1: EUROPE. Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff2 Setting the Boundaries 40 countries ranging from large states.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649d825503460f94a67d87/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EUROPE
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 2
Setting the Boundaries
40 countries ranging from large states (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., Andorra)
Relatively small region; Densely settled
Shared history amidst cultural diversity
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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High degrees of specialization Manufacturing dominance Numerous nation-states Urbanized population High standards of living
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,
and Wyckoff4
Europe
Figure 8.1
Arctic Norway
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 5
Size and Location
Figure 8.3
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,
and Wyckoff6
Landform Regions
European Lowlands
Alpine Mountain System
Central Uplands
Western Highlands
Figure 8.5
Figure 8.6
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PHYSICALLANDSCAPES
• Alpine System
• Western Uplands
• Central Uplands
• North European Lowland
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,
and Wyckoff8
Climate
Figure 8.7
Although along the same line of latitude as northern Canada, Europe has much milder climates. What accounts for this difference?
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 9
Figure 8.9
Environmental Issues – Overview
How does the pattern of acid rain damage correspond with Figure 8.37?
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 10
Environmental Issues
Figure 8.11
Figure 8.10
Acid Rain in Bohemia
Toxic Landscape in Romania
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Changing Environments
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 11
Figure 8.13
Wind Farm in Denmark
Restoring Heath in England
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RELATIVE LOCATION
• At the heart of the land hemisphere
• Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
• Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
• Navigable waterways
• Moderate distances
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RELATIVE LOCATION
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AGRARIAN REVOLUTION
Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 Evolved from technical innovations that occurred
in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards
increased urbanization Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe
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POLITICAL REVOLUTION
END TO THE RULE OF MONARCHIES CENTRIPETAL FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES EMERGENCE OF NATION STATES
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Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods
Roman Empire– Parts of North Africa - granaries– Elba produced iron ore.– Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.
AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION
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Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods
Roman Empire– Parts of North Africa - granaries– Elba produced iron ore.– Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.
AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION
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Movement across geographic space
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Principles
– Complementarity
– Transferability
– Intervening opportunity
SPATIAL INTERACTION
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Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy
COMPLEMENTARITY
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COMPLEMENTARITY
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• The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
• Rivers, mountain passes, road networks
• Advances in transportation technology
TRANSFERABILITY
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The presence of a nearer source of supply
or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beerbe cheaper to import
into Italy?
INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
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POPULATION DENSITY
Population Density: 256 persons per square mileUrbanization: 73%
EUROPE
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 25
Population and Settlement
Figure 8.14
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 26
Demographic Trends
- Slow or Negative RNI
- High Densities
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 27
Linguistic Diversity
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 28
Religious Diversity
Tensions in Northern Ireland
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 29
Migration
Figure 8.15
How has migrationinfluenced Europe ?
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• Falling share of the world’s population
• Fertility at an all-time low
• Fewer young people
• Smaller working age population
• Boom & bust age-dependent
• Immigration partially offsetting losses
EUROPE’SIMPLOSION POPULATION
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URBAN TRADITION
Urbanization Related concepts
– Primate city– Metropolis– CBD
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A country’s largest city
Jefferson’s criteria:
- Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size
- Especially expressive of the national culture
- Usually (but not always) the capital
Examples: Paris, London, Athens
PRIMATE CITIES
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EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Similarities:•Central core•Suburban ring
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Differences:•High suburban density•Apartments•Public transportation•Land scarcity•Centralized urban planning
EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff35
Historical Cityscapes
Medieval
Renaissance-Baroque
Industrial
Figure 8.18
Aerial View of Central Paris
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Geopolitical Change
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff37
Europe—East and West
Iron Curtain
Cold War
Buffer Zone
Figure 8.31
Figure 8.4.2
The “Wall Zone” in Berlin
Former East Germany
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 38
Geopolitical Framework
Figure 8.29Figure 8.5.1
Terrorism in Madrid
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 39
The EU and
Economic Integration
Figure 8.38
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KEY CONCEPTS
BALKANIZATIONIRREDENTISMETHNIC CLEANSING
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BALKANIZATION
FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS
ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA
APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA
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Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 42
Europe—The Balkans
In what ways have ethnicity and religion intersected here?
Kosovar Refugees Figure 8.34
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UNDERLYING FORCES
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES– REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A
COUNTRY RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC, OR IDEOLOGICAL
DIFFERENCES
CENTRIPETAL FORCES– FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY
TOGETHER A STRONG NATIONAL CULTURE, SHARED
IDEOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES, AND A COMMON FAITH
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IRREDENTISM
A POLICY OF POLITICAL EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY
BA
A
RIVER & BORDER
COUNTRIES
MINORITYPOPULATION
BORDERADJUSTMENT
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ETHNIC CLEANSING
REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY A STRONGER POWER
AB
A
COUNTRIES
BORDER
MINORITYPOPULATION
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EUROPE