Euro AP Chapter 21 Unit Review

8/6/2019 Euro AP Chapter 21 Unit Review

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Natalie Booth

Karen Clark

Euro AP, Period 3

8 February 2010

1. What is the Scientific Movement of the time? Who represents this

movement and what did they do?

Industrial Revolution

The main scientific progress of the time was the Industrial Revolution. Britain was the leading

country in this movement with their Textile Industry. They also had successful iron making, ship

building, and china production. Britain had the most concentrated industrial areas on the

continent. The British Midlands were their large manufacturing districts. During the 1830s,

Belgium, France, and Germany also participated in the Industrial Revolution and all of these

countries steam engine use was growing.

George Stephenson/Railways

An appropriate person to represent these industrial advances is George Stephenson, the

creator of the locomotive. He invented it in 1814, although his improved design did not surpass

other competitors until 1829. His invention led to the main advance of the Industrial

Revolution: railroads. During the 1830s and 1840s railways were opened in England, Belgium,

France, and Germany. This improvement in transportation allowed faster and cheaper

movement of materials and products. The railways actually brought about more

industrialization because they increased demand for supplies like iron and steel and also for a

skilled labor force. This demand for metals even led to ironclad ships and iron machinery, rather

than made of wood.

2. What are the greatest social issues of the time? Who are the

leaders of these movements and what is the outcome of these

movements?

The Labor Force

T

he shift in jobs due to the Industrial Revolution caused many artisans and workers to faceunemployment. These people had to confront the changes in their communities. Many artisans

joined the wage-labor force where many laborers could work together and each gets paid. This

was most common in factory settings where the factory owner purchased machinery and

materials while the workers contributed their labor for a wage. The result was an increased

division of labor. With each artisan producing a small part of the final product, an individuals


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skills became less valuable. It also made it more difficult for urban workers to ever become in

charge of their own workshops.

British Chartism

In the late 1830s when British workers were under economic pressure, they began reformcalled Chartism. The most important leader of this movement was Feargus OConnor who made

speeches across Britain. William Lovett and other London radical artisans formed the London

Working Mens Association. They issued the Charter that asked for six different reforms

concerning equality for workers and the House of Commons. These were political reforms, but

these workers banded together socially and participated in strikes and petitions. A newspaper

was published called the Northern Star. City councils were formed and many local successes

occurred, but overall Chartism failed and people abandoned the movement.

Child Labor

Many people became concerned about children working in factories. Many workers joined

together and the English Factory Act of 1833 was issued. This forbade children under age nine

to work, and children between nine and 13 could have only a nine hour workday with the

factory paying for two hours of education a day for these children. After this movement

workers united against adults workdays and then women in factories.

Change in Marriage

Women moving to cities and entering the wage economy had wider opportunities for marriage.

Parents did less arranging of the marriages. Usually a young womans occupation would be

domestic service. If a woman did work in a factory, supervised dormitories were popular. These

attracted young women to work in factories by convincing their parents that the daughters

would be safe. Womens life in the cities had less family ties and more available young men.

Consequently, illegitimate births increased. When women became married, they usually did not

work in the industry. It was even more common to send a child to factory work than a married

woman. Married women only worked outside the home if forced by family needs or illness.

Overall, the working class adopted the idea of the upper classes that genders had different

working spheres, originally popularized by Rousseau.

Socialism (overall)

During this time period, early socialism began. There are many types of socialists (elaborated on

in question 4 about philosophical spokesmen), but they all generally approved of industrialism.

They did believe that mismanagement, low wages, and misdistribution of goods were problems

with the unregulated industrial system. Furthermore, the socialists believed human society

should be organized as a community and not many selfish individuals.


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Feminists in France

Between 1848 and 1851 many Parisian woman demanded reform of their social conditions.

Many clubs were formed that emphasized womens rights. Some women even tried to vote in

elections.T

hese women activists were from both the middle class and working class.T

heyconducted street demonstrations and organized a newspaper called The Womens Voice. Then

a society was organized with the same name as the newspaper. Eventually they were defeated.

Radical Students in the Vienna Uprising

In March 1848, students inspired by Louis Kossuths speeches led a series of revolts in Vienna.

The army could not restore order and Metternich even resigned. When promised a moderately

liberal constitution, the radical students still were not satisfied and they formed many

democratic clubs.

3. What are the greatest political events of the time period?

British Chartism

In Britain, the London Working Mens Association was formed. They issued the Charter that

demanded six specific reforms. Their desires included universal male suffrage, annual election

of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts and the abolition of

property qualifications for the House of Commons as well as payment of salaries to members of

this House. Petitions, strikes, speeches, and a newspaper all took place in support of Chartism.

Factory reforms

When people became concerned about child laborers in Britain, the English Factory Act of 1833

was issued. This forbade children under age nine to work, children nine to 13 could work a

maximum of nine hours a day, and the factory had to pay for those childrens education. After

this act, adults began wanting similar rights so they could spend time with their children. In

1847, Parliament changed the adult work hours from 12 to 10 hours a day. Then reforms

concerning women belonging in the home rather than the workplace began.

New Police Forces

Although police forces did not perform a political role, most countries ignored that and police

forces became one of the largest groups of government employees. In 1828, Paris got

professional police forces, and a year later, the British parliament approved legislation,

sponsored by Sir Robert Peel, that put police in London.


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Prison Reform

Previously, European jails were local, or criminals would be sent to prison ships called hulks.

Men, women, and children were housed together and also people having committed minor and

serious offenses were housed together. In the early 1800s people such as John Howard and

Elizabeth Fry demanded reforms in England while Charles Lucas did the same in France. Reformcame slowly to Europeans and they used models from the United States such as the Auburn

system (from New York) and the Philadelphia system. Mainly prisoners became more isolated

most famously in the Pentonville Prison in London.

Louis Napoleon

In 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected as the president in a French state. He was the

nephew of the original great emperor. He had mostly been living outside France, but the new

French disorder gave him an opportunity to enter the countrys politics. Nicknamed Little

Napoleon, he was dedicated more to his fame that republican organizations. After a coup and

then a new election, in December 1852 Louis Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon III of

France.

Vienna Uprising

In March 1848, Louis Kossuth made a speech attacking Austrian domination and calling for

Hungarys independence. Many radical students were inspired by his speech and they revolted.

The army could not restore order and Metternich resigned. Emperor Ferdinand promised a

moderately liberal constitution and the students were still unsatisfied, forming many

democratic clubs. The Habsburg government most feared an uprising of the serfs. The

Hungarian diet then abolished serfdom that March.

Magyar Revolt

The Hungarian diet passed the March Laws that mandated religious equality, jury trials, election

of the lower chamber of the diet, free press, and taxes to the nobility. Emperor Ferdinand

approved these measures although he basically had no choice. In addition, the Magyars wanted

a separate Hungarian state within the Habsburg domains. To attain this they exercised local

autonomy and attempted to annex many eastern territories of the Habsburg Empire. The

Vienna government sent Count Joseph Jellachich to help the national groups that were

rebelling against the Hungarians. These events show an example of the clash between

liberalism and nationalism.

Rebellion in Northern Italy

A revolt against Habsburg domination began on March 18 in Milan, Italy. Austrian commander

General Count Joseph Wenzel Radetzky retreated from the city. King Charles Albert of


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Piedmont (wanted to annex the province that Milan was capital of) helped the rebels. The

Austrians defeated Piedmont and suppressed the revolt, so that for the time being, Austria held

its position in northern Italy.

Revolution in PrussiaBy March 1848 disturbances had erupted in Berlin as well. Fredrick William IV did not turn his

troops on the Berliners. He even announced limited reforms, but even so several citizens were

killed. The king called for a Prussian Constituent Assembly to write a constitution. He then

appointed a cabinet lead by David Hansemann, a respected moderate liberal. But, the assembly

was radical and democratic and in April it was dissolved and Fredrick proclaimed his own

constitution. This included three-class voting, and all adult males were allowed to vote, but

according to his ability to pay taxes.

The Frankfurt Parliament

In May, representatives from all the German states met in St. Pauls Church in Frankfurt to

change the organization of the German Confederation. The Frankfurt Parliament was meant to

write a moderately liberal constitution for a united Germany. They refused to restore the

protection the guilds had afforded, and this cost the parliament the support of the industrial

workers and artisans. In September the parliament had to all in troops to suppress a revolt in

the city by workers. The parliament struggled over the issue of unification; they argued over

whether Austria should be included. Then in March of 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament produced

its constitution and offered the crown of a united Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia.

He declined and soon after the parliament dissolved.

4. Who are the philosophical spokesmen/spokeswomen of the time?

What is their point of view? (Include their writings, if any)

Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon

Saint-Simon was a utopian socialist. He believed modern society would require rational

management. In addition, wealth, property and enterprise should be under an administration

rather than its owners. His ideal government would have had a big board of directors. Hebelieved in the management of wealth rather than its redistribution. His work On the

Reorganization of European Societywas published in 1814.

Robert Owen

Owen was also a utopian socialist. He believed in the environmentalist psychology of the

Enlightenment represented by John Locke. He thought if human beings were put in good


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Friedrich Engels

Engels was a friend of Marx. In his works he showed a devastating picture of industrial life. He

and Marx together wrote a pamphlet for a secret Communist League, The Communist

Manifesto,1848. He was a communist because he was much more radical than a socialist. He

supported the abolition of private property. One of his works isT

he Condition of the WorkingClass in England,1845.

Euro AP Chapter 21 Unit Review

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