Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director,...
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Eugene S. TakleDepartment of Agronomy
Department of Geological and Atmospheric ScienceDirector, Climate Science Program
Iowa State University
National Wind Technology CenterNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
Golden, CO21 August 2012
Crop/Wind-energy EXperiment (CWEX):Results from CWEX10/11 and Vision for
the Future
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CWEX: A Component of the ISU College of Engineering Wind Energy Initiative
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CWEX ParticipantsIowa State UniversityDan RajewskiRuss DoorenbosKris SpothAdam DeppeJimmy CayerMatt LauridsenRenee ShowersKristie CarterShannon Patton
University of Colorado/National Renewable Energy Laboratory:Julie LundquistMichael RhodesMatthew Aiken
National Center for Atmospheric Research Steve OncleyTom Horst
National Laboratory for Agriculture and the EnvironmentJohn PruegerJerry HatfieldRichard PfeifferForest GoodmanAmes Laboratory SULI studentsLars MattiisonMallory FlowersNSF REU StudentsAaron RosenbergCatum Whitfield
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Photo courtesy of Lisa H Brasche
Outline:• History and Motivation• Field Experiments• Results from CWEX10/11• Beyond CWEX
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Crop/Wind-energy Experiment (CWEX)Began 2009-2010 as a seed grant funded by theCenter for Global and Regional Environmental Research, U of Iowa
Seed funding from the Ames Laboratory, DOE, 2010
4 flux stations: the National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment 2010
Photo courtesy of Lisa H Brasche
1-2 Windcubes: NREL/CU (Dr. Julie Lundquist) 2010, 2011
4 flux stations: NCAR 2011
4 towers, 2 lidars, balloon: Anemometry Specialists, Inc 2012-13
2 120-m towers: Iowa Power Fund, 20124 sodars, SCADA data: NextEra, 2012-13
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Source: UniFly A/SHorns Rev 1 owned by Vattenfall. Photographer Christian Steiness.
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Some Inspiration from China
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Conceptual Model of Turbine-crop Interaction via Mean Wind and Turbulence Fields
__ ___________________________________
Speed recovery
CO2H2O
Heat
day
night
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Photo courtesy of Lisa H Brasche
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Turbine-Crop Interactions:Overview
• Do turbines create a measureable influence on the microclimate over crops?
• If so, is this influence create measureable biophysical changes?
• And if this is so, does this influence affect yield?
Agricultural shelterbelts have a positive effect on crop growth and yield.
Will wind turbines also have a positive effect?
Photo courtesy of Lisa H Brasche
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Wuβow, Sitzki, & Hahn, 2007, CFD simulation using ANSYS FLUENT 6.3 LES
Porté-Agel, Lu, and Wu, 2010
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Preliminary Observations
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Low-Budget Beginnings
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CWEX10 Field Experiment
• Central Iowa wind farm ( 200 1.5-MW turbines) • Southern edge of a wind farm• Corn-soybean cropping pattern (measurements
made in corn)• 26 June – 7 September 2010; turbines off 0700
LST 26 July – 2300 LST 5 Aug 2300• 4 Eddy Covariance flux towers• NREL/CU Lidar (J. Lundquist) (28 June-9 July)
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• 4 flux towers • maize
canopy• 26 June – 7
Sept, 2010 • CU/NREL Lidar
• 28 June - 9 July 2010
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CWEX10 Data analysis
• Focus on ‘differences’ in crop microclimate at flux tower locations
• Pay attention to wind direction• Turbines on – turbines off• Isolate instrument and location biases
– Reference sonic temperature ~ 0.6-0.8oC high– possible influence from localized advection (large
pond and wet field 1 km SE of the reference tower)
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CWEX-10 Results:
Differences in wind speed and TKE
Dependence on atmospheric stability
Dependence wake location
Wind Speed Difference TKE DifferenceDaytime Nighttime Daytime Nighttime
West Wind(control case)
SW Wind(under wake)
South wind(between wakes)
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Source: UniFly A/SHorns Rev 1 owned by Vattenfall. Photographer Christian Steiness.
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Vertically Pointing Lidar
Wind Speed Contours upwind and downwind of B-line of turbines (D = Rotor diameter, ~80 m)
16-17 July 2010
4.5 D South of B-turbines
2.0 D North of B-turbines
Speed difference
Rotor Layer
CU/NREL Lidar research team
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Vertically Pointing Lidar
Vertical profiles of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE)
16-17 July 2010
4.5 D South of B-turbines
2.0 D North of B-turbines
TKE difference
Rotor Layer
CU/NREL/ISU Lidar deployment team
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Case study: 50-min period of wind farm shutdown in nighttime
Dan Rajewski
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Turbines offline:August 27, 2010 2300-0000 LST
Return to reference flowconditions during the shutdown
80-m wind directionvector
Station north of two turbine lines has 2-3X ambient TKE and Heat flux before/after OFF period
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NLA
E 1
NLA
E 2
NLA
E 3
NLA
E 4
NLA
E 1
NLA
E 2
NLA
E 3
NLA
E 4
Spectral evidence before and during the shutdown period
Turbines ON
Turbines OFF
South North
South North
ON: Increase in stream-wise momentum variance of: 1.5X downwind of first line of turbines 3.0X downwind of two lines of turbinesOFF: Similar intensity of variance for all flux stations south and north of two turbine lines
V-power spectra
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NLA
E 1
NLA
E 2
NLA
E 3
NLA
E 1
NLA
E 2
NLA
E 3
NLA
E 4
Spectral evidence before and during the shutdown period
Turbines ON
Turbines OFF
South North
South North
ON: Increase in vertical velocity variance of: 2.0X downwind of first line of turbines 5.0X downwind of two lines of turbinesOFF: Similar intensity of variance for all flux stations south and north of two turbine lines
NLA
E 4
W-power spectra
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NLA
E 1
NLA
E 2
NLA
E 3
NLA
E 1
NLA
E 2
NLA
E 3
NLA
E 4
Spectral evidence before and during the shutdown period
Turbines ON
Turbines OFF
South North
South North
ON: Increase in stream-wise co-variance of 2.0X downwind of first line of turbines 4.0X downwind of two lines of turbinesOFF: Similar intensity of covariance for all flux stations south and north of two turbine lines
NLA
E 4
VW-power spectra
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Summary
• Turbine wake response is nearly instantaneous to changes in operational characteristics
• Significant differences in both flow and microclimate are measurable for surface stations under the influence of two lines of turbines
• Spectra of momentum and co-spectra of momentum co-variances demonstrate the asymmetric 3-D wake structure and the translation of this flow pattern to the surface
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CWEX11 Field Campaign
• Same location• Measure from June-August• Six measurement stations (instead of 4); four provided
by National Center for Atmospheric Research• Two lidars (one upwind, one downwind of turbine
line) provided by J. Lundquist, CU• Wind Energy Science, Engineering and Policy Research
Experience for Undergraduates (REU) students involved
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Differences during the night of 16-17 July 2011 for (a) wind speed (b) TKE, (c) air temperature, and (d) sensible heat flux. Note that at the ISU tower wind speed and temperature are collected at the 8-m level while the NCAR tower wind speed and temperature are observed at 10 m.
Wind Speed
Heat FluxTemperature
TKEHigher downwind
Higher downwind
Higher downwind
Larger negativedownwind
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Daytime H flux
7/1/10 7/6/10 7/11/10 7/16/10 7/21/10 7/26/10 7/31/10 8/5/10 8/10/10 8/15/10 8/20/10 8/25/10 8/30/10 9/4/10-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 NLAE 2 - NLAE 1
Dayti
me
accu
mul
ated
sens
ible
hea
t flux
(W
m-2
)
Daily
NLA
E 2-
NLA
E 1
diffe
renc
e (W
m-2
)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
NCAR1 NCAR 3 difference
Dayti
me
sens
ible
hea
t flux
(W m
-2)
Diffe
renc
e of
NCA
R 3
- NCA
R 1,
(W m
-2)
NCAR 3 has larger differenceIn H than for NLAE 2-NLAE 1
2010
2011
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Daytime H flux (accumulated)
6/21/10 7/1/10 7/11/10 7/21/10 7/31/10 8/10/10 8/20/10 8/30/10 9/9/10 9/19/100
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed d
aytim
e se
nsib
le h
eat fl
ux (W
m-2
)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
LAE
2-N
LAE
1/N
LAE
1)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/20110
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
NCAR 1 NCAR3 Normalized difference
Accu
mul
ated
day
time
sens
ible
hea
t flux
(W
m-2
)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
CAR
3-N
CAR
1)/N
CAR
1
2% higherdownwind
5% higherdownwind
2010
2011
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Daytime LE flux
NCAR 3 has larger differenceIn H than for NLAE 2-NLAE 1
7/1/10 7/6/10 7/11/10 7/16/10 7/21/10 7/26/10 7/31/10 8/5/10 8/10/10 8/15/10 8/20/10 8/25/10 8/30/10 9/4/100
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
-1200-1000-800-600-400-20002004006008001000
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 NLAE 2 - NLAE 1
Dayti
me
accu
mul
ated
late
nt h
eat fl
ux (W
m
-2)
Daily
NLA
E 2-
NLA
E 1
diffe
renc
e (W
m-2
)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/20110
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
-1200-1000-800-600-400-20002004006008001000
NCAR1 NCAR 3 difference
Dayti
me
late
nt h
eat fl
ux (W
m-2
)
Diffe
renc
e of
NCA
R 3
- NCA
R 1,
(W m
-2)
2010
2011
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6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/20110
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
NCAR 1 NCAR3 Normalized difference
Accu
mul
ated
dya
time
late
nt h
eat fl
ux (W
m
-2)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
CAR
3-N
CAR
1)/N
CAR
1
6/21/10 7/1/10 7/11/10 7/21/10 7/31/10 8/10/10 8/20/10 8/30/10 9/9/10 9/19/100
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed d
aytim
e la
tent
hea
t flux
(W m
-2)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
LAE
2-N
LAE
1/N
LAE
1)
Daytime LE flux (accumulated)
3-4% higher downwind
<2% difference
2010
2011
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6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
NCAR1 NCAR 3 difference
Dayti
me
ecos
yste
m u
ptak
e (g
C m
-2)
Diffe
renc
e of
NCA
R 3
- NCA
R 1,
(g C
m-2
)
Aug 6-7, 10-11WNW to WSW flow
Daytime CO2 uptake
7/1/10 7/6/10 7/11/10 7/16/10 7/21/10 7/26/10 7/31/10 8/5/10 8/10/10 8/15/10 8/20/10 8/25/10 8/30/10 9/4/10-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 NLAE 2 - NLAE 1
Dayti
me
eco
syst
em u
ptak
e (g
C m
-2)
Daily
NLA
E 2-
NLA
E 1
diffe
renc
e (g
C m
-2)
Substantial Differences between NLAE 2-1 for most of the season including time of wind farmshut down. Does this suggest a pressure effect in the absence of turning blades?
July 24NW to WNW flow
2010
2011
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Daytime CO2 accumulated uptake
6/21/10 7/1/10 7/11/10 7/21/10 7/31/10 8/10/10 8/20/10 8/30/10 9/9/10 9/19/100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed d
aily
ec
osys
tem
upt
ake
(g C
m-2
)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
LAE
2-N
LAE
1/N
LAE
1)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/20110
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
NCAR 1 NCAR3 Normalized difference
Accu
mul
ated
day
time
ecos
yste
m u
ptak
e (g
C m
-2)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
CAR
3-N
CAR
1)/N
CAR
1
17% increase downwind
5% increase downwind
2010
2011
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Nighttime H flux
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
NCAR1 NCAR 3 difference
Nig
htly
sens
ible
hea
t flux
(W m
-2)
Diffe
renc
e of
NCA
R 3
- NCA
R 1,
(W m
-2)
7/1/10 7/6/10 7/11/10 7/16/10 7/21/10 7/26/10 7/31/10 8/5/10 8/10/10 8/15/10 8/20/10 8/25/10 8/30/10 9/4/10-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 NLAE 2 - NLAE 1
Nig
httim
e ac
cum
ulat
ed se
nsib
le h
eat fl
ux
(W m
-2)
Daily
NLA
E 2-
NLA
E 1
diffe
renc
e (g
C m
-2)
2010
2011
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6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
NCAR 1 NCAR3 Normalized difference
Accu
mul
ated
nig
htly
sens
ible
hea
t flux
(W
m-2
)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
CAR
3-N
CAR
1)/N
CAR
1
Very dry period Flow more westerly to NW less warm, more moist towardend of measurement period
6/21/10 7/1/10 7/11/10 7/21/10 7/31/10 8/10/10 8/20/10 8/30/10 9/9/10 9/19/10-35000
-30000
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed n
ightti
me
sens
ible
hea
t flux
(W m
-2)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
LAE
2-N
LAE
1/N
LAE
1)
Nighttime H flux (accumulated)
2-4% higher downwind
Least amount of change during wind farm shut down
2-4% higher downwind
2010
2011
![Page 42: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nighttime LE flux
Less occurrences of canopycondensation during CWEX-11 so NCAR3-1 difference less substantial than NLAE 2-1 in CWEX-10
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
NCAR1 NCAR 3 difference
Nig
httim
e ac
cum
ulat
ed la
tent
hea
t flux
(W
m-2
)
Diffe
renc
e of
NCA
R 3
- NCA
R 1,
(W m
-2)
7/1/10 7/6/10 7/11/10 7/16/10 7/21/10 7/26/10 7/31/10 8/5/10 8/10/10 8/15/10 8/20/10 8/25/10 8/30/10 9/4/10-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 NLAE 2 - NLAE 1
Nig
httim
e aa
cum
ulat
ed La
tent
hea
t flux
(W
m-2
)
Daily
NLA
E 2-
NLA
E 1
diffe
renc
e (g
C m
-2)
2010
2011
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6/21/10 7/1/10 7/11/10 7/21/10 7/31/10 8/10/10 8/20/10 8/30/10 9/9/10 9/19/10-6000
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed n
ightti
me
late
nt h
eat fl
ux (W
m-2
)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
LAE
2-N
LAE
1/N
LAE
1)
Nighttime LE flux (accumulated)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-6000
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
NCAR 1 NCAR3 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed n
ightti
me
la
tent
hea
t flux
(W m
-2)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
CAR
3-N
CAR
1)/N
CAR
1
10-20% higher downwind
20%-30% lower downwind
2010
2011
![Page 44: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/20110
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
NCAR1 NCAR 3 difference
Nig
httim
e ac
cum
ulat
ed e
cosy
stem
pr
oduc
tion
(g C
m-2
)
Diffe
renc
e of
NCA
R 3
- NCA
R 1,
(g C
m-2
)
Aug 3-NW windAug 5 NE windAug 6 E-ESE
Jul 14-15 SE wind
Jul 9-10 SSE-SE wind
Nighttime CO2 production (absent soil respiration)
7/1/10 7/6/10 7/11/10 7/16/10 7/21/10 7/26/10 7/31/10 8/5/10 8/10/10 8/15/10 8/20/10 8/25/10 8/30/10 9/4/100
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 NLAE 2 - NLAE 1
Nig
httim
e ac
cum
ulat
ed e
cosy
stem
pr
oduc
tion
(g C
m-2
)
Daily
NLA
E 2-
NLA
E 1
diffe
renc
e (g
C m
-2)
July 10, SW flow at NLAE 2, optimal B2 wake position
July 21 NW flow at NLAE 1, optimal B2 wake positionAug 13 SSE flow at NLAE 2, optimal B3 wake
Aug 1 SSE wind B2 turbine offAug 2 SSE wind Hub speed > 8 m/s
2011
2010
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Nighttime CO2 production (includes soil respiration)
6/21/10 7/1/10 7/11/10 7/21/10 7/31/10 8/10/10 8/20/10 8/30/10 9/9/10 9/19/10-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed n
ight
ly
ecos
yste
m p
rodu
ction
(g C
m-2
)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
LAE
2-N
LAE
1/N
LAE
1)
10-15% higher downwind
Narrowing of difference during wind farm shut down
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
NCAR 1 NCAR3 Normalized difference
Accu
mul
ated
nig
htly
eco
syst
em p
ro-
ducti
on (g
C m
-2)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
CAR
3-N
CAR
1)/N
CAR
1
+5 to -5% difference
2010
2011
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Total NEE (day+night)
7/1/10 7/6/10 7/11/10 7/16/10 7/21/10 7/26/10 7/31/10 8/5/10 8/10/10 8/15/10 8/20/10 8/25/10 8/30/10 9/4/10-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 NLAE 2 - NLAE 1
Daily
net
eco
syst
em e
xcha
nge
(g C
m-2
)
Daily
NLA
E 2-
NLA
E 1
diffe
renc
e (g
C m
-2)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/2011-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
NCAR1 NCAR 3 difference
Net
eco
syst
em e
xcha
nge
(g C
m-2
)
Diffe
renc
e of
NCA
R 3
- NCA
R 1,
(g C
m-2
)
2011
2010
![Page 47: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Total NEE (day+night accumulated)
6/21/10 7/1/10 7/11/10 7/21/10 7/31/10 8/10/10 8/20/10 8/30/10 9/9/10 9/19/100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
NLAE_1 NLAE_2 Normalized difference
Grow
ing
seas
on a
ccum
ulat
ed n
et
ecos
yste
m e
xcha
nge
(g C
m-2
)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
LAE
2-N
LAE
1/N
LAE
1)
6/30/2011 7/5/2011 7/10/2011 7/15/2011 7/20/2011 7/25/2011 7/30/2011 8/4/2011 8/9/2011 8/14/20110
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
NCAR 1 NCAR3 Normalized difference
Accu
mul
ated
day
time
ecos
yste
m u
ptak
e (g
C m
-2)
Nor
mal
ized
diffe
renc
e (N
CAR
3-N
CAR
1)/N
CAR
1
18-20% increase downwind
10% increase downwind
2010
2011
![Page 48: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Turbine Influence on Surface Fluxes2010 NLAE Instruments (6.45 m)
• Daytime fluxes– Sensible heat: <2% – Latent heat: <2% – CO2 : -15% (higher uptake)
• Nighttime fluxes– Sensible heat: -2 to -4% (warms
crop)– Latent heat: +10-20% (less dew)– CO2: +10% (more respiration)
• Net ecosystem exchange*– +18-20% (increased uptake by crop)
2011 NCAR Instruments (4.50 m)
• Daytime fluxes– Sensible heat: +5% (cools crop)– Latent heat: +3 to +4% (dries crop)– CO2: -5 to -10% (higher uptake)
• Nighttime fluxes– Sensible heat: -5-15% (warms crop)– Latent heat: -20-30% (more dew)– CO2: +5 to -5% (indeterminate)
• Net ecosystem exchange*– +10% (increased uptake by crop)
* Soil respiration not included
Same maize field Different maize fields
![Page 49: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Surface Pressure Perturbation Produced by a Line of Turbines
![Page 50: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
B1 B5
ISU 2
ISU 1
N
![Page 51: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
B1 B5Wake fro
m B1
![Page 52: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
B1 B5
H
![Page 53: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
B1 B5
H
LSurfa
ce pressure field
![Page 54: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
B1 B5
H
LSurfa
ce pressure field
Wang, H., E. S. Takle, and J. Shen, 2001: Shelterbelts and Windbreaks: Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Turbulent Flows. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 33, 549-586. (Invited review paper)
![Page 55: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
B1 B5
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B1 B5
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B1 B5
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B1 B5
![Page 59: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
B1 B5
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B1 B5
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B1 B5
H
![Page 62: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
B1 B5
H
L
![Page 63: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
B1 B5
H
L
Grad P F
![Page 64: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
B1 B5Wake fro
m B1
![Page 65: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
B1 B5Wake fro
m B1
Wang, H., and E. S. Takle, 1996: On three-dimensionality of shelterbelt structure and its influences on shelter effects. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 79, 83-105.
![Page 66: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
B1 B5Wake fro
m B1
Sfc
Sfc
![Page 67: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
B1 B5Wake fro
m B1
![Page 68: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
2 4 6 8 10 12-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
STABLE NEUTRAL UNSTABLE
Turbine B1 80-m wind speed, (m/s)
Win
d di
recti
on d
iffer
ence
(deg
rees
)
Backing wind at ISU 2 under stable conditions
Southerly Winds, SW at Surface
![Page 69: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
B1 B5
Wake from B4
![Page 70: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
2 4 6 8 10 12-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
STABLE NEUTRAL UNSTABLE
Turbine B3 80-m wind speed, (m/s)
Win
d di
recti
on d
iffer
ence
(deg
rees
)Veering wind at ISU 2 under stable conditions
Southerly winds, SE at Surface
![Page 71: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
N
?Sfc
Sfc
LLJ
LLJ
![Page 72: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Surface Pressure Perturbation Produced by a Line of Turbines
• Important factor in driving near-turbine surface flow, especially speed-up in the lee
• Some evidence that this pressure field leads to surface convergence within the wind farm
• Need to deploy a network of high-accuracy barometers (nanobarometers) to map out the perturbation pressure field both near turbines and across the wind farm
![Page 73: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Key Messages• Temperature increases at night in lee of turbines• Temperature decreass during day in lee of the turbines• Wind speed increases in the near lee of the turbines,
more for stable flow• Significant wind shear from surface to nacelle
particularly under stable flow• Downward CO2 flux is enhanced during day in lee of the
turbines• Some evidence for surface layer convergence across a
line of turbines
![Page 74: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Initial Movitation: Do changes in temperature, humidity, wind speed, turbulence, and CO2 due to wind turbines influence crop growth and yield?
Public acceptance of wind turbines – Multi-use, high-land-value environment– Crops are tuned to climate conditions
Beyond CWEX:Testbed for validating high-resolution wind-farm models and coupling to sfc and PBL
– General understanding of impacts of turbines
– Understand turbine-turbine interaction and wind-farm performance
– Options for further wind farm build-out: Go higher? More dense?
– Iowa has a flat terrain, strong LLJ, not unlike coastal jets, many existing windfarms and component manufacturers: good zero-order testbed for off-shore as well as onshore technologies
![Page 75: Eugene S. Takle Department of Agronomy Department of Geological and Atmospheric Science Director, Climate Science Program Iowa State University](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070501/56816938550346895de09e92/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Measurements Needed• Additional surface flux measurements (middle of wind
farm)• Surface pressure field across turbine line• Vertical profiles of horizontal velocity through the turbine
layer (H)• Horizontal velocities across the wind farm (convergence?)• Turbulence in and above the turbine layer with the layer
above (H-2H); also vertical velocity above the turbine layer• Diurnal changes of u, T, RH, turbulence in H-10H• Low-level jet characteristics
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Analysis Needed
• Surface flux anomalies• Wake structure – dependence on stability, speed
and direction shear• Coupling of the turbine layer with the layer
above (H-2H)• Horizontal convergence in the H layer• Diurnal changes in H-10H• Low-level jet characteristics
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Modeling Needed
• Diurnal changes of surface fluxes• Coupling of the turbine layer with the layer above
(H-2H)• Horizontal convergence in the H layer• Diurnal changes in H-10H• Low-level jet characteristics• Turbine-turbine interactions (wake characteristics)• Shear and turbulence coupling to blade stresses
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Potential Future Contributions from CWEX
• 200-turbine utility scale test bed• Flat terrain allows clarity for exploring fundamental interactions of
the wind farm with the PBL• Strong diurnal changes in surface layer stratification and resulting
shear in speed and direction• Strong Low-Level Jet characteristic of the Central US high wind
resource region (similarities to coastal jets as well, horizontal uniformity)
• Seasonal land surface change characteristics• Cooperative land owners, multiple field sites• NDA with wind farm operator, access to SCADA data
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Current Status: Research Capacity
• Three seasons of successful instrument deployment• NSF Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)
site program (2011-2013) for Wind Energy Science, Engineering and Policy (WESEP)
• NSF Integrated Graduate Education, Research, and Training (IGERT) in WESEP (2012-2017)
• Undergraduate minor in WESEP• EPSCoR funding for new faculty position in wind farm
modeling
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Current Status:Instrumentation
• EPSCoR funding for two 120-m instrumented towers
• EPSCoR funding for network of surface stations• IGERT funding for nanobarometer network• State of Iowa funding for partnership with a private
company for developing a tethered balloon measurement platform (loan of 4 50-m towers, 2 lidars)
• Wind farm owner is redeploying 4 sodars to the CWEX site
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Collaborations being Planned
• National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment will be deploying instruments nearby-but-outside this wind farm in 2013-2015
• US Agriculture Research Service plans major field campaign (air-craft, surface, satellite special obs) in 2015
• NASA plans major field campaign for satellite soil moisture obs in nearby watershed in 2015
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Summary• CWEX10/11 have demonstrated the feasibility of a
major wind farm observing capability in a high-wind resource region of the US.
• Educational component in place• Strong interest from
– private sector (ASI, MEC, NextEra) – State of Iowa– Iowa State University– Federal agencies (NLAE, ARS, NASA, NCAR)– University collaborators
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Julie Lundquist for slides from presentation at LANLDr. Ron Huhn, property ownerGene and Todd Flynn, farm operatorsLisa Brasche for photosEquipment and personnel supplied by the National Laboratory for Agriculture and
the EnvironmentFunding supplied by
Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of IowaMidAmerican Energy CompanyAmes Laboratory , Department of EnergyNational Science Foundation Photo courtesy of Lisa H Brasche
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For More InformationEugene S. Takle
[email protected]://www.meteor.iastate.edu/faculty/takle/
515-294-9871
Julie K. [email protected]
[email protected] http://atoc.colorado.edu/~jlundqui
303/492-8932 (@CU)303/384-7046 (@NWTC)
Photo courtesy of Lisa H Brasche