THE

EUGENICS REVIEWTHE RELATION OF EUGENICS TO OTHER

SCIENCES.By HARRY H. LAUGHLIN, D. Sc.,

Eugenics Record Office, Cold S.pring Hwarbour, Long Island, New York..

EUGENICS is a newly-organised science made into an effective and har-monious unit for studying and directing race-fortunes, by co-ordinatingand utilising the facts and forces of heredity, individual and social conduct,vocational and educational fitting, anthropology, law, psychology, psychiatry,institutional control, migration, mate-selection, differential fecundity andsurvival, biography, genealogy, and history. Within the last decade thework of this new science has so advanced that its futuTe is now secure.

Eugenics has two lines of endeavour; first, the negative-the cacogenic,the dysgenic, or the restrictive-which seeks to cut off the descent-lines ofthose individuals who are so meagrely or defectively endowed by naturethat their offspring are bound to be anti-social, or at least unable to carefor themselves, and who consequently entail a drag upon the more effectivemembers of society. Darwin states that the greatest step in man's evolu-tion came when he ceased to be guided by instinct and took to his intellectthe task of determining his own conduct. The conscious striving for race-betterment on the part of the socially inadequate is impossible; eugenicalappeal to them is fruitless. Therefore, society must control their reproduc-tion. The building up of a great family-history archive for the whole bodyof the socially inadequate of a nation is the first great pressing duty of thisaspect of eugenical work, for only by applying such knowledge can organisedsociety, through its laws and institutions, act intelligently in exercising thismuch-needed control. Hence the necessity of close association between theinvestigators in eugenics and institutions-both public and private, cus-todial and field- for all classes of the socially inadequate, namely: (i) Thefeeble-minded; (2) the insane; (3) the criminalistic (including the delin-quent and wayward); (4) the epileptic; (5) the inebriate (including drug-habitu6s); (6) the diseased (including the tuberculous, the syphilitic, theleprous, and others with chronic infectious and legally segregable diseases);(7) the blind (including those with seriously impaired sight); (8) the deaf(including those with seriously impaired hearing); (9) the deformed (includ-ing the crippled); and (io) the dependent (including orphans, ne'er-do-wells,homeless, tramps, and paupers), in so far as their inadequacies and handi-caps have an heritable basis.. Charity and social service organisations ofall types must be led to co-operate with the custodial institutions andeugenical research enterprises in the task of building and keeping up todate a national pedigree-archive of the socially unadapted strains within

our population. Finally, the law, by limiting marriage and by providingfor the segregation or asexualisation of those individuals proven by sicien-tific study to be potential parents within the eugenical ban, must givepractical effect to the nation's ideals of good human stock.

In America, one of the principal services of the Eugenics Record Officehas been in training field-workers in the principles and practice of gather-ing at first hand the pedigrees of socially inadequate folk. These pedigrees,or family-history studies, as they are called, differ from the ordinarygenealogy in that the latter is largely a record of names, dates, and con-nections, while the family-history study is a biological enterprise. Thenatural traits secured by first-hand measurement, and as reflected in thereaction of the individual to his environment, are analysed and recorded. Theprime purpose of such studies from the eugenical point of view is to securedata which will enable the student of eugenics to evaluate the hereditarypotentialities of the individual members of the family described. From theinstitutional point of view the histories are exceedingly valuable in that theythrow light upon the diagnosis and prognosis of the individual custodialcase. They also secure many data valuable for parole an,d aft-er-careofficers to have in hand. In fact, the conpbining of eugenical field-studywith after-care and parole work has worked out very successfully in manyplaces. The Eugenics Record Office has encouraged practical field-studiesby training a field-worker and lending such person to an institutiondesirous of making the experiment as to the value of eugenical field-studies.After a year of work on this joint basis, the field-workers of this office arewithdrawn and sent as missionaries, as it were, to other institutions whilethe institutions which have had the introductory experience, as a rule,instal the business of gathering biological pedigree-material as a part oftheir regular institutional duties. This work bids fair to become universalin progressive institutions, and is very encouraging to the eugenicist.

The second phase of eugenics is the positive-the constructive, aristo-genic, or eugenics-propeT phase-which has for its means the securing ofhigh fertility and fittest matings among the more talented families. Itseeks thereby not only the breeding of leaders in specific lines of humanendeavour, and the raising of the general level of intelligence, health, andenergy, but also the conservation and further specialisation of races andfamily-strains. The working out of the positive aspect of eugenics, both insupplying data for pure scientific study, and in its application to life, is,and will doubtless continue, largely a matter of eugenical education of thefamilies concerned. The intelligent classes can and must take their ownevolution in hand.

Doubtless one reason why the prohibition movement has made suchrapid culminating progress in America in the last few years is becausea generation ago laws were enacted requiring that the effect of alcoholupon the human system be taught in the public schools. The childrenwho had these lessons are now the men of affairs. If the eugenical idealbecomes established in the educational system of the country, we mayexpect that many thousands of our better families will, within two- decades,establish family-archives on a biological or true pedigree-basis. We mayexpect, further, that the eugenical factor in the form of a knowledge ofheredity will unconsciously, as well as consciously, guide mate-selection

54 EUGENICS REVIEW.

THE RELATION OF EUGENICS TO OTHER SCIENCES.

to a very considerable degree. Furthermore, an enhanced sense of theresponsibilities of parenthood will be one of the results of the knowledge ofthe manner of the transmission of human mental, physical, and moralqualities.

In eugenics the association between its purely scientific phase and itspractical application is particularly close. For the investigator, eugenicspresents in the field of pure science the usual beauty of mathematicalform and theory, but apart from this its practical application as an agencyfor human betterment is the compelling thing. The breeding of thehuman animal is a slow and expensive process, but every marriage is aneugenical experiment, exactly as if made solely for the purpose of secur-ing data. But in order to secure these data the closest co-operation mustbe had between the scientific investigator and the family whose welfare isso closely bound up in the facts desired by the student. Such co-operationbetwveen the student and the social unit primarily concerned with, hisstudies is growing in a very satisfactory manner.

Eugenics, by a demonstration of the validity and usefulness of itsnewly-discovered principles and by its selection and organisation of exist-ing knowledge, has become a branch of science which now functions as aunit, and has therefore its own principles, problems, character, and aspira-tions. Since every science has a definite set of articulations within theexisting body of organised knowledge, it is fitting now for this new bodyof knowledge to take stock of its possibilities in serving and of beingserved by the various realms of human thought and action. The studentof eugenics thus seeking finds the following elements in his science:

I. Genetics.(a) Rules -of heredity of specific traits in man.(b) Practical applicatiron.if the science of heredity and the

rules of breeding to race improvement. Theoretical basis forcutting off undesirable strains and for selecting desirable matesamong the eugenically fit.

2. Genealogy.(a) History and description of family-archives.(b) Extension of family-tree study to include more trait-

description data.3. Biography.

(a) Interpreting an individual's personality and in early youthpredicting possibilities and achievements on the basis of pedigree,equally important with opportunity.

4. Anthropology and ethnology.(a) Anthropometry.(b) Personal identification.(c) Origin, culmination and decay of races.(d) Physical, mental, and temperamental racial qualities.(e) Studies in race-mixtures.(f) Causes, records, and eugenical aspect of migfration.(g) War and the race.(h) Appearance and preseTvation of genius.(i) Conscious racial betterment.

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EUGENICS REVIEW.

5. History and archaology.(a) Interpreting histry on the basis of human conduct as

governed by the hereditary traits of the actors.(b) Cultural origins and vicissitudes in relation to specific

natural human capacities.(c) Influence of great men.(d) Hi-story of eugenical factors.

6. Law and politics.(a) Practical eugenical legislation-the eugenical code.(b) Laws controlling marriage and divorce.(c) Asexualisation laws.(d) Legal control of the insane and defective.(e) Immigration laws.(f) Legal aspects of eugenical remedies, i.e., the range and

limits of the State's power to control human reproduction.(g) Statesmanship-conserving national efficiency.

7. Econo.mics.(a) Relation between production, exchange, distribution, and

consumption of wealth on the one hand, and hereditary traits andracial fortunes on the other.

(b) Over population.(c) Differential tax and subsi,dy treatment of parenthood and

sterility.8. Stataistics.

(a) Demographic records and analysis of racial conditions andmovements.

(b) Biometrical analysis of eugenical data.(c) Census schedule made genealogical and anthropological.(d) Birth, marriage, and death registration.

9. Sociology.(a) Family and tribal organisation.(b) What determines mate selection ?(c) The marriage mores.(d) Polygamy and polyandry.(e) Illegitimacy.(f) Social control of differential fecu,ndity.(g) Social control of differential survival.(h) Baby shows.(i) Establishing the family pedigree-a,rchive custom.(j) Criminology.(k) Social treatment of the socially inadequate.

(i) Institution-al co.ntrol and management.(2) Charity organisations.

(1) Standards of socia.l adequacy.(m) Social welfa.re movements.

io. Medicine a:n.d surgery.(a) Anatomy.(b) Physiology.(c) P-sychiatry.(d) Hereditary diatheses.

THE RELATION OF EUGENICS TO OTHER SCIENCES.

(e) Hereditary deformities.(I) Hereditary malfunction.(g) Hygiene.

(i) General.(2) Sex.(3) Mental.

(h) Embryology.(i) Gynecology.(j) Determination of sexual fertility.(k) Treatment of sexual sterility.(1) Artificial impregnation.(m) Birth control.(n) Sexual sterilising operations. Types: Surgical, thera-

peutic anfd physiological aspects.i I. Psychology.

(a) Comparative.(b) Educational.(e) Vocational.(d) Mental, emotional, and volitional measurements.(e) Character analysis.

12. E,ducation.(a) Profitable type of education determined by "pedigree and

juvenile promise."1(b) Promotions and entrance requirements based upon psycho-

logical tests as well as upon facts learned.(c) National welfare, promoted by teaching eugenics in

schools.13. Religion.

(a) Relation between tribal and national aspirations andreligions and hereditary traits.

(b) Practical application of eugenics by the church.(i) Influencing mate selection.(2) Attitude toward fecundity.

By no means an exhaustive treatment, but an examination of some ofthe salient features of each of these fields of eugenical activity follows:

i. Genetics.-Genetics plays such an important part in eugenics thatthe latter science is sometimes called the genetics of man. Eugenics is, ofcourse, much broader than that, but the expression serves to emphasisethe genetic factor. The determination of the facts of human hereditymust be assiduously sought at all times. All of the secrets of this problemwill, perhaps, never be known, but just now human genetics is a healthyinfant, and therefore promising of great growth. Granted that the chromo-some-theory of heredity holds good and that there are I2 (haploid number)chromosomes in man, there is one task in this potential field that deservesspecial attention, because its consummation is at present both needed andpossible to achieve. Briefly, it is to map out roughly the human germ-plasm, that is, to chart the linear geography of the I2 chromosomes inmuch the same manner as the Morgan group of investigators have chartedthe four chromosomes of Drosophila. If the parallelism holds good, weshould expect 12 linkage-groups of unit-traits in man. This particular

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problem might profitably be attacked in this manner: Prepare record-cards as follows: Prepare a tabulating-machine card for each individual,punched' accordiing to a code describing the family-connections and thephysical, mental, and temperamental qualities of the individual, withperhaps 250 descriptive items for each individual. These cards should bemade out especially for the F1 -generation, in pedigrees involving diversecharacters in the P -generation. A great many cards-say 5o,ooo-shouldbe prepared. Then they should be sorted for correlations. If it werefound that there were 12 natural groups of traits, quite logically we couldconclude that each of these 12 trait-groups grew out of one of the12 chromosomes, so far as the somatic aspects of the traits listed aredetermined by chromatin. But which specific trait-group and which specificchromosome we would not yet know. "Crossing-over" and the use ofcards for individuals descended from two parents, both of whom are notheterozygous for the trait recorded, would complicate, but would notdestroy the possibility of a solution. We could, however, speak of a givengene as lying in chromosome a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, or 1. The valueof such knowledge in predicting genetic behaviour of a number of traitsbound up in a given personality is obvious. The problem of just howa characteristic or trait described on the individual analysis-card wouldaffect the correlation study, if such trait were a somatic complex of twogenes lying in separate chromosomes, must be clarified. Further analysisof special cases would be expected to demonstrate the correlation betweena given trait-group and a given chromosome, and to locate the gene inthe chromosome.

But this is only a single problem. The collecting of pedigrees ofspecific qualities, covering the whole range of human structure, physiologyand psychology must continue with a view to separating the factors ofheredity and environment, to anailysing oomplex somatic aspects intounit traits, and thus to add definite facts to the body of known rulesgoverning human heredity. In the race for knowledge, human geneticsmust run at least abreast with plant and animal heredity-studies. As thebetter human families establish their much-urged pedigree-archives,eugenics must, to do its share, be able to analyse them to a degree ofrefinement equal to the nicety of distinction made by the compilers intheir studies. It must be able to say, "In reference to this specific trait,a child of this particular mating will, by a chance of a to b, possess thistrait to such and such a degree, and as a parent his potentiality to passit on will be thus and so."

Analysis and summary of facts concerning the biological forces atwork for and against race betterment call for an increasing attention onthe part of eugenics. Such studies supply the mass-data so useful in judg-ing the tendencies, the rates of action, and the end-product of the forceswhich the eugenicist spends so much of his time in analysing.

2. Genealogy.-Genealogies and biographies have existed since civilisa-tion began. At present the genealogist strives to work out the family-network, giving the names, dates, and connections. He is often contentto stop there. The task of eugenics is to prevail upon all of these workersto strive to provide a description of the natural, physical, mental, andtemperamental qualities of each member listed in the net-work. When

THE RELATION OF EUGENICS TO OTHER SCIENCES. 59

this is done, the genealogist supplies a record of practical pedigree-value,one which can be used in tracing the descent and re-combination of naturalqualities within the family-tree.

3. Biography.-The history of mankind is equivalent to the biographiesof all of its human units. The different weights that different men havesupplied in making history is so vast that we often shorten the statementby saying that "the history of the race is the biographies of its greatmen." The eugenicist has the task of convincing the writer of biographiesthat one of his principal duties in the description of the life of his subjectis to Tesolve the factors of nature and nurture-to evaluate the effect ofspecific hereditary traits in making the human machine that turned outthe specific product which he is describing as a life's contribution to history.

4. Anthropology and Ethnology.-To anthropology eugenics con-tributes a better instrument than the general science of man has heretofowewmelded in analysing the manner of the segregation, transmission, and re-combination of hereditary or racial traits, which traits comprise themateri-als with which the aanthropologist works, and the character of whichtraits constitutes the most fundamental basis of racial fortune. From theolder science of man! eugenics draws records of gigantic eugenical experi-ments, involving new complexes, racial origins, developments, fusions,selection, type-establishing, racial culmination, decay, and extinction,, ineach case guided by the environment, needs, and prowess of the peoplesconcerned. With the arrival of eugenics, the guidance. becomes self-con-trolled, and the far-sighted tribe or nation may now, if it will, control itsown evolution and destiny much more surely than heretofore.

Deterining the forces governing the formation of races, tracingtheir vicissitudes and describing their bodies and conduct, constitute thetasks of the ethnologist and the anthropologist. More closely than anyother field enumerated in this list, these sciences are allied to pureeugenical research. The ethnologist and the anthropologist study traits.They furnish materials for eugenical study. In this study of hybrid raceseugenics, by its knowledge of heredity, aids ethnology in attacking manyof its problems of racial origins. In turn, the eugenicist finds the study ofanthropology and ethnology occupying a continuously greater proportionof his interests. Eugenics is cocerned with the improvement, diversify-ing and fixing of natural trait-complexes in families. It must in lastanalysis deal with (a) the social, economic, and biological forces thatcontrol mate-selection and fecundity, (b) the determination of the hereditarymake-up of an individual, and (c) the rules which determine the nature ofthe offspring of given matings.

5. History and Archaology.-The; historian, whose business is to lumpand synthesise and classify biographies to the extent that all names exceptthe most famous are lost sight of, must learn that the differences ing thehuman machlines he is dealing with have made the thing which he caJllshistory read as it does. The student of history, reading his text-books, ifhe has a proper foundation in eugenical training, will learn to interpretthe facts of his science in accordance with principles of truth more elemen-tary than those he has currently used. Not only is the interpretation ofwritten history subject to this treatment, but especially are the facts of pre-history, as the archaeologist brings them forth, capable of the clearest

EUGENICS REVIEW.

understanding only when we keep continually in mind What type of mandid this or that ?-What were his hereditary qualities ?-What were histalents, his likes, his dislikes, and his weaknesses?

History finds in eugenics an improved scheme of interpretation. Inshort, the eugenical formula for this work is: A nation's conduct, andtherefore its history, is the resultant of inborn traits of its own people,as they react to and are acted upon, from generation to generation, by theenvironment in which they live.

6. Law and Politics.-While the relation between law and politics, onthe one hand, and eugenics on the other, is largely the service whicheugenics expects from legal procedure, still in turn a service will be ren-dered to the legal and political systems of the country by a eugenical idealwell established. In the field of criminal law, for instance, the analysisof personality which eugenical pedigree-studies present, will give the lawa new viewpoint for governing its treatment of criminals, especially so faras placing blame and responsibility and in attempting social salvage areconcerned. In the political field eugenics may be expected to develop ahigher idea for the patriotic outlook of the nation. As a rule, a nation feelsa general sentimental solicitude for the unborn generations, but when apeople learn that they can so attack the problems of human reproductionthat the future generations, so far as their innate traits aTe concerned,will be improvements over the present, a higher and finer sentiment willanimate our political philosophy.

An ideal once established in a nation affects activities along manylines. The Eugenics Record Office often receives letters from persons whoask for the outline for a "model eugenic law." We must understand thatthe eugenical ideal cannot be wrought by a single so-called "eugenicalstatute," but that it will affect legislation in many fields. Indeed, it willbe hard to conceive of any important national or state legislation as havingbeen duly considered unless, no matter what the particular subject may be,its eugenical bearing be duly weighed. For instance, a law which relatesto taxes and renders treatment differential between parenthood and sterilityhas its eugenical bearing. By the birth- and death-registration laws dataon differential fecundity and survival are provided. In laws governingmarriage and divorce the eugenical principle is more directly concerned.In laws having for their purpose permanent commitment of the sociallyinadequate to custodial institutions, or their sexual sterilisation, if at large,are perhaps the most intimately eugenical subjects for legislation. It isthus probable that ultimately we may expect in all states, not a "eugeniclaw," whatever this may mean, but a eugenical code, comparable in itsfar-reaching activities, for example, to the body of sanitary laws.

7. Economics.-T-he extensi-on of commerce to the whole world makesworld-wide eugenics necessary, and, fortunately, possible. The increaseof efficiency in the production of wealth enables the world to hold manymore people. Modern medicine saves many more to maturity. Ultimatelythe world will probably tend to become over-populated. Eugenical ideaswill enter into our national habits, to the end that our laws and religionswill demand and secure fit matings and more children from the mosteffective types, and will establish a differential against the right andability of the socially less valuable to bear children, until those strains

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THE RELATION OF EUGENICS TO OTHER SCIENCES. 6I

most incompetent and suffering under the greatest natural handicap willbe forbidden to breed at all. The restriction, of populwation on an economicbasis, unguided by eugenics, spell,s racial decay., but if directed bybiological prinIciples, even though the pressuxe to action be economic,restriction is a means of race-betterment.

For a country like America, which will doubtless again becomeattractive ito immigrants from all lands-alth-ough the prophets areat war, some predicting immigrants by millions and some picturing usbegging foT them after definitive peace-our immediate sanitary, political,and economic welfare must be guarded, but also the eugenical dictum,"Admit no immigrant who is a potential parent, whose kind we are un-willing to have grow into a large portion of our future population," shouldpermeate every immigration statute and ruling. Practically, there is nobigger task for national eugenics than to educate the people up to demand-ing this. Present economic forces should be willing and anxious toco.operate with eugencs in determining a nation's immigration, policy.

In normal. times the production of wealth is proportional to the naturalresources of the land and the available man-power. The unit of the latteris largely a matter of national traits with which eugenics is so largely con-cerned. Law, government, education, commerce, and ot;her forces inter-lock in, determining a niation's prosperity, but t¢he most fundamental factoris the quality -of the blood of the people.

In the matter of cost of social handicap, both directly to the state incharities and institutions, and indirectly in personal ineffectiveness amongthe people at large, the economist reckons jointly with the eugenicist.

8. Statistics.-Thus far the work of the United States Bure.au od theCensus has been confined largely to the enumeration of individuals, andthe tabulation of wealth and its distribution. However, some special studieshave been made upon institutional population and upon the blind and thedeaf, as well as upon the insane, but this analytical work has not gone farenough. One thing which is a pressing duty of eugenicists is to insist thatfuture censuses, both national and state, make serious efforts to,evaluatethe social adequacy of the individuals whom they count, and to makerecords of the family relationships. This involves social, and oftentimesmedical and anthropological diagnosis and classifications, but the economic,social, and eugenical value of such work will many times repay the costinvolved in training a body of expert diagnosticians and of maintainingthem permanently on the staff of the Bureau of the Census.

Biometrical analyses of eugenical data are certain to yield more factsof both theoretical and practical value than the usual unanalytical tabula-tions and summaries which characterise so many of our demographicstudies. As rapidly as they are developed, biometrical methods should beapplied to studies in human heredity and human conditions.

9. Sociology.-There is a tendency on the part of sociologists toascribe practically all of the factors of human destiny to matters ofenvironment. On the other extreme we cannot, of course, ascribe every-thing to heredity. The great problem now, as always, is to make a trueanalysis of human reactions, ascribing to environment its true forces, andto hereditary qualities which react to environment their due weight. Noheadway can be made in claiming undue weight, either by biology oreugenics, for heredity, or by sociology or euthenics for environment.

EUGENICS REVIEW.

The whole group of our national mores must eventually take cog-nisance of the facts of heredity in determining human possibilities. Peoplegenerally will demand that society be organised and managed so thatthe fullest opportunities for fit matings be realised, and that natural talentbe given fuller play.

The organisation of eugenic associations and clubs is to be encouraged.The application to eugenical purposes of some of the efforts of existinggeneral community-betterment organisations is a force which should bemade use of by those concerned in the promotion of the general welfare.There are many clubs and organisations in all parts, of the countrythat are anxious to do something altruistic. Many of these are lookingtoward eugenics, indeed, some of them have become active collaboratorswith the Eugenics Record Office in prevailing upon their individualmembers to-direct their family-history studies along eugetnical lines; othersare influencing the social activities of the community in the treatment ofthe socially inadequate. This is a fruitful field for further efforts on thepart of eugenics. Especially promising appears to be co-operation withpatriotic societies, such as the Daughters of the American Revolution,Daughters of the Confederacy, Colonial Dames, and Sons of ConfederateVeterans. These organisations are interested in the blood of the nation.

Io. Medicine and Surgery.-The relationship between eugenics andthe medical sciences has been so close that many persons are indiined tolook upon eugenics as a branch of these sciences. Certainly, in so far asthe cacogenic aspect of eugenics is concerned, its rrelationship topsychiatry is very intintate indeed. The early diagnosis of innate physicaland physiological handicaps must be made by the medical sciences. Inturn, the rules of the inheritance of these handicapping qualities whichmedical sciences may have diagnosed can, without doubt, be much 'beterformul,ated and specific predictions made in refeTrence to them by trainedeugen,icists than by physicians. We have, therefore, -here a field forco-operation irather than for monpoly.

All of the work in the medical sciences has a eugenical bearing, inthat medicine has for its end, health, sanitation, and hygiene, which inturn affect the differential survival of the race, which in turn determineswho shall reach the reproductive period, and consequently the whole workof medicine must be rated as affecting very directly the eugenical statusand the outlook of the people.

Practical surgeons must be called upon to perform eugenical sterilisa-tion, when it is legally ordered. The matter of disseminating knowledgeconcer-ning 'birth-control is one in wich the physician is held responsible.

II. Psyckology.-Just as medi'cine is so, closely associated witheugenics in the field of health, sanitation, surgery, and physiologicalqualities, so from the mental and temperamental fields, psychology suppliesthe principles, data and practice used by eugenicists. Here again in-dividual diagnosis is the woTk of the psychologist, but the analysis ofpedigrees and the study of the descent and re-combination of specificmental, emotional, and volitional qualities is a task for the eugenicist.Not the entire, but perhaps the principal constructive work of the scienceof eugenics is found in the practical pedigree-application of qualitiesstudied by the psychologist.

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THE RELATION OF EUGENICS TO OTHER SCIENCES. 63

12. Education.-If in the future eugenics is to play a prominent ralein improving and conserving our better American families, it will doubtlessbe found that ouT public school system will serve as the principal agentof consummation. The text-books on physiology, natural history,biography, history, and geography will be expected gradually to assume aneugenical attitude; they will set forth facts concerning the nature andcontrol of the inborn potentialities of the individual, and will describe theforces that govern the fortunes of these possibilities, so that, as a matterof course, every educated youth will be taught the proper evaluation ofnatural heritable qualities in human affairs.

Just now there are many school courses and social-service institutionsspringing up, which have for their purpose the analysis of the individual,with a view to pointing out to him the most profitable line of endeavour-vocational guidance, it is called. This is a common meeting-ground foreugenics, psychology, and the vocational school. The natural organisationof the individual that fits him for profitable training for the particular taskis a matter of inheritance. The specific pedigree-facts and the known rulesof inheritance serve as the basis of judgment in each particular case.When these facts and rules are considered, along with juvenile promise,the foundation for the science of educational selection and vocationalguidance will have been well laid, and will be found to have drawn heavilyupon eugenical materials. The recent work of Davenport1 on thepedigree-analysis and juvenile promise of naval officers presents materialproof of this contention.

With the socially valuable families, the task of eugenics is one ofeducation, self-study, and self-direction. These families are to be shownthat, by establishing permanent family pedigree-archives, they can predict,within limits measured principally by the extent and refinement of theirrecords, the natural endowments of the children of specific marriages, andthat the personal capacities and limitations of its membeTs may moreprofitably be determined in early youth. Organised society assumes thewhole task of correcting cacogenesis, but with aristogenesis eugennics actsin the role of instructor, archivist, advisor and r-esearch student.

I3. Religion.-What oould be more moral and consequently moreproper for moral instruction than the interpretation of human conduct asmodified by the two great factors of heredity and environment? With apractical working knowledge of these two elemental factors in humanconduct such as modern field-studies supply, could not the moral leadersof a country lay plans for calling forth in a muich more effective manner ahighly moral conduct on the part of the people? But there is anothervery practical religious phase. While the basis of marriage standads,so fax as the actual performing of the ceremony is concerned, must belegally determined, still, as soon as the church develops an eugenicalcreed, the legislatures of the more advanced states will not be long infollowing with laws requiring that before the paricular ceremony ibeperformed the candidates for manriage present evidence of the eugenical,i.e., the biological, fitness of their particular mating. Until religion andeugenics unite their efforts, the latter will not make much headway in itspractical application.

1 Davenport, Charles B. and Scudder, Mary T. "Naval Officers: TheirHeredity and Development." Carnegie Institution of Washington, Igig.

64 EUGENICS REVIEW.

To summarise, the eugenicist, finding that his science has secured foritself a place in the field of thotght and action, seeks a closer associationanid more united sexvice with each related irealm of human endeavour.Whenever -a branch of learaning is concerned with human Tepxoduction,social organisation, variation in individual structure or conduct, or racialfortune, the new facts that eugenics h-as organi,sed, and the new prnnciplesthat it has set forth may bye effectively drawn upon by the particularstudent of these distinct problems. Similarly, the eugenicist draws uponall of these other integrated departments of knowledge for many of hismaterials.