Eukaryotic chromosome compared to a prokaryotic one.
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Transcript of Eukaryotic chromosome compared to a prokaryotic one.
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Eukaryotic chromosome compared to a prokaryotic one.
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DNA - Structure
• The structural subunit is a nucleotide.• Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a
sugar and a nitrogen base.
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DNA Structure
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DNA
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DNA Replication
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This image is from your text. If you can find the error in their illustration of DNA replication, you
have a good understanding of the process.
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New nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the new DNA strand.
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DNA Replication
• New nucleotides are manufactured during the lag phase of the bacterial growth curve.
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Thymine vs. Uracil
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Protein Synthesis: transcription
RNA polymerase
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Transcription
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tRNA structure
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20 amino acids
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Translation
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Operon pg. 225 (pg. 229)
mRNA binds here
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Repressible Operon (pg. 225)
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Repressible Operon
Binds to Inactive Repressor
Inactive Repressor
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Repressible Operon
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Inducible Operon (pg. 224)
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Inducible Operon
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Inducible Operon pg. 224
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RNA Codons
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Missense
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Nonsense Mutation
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Base Substitution
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Frameshift
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Viruses ch. 13
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Virus Structure
Protein Capsid
Receptors
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Enveloped Virus
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Influenza
Hemagglutinin: Receptor Site. Allows attachment to host cell.
Neuraminidase. Enzyme, breaks down mucus, assists virus as it moves in and out of cell.
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polyhedralcomplex
helical
enveloped
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Lytic Cycle
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Lytic Cycle
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Viruses ch. 13
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Agriculture Transgenics On the Market
Source: USDA
Insect resistant cotton – Bt toxin kills the cotton boll worm• transgene = Bt protein
Insect resistant corn – Bt toxin kills the European corn borer• transgene = Bt protein
Normal Transgenic
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Virus resistance - papya resistant to papaya ringspot virus• transgene = virus coat protein
Source: Monsanto
Herbicide resistant crops Now: soybean, corn, canola Coming: sugarbeet, lettuce, strawberry alfalfa, potato, wheat• transgene = modified EPSP synthase or phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase
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Biotech chymosin; the enzyme used to curdle milk products• transgene = genetically engineered enzyme
bST; bovin somatotropin; used to increasemilk production• transgene = genetically engineered enzyme
Source: Rent Mother Nature
Source: Chr. Hansen
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Next Generation of Ag Biotech Products
Source: Minnesota Microscopy Society
Golden Rice – increased Vitamin A content (but not without controversy)transgene = three pathway enzymes
Sunflower – white mold resistancetransgene = oxalate oxidase from wheat
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Turfgrass – herbicide resistance; slower growing (= reduced mowing)
Bio Steel – spider silk expressed in goats; used to make soft-body bullet proof vests (Nexia)
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Environmental Applications
Bioremediation - cleanup contaminated sites; uses microbes designed to degrade the pollution
Indicator bacteria – contamination can be detected in the environment
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Tooth decay – engineered Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria that destroys enamel
Future Health-related Biotech Products
Vaccines – herpes, hepatitis C, AIDS, malaria
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Edible VaccinesTransgenic Plants Serving Human Health Needs
• Works like any vaccine • A transgenic plant with a pathogen protein gene is developed• Potato, banana, and tomato are targets• Humans eat the plant • The body produces antibodies against pathogen protein• Humans are “immunized” against the pathogen• Examples:
DiarrheaHepatitis BMeasles
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Prions
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Prions
Long chain of abnormal prion chains starting to build.
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Prions
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