RoHS AWARENESS SEMINARRestriction of Hazardous

Substances

was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union an economic and political union or confederation of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. 

The RoHS directive took effect on 1 July 2006, and is required to be enforced and become law in each member state.

This directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment.

It is closely linked with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) 2002/96/EC which sets collection, recycling and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative to solve the problem of huge amounts of toxic e-waste.

Latest revision: June 8, 2011

EU member states are required to make national laws of their own to carry out the RoHS Directive.- Directive becomes the RoHS regulations.

The directive is for EU-wide application and sets the framework for the RoHS requirements.- Resulting regulations are on the national level where actual enforcement of the RoHS Directive takes place. - This Directive lays down rules on the restriction of the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) with a view to contributing to the protection of human health and the environment, including the environmentally sound recovery and disposal of waste EEE.

applicable to EEE falling within the categories set out in Annex I.Categories of EEE covered by this Directive

1. Large household appliances.2. Small household appliances.3. IT and telecommunications equipment.4. Consumer equipment.5. Lighting equipment.6. Electrical and electronic tools.7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment.8. Medical devices.9. Monitoring and control instruments including industrial

monitoring and control instruments.10. Automatic dispensers.11. Other EEE not covered by any of the categories above.

Member States shall provide that EEE that was outside the scope of Directive 2002/95/EC, but which would not comply with this Directive, may nevertheless continue to be made available on the market until 22 July 2019.

This Directive shall apply without prejudice to the requirements of Union legislation on safety and health, and on chemicals, in particular Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, as well as the requirements of specific Union waste management legislation.

This Directive does not apply to: equipment which is necessary for the protection of

the essential interests of the security of Member States, including arms, munitions and war material intended for specifically military purposes;

equipment designed to be sent into space; equipment which is specifically designed, and is to be

installed, as part of another type of equipment that is excluded or does not fall within the scope of this Directive,

which can fulfill its function only if it is part of that equipment, and which can be replaced only by the same specifically designed equipment;

large-scale stationary industrial tools; large-scale fixed installations;

means of transport for persons or goods, excluding electric two-wheel vehicles which are not type-approved;

non-road mobile machinery made available exclusively for professional use;

active implantable medical devices; photovoltaic panels intended to be used in a

system that is designed, assembled and installed by professionals for permanent use at a defined location to produce energy from solar light for public, commercial, industrial and residential applications;

equipment specifically designed solely for the purposes of research and development only made available on a business-to-business basis.

Lead Mercury Hexavalent chromium Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

(PBDE) Cadmium

is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals (alternative term toxic metal).

used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shots, weights, as part of solders, pewters, fusible alloys and as a radiation shield.

Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum (from "hydr-" water and "argyros" silver). A heavy, silvery d-block element, a liquid metal.

Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, 

sphygmomanometers, float valves, mercury switches, and other devices though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments.

Hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) refers to chemical compounds that contain the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state. 

Industrial uses of hexavalent chromium compounds include chromate pigments in dyes, paints, inks, and plastics;

chromates added as anticorrosive agents to paints, primers, and other surface coatings; and chromic acid electroplated onto metal parts to provide a decorative or protective coating.

Hexavalent chromium can also be formed when performing "hot work" such as welding on stainless steel or melting chromium metal. In these situations the chromium is not originally hexavalent, but the high temperatures involved in the process result in oxidation that converts the chromium to a hexavalent state.

PBBs usually exist as colorless to off-white solids. PBBs soften at 72 degrees Celsius and decompose above 300 degrees Celsius. They have low vapor pressure, are very soluble in benzene and toluene, and insoluble in water. They are degraded by UV light.

PBBs are used as flame retardants of the brominated flame retardant group. They are added to plastics used in products such as home electrical appliances, textiles, plastic foams, laptop cabinets, etc. to make them difficult to burn.

It is not known for certain if PBBs could cause cancer in human beings, but it has been observed that they can lead to cancer in lab mice exposed to very high concentrations of PBBs.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants. Like other brominated flame retardants, PBDEs have been used in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles.

The health hazards of these chemicals have attracted increasing scrutiny, and they have been shown to reduce fertility in humans at levels found in households.

is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury.

It was used for a long time as a pigment and for corrosion resistant plating on steel while cadmium compounds were used to stabilize plastic.

With the exception of its use in nickel–cadmium batteries and cadmium telluride solar panels, the use of cadmium is generally decreasing. These declines have been due to competing technologies.

The most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds. Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death.

Cadmium is also an environmental hazard. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of fossil fuel combustion, phosphate fertilizers, natural sources, iron and steel production, cement production and related activities, nonferrous metals production, and municipal solid waste incineration.

0.1% by weight in homogenous materials for lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, PBB, PBDE

0.01% weight in homogenous materials for cadmium

Homogenous materials- of uniform composition throughout- a material that cannot be mechanically disjointed into different materials

Mechanically disjointed – materials that can be separated by various mechanical actions- unscrewing, cutting, crushing, grinding and abrasive processes

EX. A plastic is a homogenous material if it consists of one type of plastic that is not coated with or has attached to it or inside it any other kinds of materials.

Electric cable consisting of metal wires surrounded by non-metallic insulation materials- this is a non-homogenous material because the different materials can be separated by mechanical process.- limit values of the directive would apply to each of the separated materials individually.

Semiconductor package – integrated circuit (IC) chip contains many homogenous materials- plastic molding material (plastic encapsulation)- bismuth-electroplating coatings (solder plating)- lead frame- gold-bonding wire (bond wire)- silicon chip

Dependent on electric current or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly

WEEE – Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment- The directive places the responsibility for the disposal of waste electrical equipment on the manufacturer. Those companies should establish an infrastructure for collecting WEEE, in such a way that “Users of electrical and electronic equipment from private households should have the possibility of returning WEEE at least free of charge”. Also, the companies are obliged to use the collected waste in an ecologically-friendly manner, either by ecological disposal or by reuse/refurbishment of the collected WEEE.Ex. TVs, computers, stereos, mobile phones, printers.

The supply chainRaw

material

component

manufacturer

retailer

consumer

The producers place their products on EU market so that direct responsibility for complying with the RoHS Directive lies with them. Since products are made of various parts, those suppliers supplying parts to the producers have to comply with the requirements of RoHS Directive.

Together with the shift in the information needs of the producers on the hazardous substances in their supplied parts, hence in their products, the depth of information also increased.

Specific information on hazardous substances requested by producers from suppliers.- EMS certificate- Non-use certificate- Raw Material composition- Analysis results of hazardous substances

Requirements: understand the producer’s supplier control process

- Parts control flow related to RoHS-regulated substanceschecking for the presence of hazardous substances controlled during1. New parts approval process2. Parts inspection process- Green supplier certification systemcertifying the supplier as a partner in the producer’s green supply chain management system (ex. Green partner program of Sony)

Set up your own parts control process- identify raw materials composition of a part- generate analytical data for RoHS-regulated substances of the part

Types of final product inspections:- General Inspection

Portable XRF is used to check for the presence of RoHS-regulated substances without disassembling the final product.

- Disassembly inspectionDesktop XRF to check for the RoHS substances

after the product is disassembled.

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy- is an analytical technique used for the detection of trace metals. It is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses the inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of a particular element. The intensity of this emission is indicative of the concentration of the element within the sample.

ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)- a type of mass spectrometry that is highly sensitive and capable of the determination of a range of metals and several non-metals at concentrations below one part. It is based on coupling together an inductively coupled plasma as a method of producing ions (ionization) with a mass spectrometer as a method of separating and detecting the ions. It is also capable of monitoring isotopic speciation for the ions of choice.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)- method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage of on human beings. It can also identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)- In analytical chemistry, atomic adsorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample. The technique can be used to analyze the concentration over 70 different metals in a solution.