EU Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean. Cooperation against All Odds?

8/22/2019 EU Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean. Cooperation against All Odds?

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EU D P MCooperaon against All Odds?

V Hll

No. 9 | November 2009

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 9 | November 2009

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tfv Pw f Eu

T KFG W P Ss ss ss s suls f Kolleg-Forschergruppe

ll ul. I s x s wll s s xs s

s l xl us sss Eu Eu U.

All KFG W Ps ll KFG ws www.sfu.u l

sf-u@fu-l..

C f s ssu: V Hll

El sss u: Ls Sf/F Aus

Hll, V 2009: EU D P M. C s All Os?, KFG W

P Ss, N. 9, N 2009, Kll-Fsu (KFG) T Tsf Pw f Eu, F Us

Bl.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

ISSN 1868-7601 (I)

Ts ul s fu G Rs Fu (DFG).

F Us Bl

Kll-Fsu

T Tsf Pw f Eu:

T Eu U Dus f Is

Is. 26

14195 Bl

G

P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033

Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096

sf-u@fu-l.

www.sfu.u


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EU Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean | 3

EU Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean

Cooperation against All Odds?

V v H

F Uv B

Ab

Fus Eu-M ls s l 1990s, s ss w f

EU s l s s ls w us s

l. T s lu f EUs ss f s

l f ll lu sss w s (s-)u s(Al, E, J, L, M, S, Tus) s l 1990s. A l l

s ls l l EU sssss s

w l ls. A ss s ss us xls

xl w f , ll lls, s f u

. T s f ll lls us s s

s f l f s f fu

s (s) fs u f EUs l w l

ls.

T Aur

V v H s s ss C f Eu I

O-Su Isu f Pll S f F Us Bl. S s

ul w ss Eu Us

s M.

C: .ull@fu-l.


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Contents

1. Iu 5

2. T EUs M D P Pl 6

3. C D P M 9

4. S Cs f C 15

Interdependence 18

Polical Liberalisaon 20

Statehood 22

5. Alss 24

6. Cluss 25

Lu 27


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1. Iu1

I us f l l ls w f Cl W, Eu

U (EU) l f , u s, ul f lw l s wf l . Ts ss lll s f Ms

(1992/1993) s l u EUs l w (Ms 2002,

2006) l ls.

Rlss f w s ss s xss f slf- s slf-

l, s l sul w EU. S l 1990s, EU s l

f js, sus ss f s xl ls. I

ll usus s f f s, l s ss s

s sus su s ll lu l l (

sss). Ts s fl l w us f EU s l w (Bzl/Rss 2007; Mull

2005; S 2005). Hw, w EUs u, Su Es

M us ls ll ss f l f , s

(s-)u l s s. Fus f Eu-

M ls s l 1990s, s ss w f EU s l

s s ls w us s l. I suss

sl fs EUs w, l , ll lls,

s.

I s s, s lu f EUs ss f w fw f s M l (s 2). S, lss w f s s ull

ll ls (s 3). I s l f ll lu

sss w s (s-)u s (Al, E, J, L, M, S,

Tus) s l 1990s. A l l s ls l

l EU sssss s w l ls. T sl

u , w, qus xl. T f s l

l xl fs (s 4). Bs ss EU xl

us s Il Rls s, xls w x

s w EU s wll s f ll lls s

us u l f . A ss s

ss us llws s ssss f s u w EU ss

s sus w u l l ls (s 5). T

EU s s sussful u l f us w

f ll lls. Wl ll lls s w s, l f

s lus. Hw, f s fs xls EUs w

Al Tus l ll lu sss. T lus

w suss f (s) fs u f w uls (s 6).

1 El ss f s w s 2009 EUSA DVPW fs. T u wul l

ll s sll F B, F Slf, Tj A. Bzl f

s lful s.


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2. T EU M D P P

Ts ls f EU w M us ul sl l l fws

l s l 1990s. T ss ulll ss ll,

, ulul (Dl S/Su 2005; Cll 2005). I s fws,

EU s us sus f l w s

ll s fw (B 2006; J/K 2006, 2007; Kll 2006; P 2007). T

f -ws s s -1990s fus s s sus

j s lus. Nlss, EU s f

Eu-M ls.

T EU s l f s f l j s -1980s.

Ilu M us f l l Af,

C, P us, slf M

1990 (Eu Css 1991: 3). I 1991, EU ul s l fw f

ll, s s wll s ul f lw s f u s.2 T Cul

ll s s su sul , fus su

sus s ll lu (sus), l sss (-ul) s

l (s), l sl w l ul

ls (Cul f EU 1991). I l w s l l, Eu Css l

s s xl sss js M l 1990s (Eu

Css 1994, 1996).

I 1995, , u s, ul f lw l EUs

M l w f Eu-M Ps (EMP) u

f ll s l . Lu s j w

12 M Ps (MP), Bl Dl f ll s

s fu s ssus.3 T EMP u EUs ll lus

qul ls ss f s M us s ssl. I l

l s f s l ls f l u l l l

fws w w f ll Eu-M Ass As (EMAA)

l xl (MEDA). A l w s ll l fw,

EU suls sl sus f w s M lfw. T s-ll ssl l lus ws u EMAA ss

f ll l ll lu ll ls (Eu Css

1995). T ulll s fs w s Bl Pss

fu f ll lu. T l s sss w fls

2 I 1991, sl EU sus w s s f uls f EUs l, s

Cul f EU 1991, Eu Css 1991, Eu Cul 1991; s ss w sll

l w Css sl EUs s 2001, s Eu Css 2001.

3 T Bl Dl ws s Eu-M Cf 27 28 N

1995 Bl EU, s 15 ss, ll 12 MP w Al, Cus, E,Isl, J, L, Ml, M, Pls Au, S, Tus, Tu; f x f

l s ://www.u.u.//xl_ls/u/. (10 Auus 2006).


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l MEDA D P (Kul/Bzl 1999), w ll Eu

I f D Hu Rs (EIDHR) 1999. MEDA l l sss u

sl s u EMAA. Ms j f

MEDA s l f sss. Wl EIDHR s sss sss, fu sll sl js fuss l s

s, MEDA s- s.

T EUs C S M (2000) S Ps (2004) f

s .4 A s , EU s l

s s f sll M (Eu Css 2003).

Exs sus f w f w s u, sll w

lu f Eu Nu Pl (ENP) 2003/2004.5 T Eu Nu

Ps Isu (ENPI) l MEDA s xl 2007

lll A Pls (AP) l ul ls s 2005. Cu

sus f ll lu sss u w fw, ENP

xl s ll l, w s s , l, ul

f ll AP. I , s-ll D G Fl ws MEDA

ENPI fus sl s f ll fs (Eu Css

2006: 12).

T ls fw f Eu-M ls, T Bl Pss: U

f M (UM), s l u u ll ls.6 R l f

u s , uls Bl qus ssss s js, u s l s f ulll

js.

4 Hw, C S S Ps u u suls fs

f ; s C S f Eu Cul f 19 Ju 2000 M

, 2000/458/CFSP, Ol Jul L 183, 22.07.2000, . 5-10 Ps Cluss S

Ps w M Ml Es, Bussls Eu Cul, 17 18 Ju 2004.

5 A f ls w M us, ENP ls sss Es s. I l-

s u Tu s ss u, s Eu Css 2003 Eu Css

2004

6 T UM ws ll lu Jul 2008: J Dl f Ps Su f M,

Ps, 13 Jul 2008, ://www.u2008.f/w/s/PFUE/s//0713_l__s/J_

l_f__Ps_su_f__M-EN.f (8 S 2008). Isul s

EMPs ulll s w s N 2008, u ss f - , s Bl Pss: U f M sl f, Msll, 3-4

N 2008, Fl l, uls Cul f EU 4 N 2008, 15187/08 (Pss

314). T UM s l MP, lu L, Mu, Ws Bl us.


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Figure 1: EU democracy promoon instruments in the Mediterranean

Oll, EU s qu sussful s l ,

u , u s, ul f lw l Eu-M

fw f . Cs EUs (Eu Css 2001, 2003)

l s s l f sus (Yus 2002; Hll/S 2009), EU usus

l s l sus, sls,

ul s f s. Ts sus w s lss f

EU s l w l ls. T s s fus s s sus

(ll lu, sss) l s s f

l sus. B s, ss s ull sus ss f fls

ll l s--s M Ps. Is, EU

ss l f w (Slf/Sl 2004, 2005),

u f s l s s ll f.

Hw, l f s sus, su s ll lu

sss, full s s s . Esll

Fwk f D A

( bu)

P Du

(u)

P

C

(v)

R M

Pl (1990-1995)

C As-

Fl ls-

Fs xl js-

(1993/1994)

Eu-M

Ps (EMP, s 1995)

Bl Pss (1995--

2008)

Eu-M-

Ass As

(EMAA)

MEDA I + II (1996-1999,-

2000-2006)

MEDA D-

P (1995-1999)

Eu I f-

D Hu

Rs (EIDHR):

I (1999-2004,

2004-2006)

Ms MEDA-

(s u 2000)

Ass-

Culs

Cs u

EMAA (s 1995)

negave-

condionalitys

1995 (

u EMAA,

fu u

MEDA ENPI)

EU C S M (2000-2006)

Eu Nu

Pl (ENP, s 2003)

A Pls-

Eu Nu-

Ps Isu

(ENPI, s 2007)

EIDHR: Isu-

(s 2007)

Ms ENPI-

l su--

s u

EMAA (s 2003)

posive-

condionality

s 2003/2007

(l f

ll ls,

l fu)

S Ps w M Ml Es (s 2003)

T Bl Pss: U f M (UM, s 2008)


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M, s w u s sul s sl l

s, uqu f us s s,

w s f s wl s (Slu 2008). S, w f s EU ull

s ll ls w s M us, .. su l A u us s s? T x s ss

l f ll lu sss s s s sus s

M Ps s l 1990s.

3. C D P M

A ss lss f l f w s s sus Pll Dlu

D Asss w s M us w 1990 2008 ls w jl s: O , s l l ( ) s u l

w lu f EUs fw. O , s s

u ll ll f . Ts s wll s s

ll f f u u s

w us.71

T s clear regional trend f u f ll lu l f

sss . Wl us sl s ( ssss, T

ss, C Culs), ll lu ll suls w

f f s EMAA. T Ass Culs u ul fu f lu

, f xl, us C Culs. I l w Csss Cu

u s s w M s (Eu Css 2003), ll

Ass Cul s lu s f ll lu s 2003.

Hw, ll lu ws sl f fl f us

ww f ul su s ll s f s s. A s ,

f l sus s lu s f s l u s

, w 2004 2007, f s u s sus.

7 Ts s s s xs lss f EU us wss. Ts lus Eu

Csss ul s xl sss, us (Cu S Ps

Nl I Ps) f MEDA ENPI, s wll s us sus ll Eu

Csss wss f xl ls (://.u.u/xl_ls/x_.), -

u l (://.u.u/wl//x_.), Eu-A C- O (://.u.u/u/x_.), Ts O Ds (://.u.u/wl/-

s/ful..), ls ss 4 O 2009.


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Figure 2: Polical Dialogue under the EMAA: Associaon Council (ACon) and Human Rights Subcommiee

(SubCom) meengs82

Al E J L Morocco S Tus

1990-

1997/ / / / / / /

1998 / / / / / / AC

1999 / / / / / / --

2000 / / / / AC / AC

2001 / / / / AC / --

2002 / / AC / -- / AC

2003 / / AC / AC /AC

2004 / AC AC / A / --

2005 -- --AC

SuC/ A / AC

2006 AC AC AC AC / --

2007 AC ACAC

SuC

AC

SuC

AC

SuC/

AC

SuC

2008 ACAC

SuC

AC

SuCAC

AC

SuC/

AC

SuC

B 2008, ll lu ws suls w ll us x f S, w EMAA

f. F sx us, s lu s ll

Ass Cul s s 2003. A s us, Al s l s

l f s u s su.

W sss, fu s sl s js

s. A l fw xl js s lf f 1990s, l MEDA D

P (MDP) u zl u f Eu I f D

Hu Rs (EIDHR) ls sss ss . U ll EIDHR,

ul s l ul u f -j s s l

s ll fus us, s 2004 ll M Ps s u f jsl w ll -s s.

8 Ass Cul ss ll s f s l u s

s u EMAA / suls s Hu Rs Sus.

Sus: f Ass Cul s s u f Ass Culs (us, s, EU

ss), f u s su s s Ps f Eu U l. 2008: 24,154, Cul f EU Eu Css 2007: 20, EU HR R 2005: 31, EU S EU-J

AC 2005: 3, 2006: 12.


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Table 1: Democracy Assistance under EIDHR (in mio )93

El EIDHR

(1991-1994)

MDP

(1996-1998)

EIDHR

(2000-2006)Tl

Al 0 1,37 7,13 8,5E 0 0,91 6,72 7,63

J 0,69 1,11 2,05 3,85

L 0,03 1,11 4,93 6,07

Morocco 0,05 2,29 3,51 5,85

S 0 0,23 1,01 1,24

Tus 0,23 0,23 4,17 4,63

Tl 1,00 7,25 29,52 37,77

A/ 0,25 2,42 4,22

Wl u EIDHR s ull l s 1990s,

sss ws l s l MEDA u 2000. T

ull l js u MEDA I (1995-1999), u w MEDA II (2000-2006),

s s s fu f l js, sll w 2002 2005 Nl

I Ps. I s us, js l ju l ss, l s,

w l. Sll, js sl sz, w sll-sl js

ss ssus l l l s, u s , l-sl

js s s ul s ju. U ENPI (s 2007), fus

f sss l ul, u s l ss sl s f s s f

l .

Table 2: Democracy Assistance under MEDA/ENPI (in mio )104

MEDA I

(1995-1999)

MEDA II

(2000-2006)

ENPI

(2007-2010)Tl

Al 5,00 48,20 17,00 70,20

E 0,00 25,00 40,00 65,00

J 0,00 7,00 17,00 24,00

L 0,00 10,00 22,00 32,00

Morocco 4,00 32,70 28,00 64,70

S 0,00 2,00 30,00 32,00

Tus 0,00 33,65 0,00 33,65

Tl 9,00 158,55 154,00 321,55

A 1,80 22,65 38,50

Tl 2475,00 3072,80 2314,00 7861,80

A 495,00 438,97 578,50

DA s f 0,36% 5,16% 6,66% 4,09%

9 Ow l s Eu Csss l EIDHR Rs (Eu Css 1992;

Eu Css 1994; Eu Css 1995; Eu Css 1996; Eu Cs-

s 1996),Kul Bzl (1999), s wll s j lss f js s 2000

(Eu Css 2000, 2001, 2001, 2008, 2008).

10 Ow l s 2002, 2005, 2007 Nl I Ps f s us;

us f l s Eu Css (2001: 12, 2007).


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Ts l s l f s EUs

s w s l ll ls w s M us. A

s , w signicant variaon across countries, f s l

f sus s qul f s f fu lls, ss f

ll lu sss f l f sss js w s

-s s.

Tus, wl ss f suls ll lu fllw sl s us,

ws us s . Ts f f s

EMAA, f 1998 2006 S EMAA sll . O EMAA f,

w, w fl ss, su s fqu s f s s

wll s s-u f u s sus, ss. T w s l xs

S, sll l fl suu, Al, w s l u sls

u s su 2008. Sll, s-u l f s us f s.T ls w f J L s f Tus. A su

f u s qul f lu u, ju us f

Ass Cul s ss ss. I s

fl u f ll lu, ssus s , w us

, w ws lu, u l ss us. Tus, ll

lu w M J s w Tus. Fll, f s us,

w s w s u l u f ll lu, f xl

u s f s, l ll sss. Ts ll lu

w Tus w 2005 2007 s su w E.

T x f l sss usl w

us, . Fl ll f fu u EU sus ll f

M Ps, x f s-l x f l u f fus us

2002-2004 lu Al Tus. Wl EIDHR s uusl us l

s f xl js, lls f fu u MDP ll EIDHR

sl w us. T l u f fu f wl w

ll Eu f Al jus ll Eu f S. I , ss f

s sss l sl s. Fs

js w M us l f 1990s, sll u MEDA I,ws us fllw s l s 2005. Sll EIDHR, lls f fu

l s s f ll w us. Tus s l u

fllw l f s sss: Wl 2005 2007, S

ll fus l js, EU Tus w js s 2005, u

s l ls f l js.115

11 F Eu Csss xl s 2007 ENPI Cu S P f Tus 2007, . 13.


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Figures 3 and 4: Democracy Assistance commied in Naonal Indicave Programmes126

Cs l f s s sus u, s l

s w us, llws ssss f ll ll f

w M P. T s, s f u s l l f f us. T ,

w J M s s , fllw E, L, Tus, Al

f S.

J M s w l u f ll lu

l f sss. T Ass Culs ull s

l l f f EMAA w s us s u sl u

s sus Csss 2003. T sus

ull s. Ms f Ass Cul wll u f EUs

ss Ass Cul s EUs u s s, s l

us l l lu ll ssus. J s l

u s s su s u s ll f xll f s

s 2003 sls s ll su l . M s

f f-us l EU sss, u MEDA s u 2000

EIDHR s l 1990s, l us f fu. J s ls

u EIDHR j ss f s sss MEDA ll

l, 2002. Wl ll fu lls u lw f M, J sll s

fu.

12 Ow l s 2002, 2005, 2007 Nl I Ps f s us.

Figure 4: As share of total aid

Figure 3: Average per year

Million Euro

Per Cent

20022004

20052006

20072010

10

8

6

4

2

0

20

15

10

5

25

0

TunisiaSyriaMoroccoLebanonJordanEgyptAlgeria

TunisiaSyriaMoroccoLebanonJordanEgyptAlgeria

20022004

2005200620072010


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A f su, S ll s s l l. As EMAA s

sll f, fls suus f ll lu (Ass Cul,

su). Wl s, .. fw f s f

EMAA w 1998 2004, EU l l u S lu ss

ssus l u s (Ps f Eu U l. 2008: 71; Cul

f EU Eu Css 2007: 71; Cul f EU 2006: 200). I , S s lws

ll fu u EIDHR sss ws l MEDA

fus 2005. Nlss, EU S susl fus f sss

u ENPI wl s s w ul l f js wll l,

s l s l w l l ws s

.

T su s lss l f Al, E, L, Tus. L E s u

l l EU s. T ll f ss

s l w l f s f s. T EMAA

l l f, sul s f fls ll lu,

u s , s f Ass Cul l ull u s

su s s u wu j ls, w l sus

s f . Ol w E, s ss w sul f

s s ul u ll ss.137L l u 1990s

EU sss u EIDHR, u s js w u MEDA/ENPI l ll.

Wl u fus l, L ll s fu

sss s u f ll l s f ll . B s, E ll

sss u EIDHR u 1990s, u fu s sss

ws s MEDA l 2003. E s lls f l fu, u u s l

ul, s lss wll s f fu.

I s s w us, Tus Al s w ll s f

s . Wl Tus s f s

1990s fs wll s ss f fl , l f sus s

su. Esll s EU s u s s u 2003, s f

u s s ul. Tus us f-u, w

l f f EMAA llw ll lu l s l 1990s sxs sss l 1990s. Hw, s f Ass Cul

l lss w us sll s 2003,

ul u ll ss. Tus, w l s w w s 2005

2007. EU ls ws f s s sul f ll ss, us

13 T s Ass Cul l w s s EUs s s

ul, w s ll ss, EU l ss

ss s f s Ass Cul . I , s f

u s su ws s f sl s, s fllw 17 Ju f

Eu Pl slu u s E, E ll- llsu ll sul l 23-24 Ju, s Eu Csss Dl

E, Ws Nw? ://www.l..u.u//Nws/551.s, ls ss 4 O 2009.


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EUs sssf w Tus ll su u s

l ssus.148Ts s ls j l s-u f u s

su 2007, fu s l sus . I

f sss, Tus us , , w

s js u EIDHR l 1990s s f sss

MEDA s u 2000. Hw, wl s l, fu lls f sss

s f Tus, l js l. E ll

sss s s l, s u MEDA D P

1990s, l f js ws l fl ll, w ws s f

MEDA EIDHR js w 2000 2005. As squ, js

2005 Css s l ww f s

sss u ENPI.159

T u s f Al. O , EU s f w fusl f, f xl s-u f s su. O , Al

s qu l s s. Wl Ass Cul s

l ull s f f EMAA, u s

su s l w l sus 2007. T EU Al,

w, s fl lu l 1990s ws sus ss l

l ll su. Wl ws ll sss u 1990s,

sss s s u s u 2000. Al s

f sss MEDA s wll s u EIDHR s fus u (2002-2004)

.1610H fu lls u f s s sw

s s j f l fls u s lu, Al s l

EUs s.

T , EU s ll l x s w s ls w

M Ps, sf s l ul .

Hw, s x f l f ll lu

sss ss us qus xl, sus EUs w s u

s s.

4. S C f C

T l f ll lu sss s sus f

, s s f s , s wllss f

14 I sul w, s s 2007 f lu f ll lu, s s-

u u ll ss, s D Mus f sx EU-Tus Ass Cul

2007, .4f.

15 S Eu Csss 2007 ENPI Cu S P f Tus 2007, . 13.

16 S Eu Csss 2001 P Du f EIDHR 2002-2004, . 5, EUs

Hu Rs Rs f 2003 2005.


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l xl s. I f s

u w , s usful f s s ss

f w l l usu s xl

ls, , , . T l f l f

, , , l xl s s.

C s u f ss f j s-, s w ss

j , s s l f s s sus (Z

1977). T ss f u f s uus s w s u

l f (f f s- ,

s Jss Tll 1998). Ts uls llws w Il Rls

(IR) s ss f l ls f ls. T

f s u w us, (Ks 1983; Hsl l. 2000),

l s (f w, s Jss 2002; Il 1964), s (Rss 2000;Mll 2004), l w l s (Cs/Cs 1993; Cl 1997; Ul

1998) usful ss.

F ss f sl, s s ls fw f . As ssu

ss u susl s s x fs l

(l l) s- luls. Ts s lu f -u

u: s l w ll ls w u ls, s, uls,

s- us u w xs ssu- (Ks

1983: 1). I wul s f s ls f . Su

s s usful f s s x , w s

ss (s Il 1964). T EU A u MP ss

f fs ll ls, u u ssu s f su, wlf, (ll)

u. T l f sus s ssu ls

f f fs, s f s ()

l. Wl ss f EU A u s ll ,

sll u f s w s j ss, su s wlf

l sl. T s- lul f () x u

fs w u l lu, 1) s () ,

f 2) ll lls, 3) s u (s Bzl l. 2008;J/K 2007; Yus 2001). Ts fs l l us IR

lu.

Clss IR s su u s interdependence l s

w (Jss/Tll 1998: 381; H 1988) f l s,

lss ull s l s (K/N 2001). Muul

s s w sus f s, s f s

sz f , ul, , l (f w s Blw 2002). Hw,

ls ss f ll ls l / su

ssus f , su s , sus, l s,

, . If EU s l M P (MP), f xl s


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f sus s, lu us MP l s

s sus f s s wll. Csl, f MP s l

EU, .. s f , l l f .

Tf, s ll f s fus EU, s ss

MPs ss EUs ull wlf lsss (ss 1).

T fpolical liberalisaon f s s ss llw f luls

ls. Ts s (s) f xl qus f s w

s s sus (Bzl/Rss 2003; Kll 2006; Slf/Sl 2005;

Slf/Slz 2008). I fls ss f u

l , s ll s s w s

.1711F EUs s, f lls ss s

f ul sf u fs s s l sl us f

u w uu u sl (R 2009). I sl , s u s w f MP l sl f EU l

fstatehoodf u. Ts l s, u ls

s lls l l us f f l s sls

(Rss/Lul 2007). Tf, s ll f MP s ll f ll

lls s, us s ss MPs s f s w lsss EUs

s f sl s u (ss 2). If w ls , f ll

lls s f s. T f s u

s wllss s l, ws l l s EUs

ss us f f ss. Tus, s f f ll lls

lw f s, s sll ll s f lw f ll

lls f s (ss 2).

Figure 5: Cost-benet calculaons on internaonal democracy promoon

C N EU MP EU MP

Cssl sl

wlf s w

democracy

wlf

l

l

Bs wlf l

l

lsl

wlf

s w

T f s s ss s f l f s fs f

s us u su s l 1990s.

17 Ts s-s s lsl l -s ss f ss (M/Ols 1998), wl suuls ul u sul

s fls .


18/31


Interdependence

Fllw w s sus , EU w s ss () w

f M us. Hw, s f s sz f us

s, w us s us. Al E f

s us s, s us su s ul, u ls

Gss Ds Pu (GDP) lu f xl (s xs f s

ss). M s l s sll us, S Tus sll

sl l J L. Ds s s, us ls wl

l, l s ll GDP lus (s ls Pzs 2008:

239). Wl ll f l xu s w s s f us GDP

l s, ll s s l lz wl (G/S 2008: 100).

Table 3: Size1812


Suf ll sq. 2.38 1.00 0.09 0.01 0.45 0.19 0.16

Pul ll1990 25 55 3 3 24 13 8

2007 34 75 6 4 31 20 10

GDP ll u

US$

1990 62 43 4 3 26 12 12

2007 116 107 14 22 66 33 31

GDP % f wl

l

1990 0.28 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.05 0.05

2007 0.25 0.23 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.07 0.06

T lu

ll u US$

1990 30 23 6 3 15 7 12

2006 95 85 25 18 61 31 39

T lu % f

wl l

1990 0.36 0.27 0.07 0.04 0.18 0.08 0.14

2006 0.30 0.24 0.08 0.05 0.17 0.09 0.11

Ml s %

f GDP

1990 1.46 4.7 8.02 7.55 4.14 6.04 2.02

2007 2.92 2.5 6.94 5.84 3.29 3.94 1.39Ml s

l ll u

US$

1990 0.90 2.02 0.32 0.23 1.08 0.72 0.24

2007 3.94 3.20 1.11 1.40 2.40 1.50 0.49

T f f w w s l sls w l

l f ls f . T EU s ss f

s s f M us f Al, M, Tus, ll

s l f EU (Eus 2001, 2007). Hw, s s us, l

s u 95 f Al xs (s Pzs 2008: 245). Ts s Al

f ls sus f s f EU, s w EU fu

f Al. T l u w l sulus, Al s

ll l uus EU s . T Ml Es us

s s. F E J, U Ss us f

s s EU (Pzs 2008: 237f). F L S, EU

18 Su: Wl B, Wl Dl Is (l s). T wl GDP f 1990 ws 21,883 f 2007 54,583 ll u US$; lu s lul s s + xs f s ss;

wl lu f 1990 ws 8369 f 2006 27,809 ll u US$.


19/31


l s Ml Es us s . Ex s l, S s l

u fl l.

A Il M Fu, ll s us s, u

ll f u l s. Ex f L, w s lss s u

l u Wl B s 1997, ll us f

lw l . Hw, su f Gss Nl I (GNI) s u

, w E S lw Al u f . Sll, ll

s us sw u u l Hu Dl Rs f

U Ns Dl P (UNDP), u L s 78 ws M s

s lw s 127. T us f f lls w s sl

l, w lss xl sss. I s f Ol

Dl Asss (ODA) l , us usl slu

s l w f s GDP uls. I l, ss j l f ODA u 1990s. Ts s s u 2001 f ll us

x f S , ll, f E. E us f ls f (US) xl

sss s C D A w Isl 1978. I l sz, sll us,

su s L J, u lls f ODA s s f GDP.

T fllw E, M Tus, ws Al l s ll us f .

F S, S U us s ul s -u (s Pzs 2008:

228). Ts su f xl sss s l s l 1990s, l S w

l ODA lls.

Table 4: Development and aid1913

Al E J L Morocco S

GNI , Als

(u US$)

1990 2420 770 1390 1230 1030 890 1430

2006 3030 1360 2650 5580 2160 1560 2970

Wl B All Clss

L = Lw I

LM = Lw Ml I

UM = U Ml I

LM

LM

L 1990-

1994

LM

LM ul

1996

UM

s

1997

LM LM LM

HDI1990 0.645 0.572 .. .. 0.516 0.625 0.6252006 0.748 0.716 0.769 0.796 0.646 0.736 0.762

HDI 2006

All Mu Hu Dl100 116 90 78 127 105 95

Ol Dl

Asss l

(ll u US$)

1990 132 5426 886 252 1048 683 391

2006 209 873 580 707 1046 27 432

-

260 2173 583 252 693 243 267

ODA % f GDP1990 0,21 12,58 22,04 8,88 4,06 5,55 3,18

2006 0,18 0,81 4,11 3,11 1,60 0,08 1,43

ODA ( u

US$)

1990 5,21 98,41 279,49 84,75 43,36 53,68 47,95

2006 6,25 11,77 104,66 174,41 34,29 1,38 42,65

13 Su: Wl B, Wl Dl Is (l s); UNDP, Hu Dl Rs

(l sss).


20/31


W l s f xl sss s f EU s ss, Eu s

s su f fu f Tus M. Ts s ls u f Al S, u

f Eu s s u f us l lw lls

f . E J, lss x L, l s f US ,

u l f Eu s w f E L.

Table 5: Aid dependence on Europe2014


All s, ll US$

(u s)

1990 132 5426 886 252 1048 683 391

2007 389 1096 516 956 1072 82 323

DAC EU Ms, ll

US$ (u s)

1990 100 664 212 49 395 63 153

2007 276 314 42 284 547 49 184DAC EU Ms % f ll

s

1990 76 12 24 20 38 9 39

2007 71 29 8 30 51 60 57

T s A u us l ju s ll ls w EU.

Hw, s f s, lss EU. I

l, s l s w Ml Es M us s s

EUs l l , u fs su s us sz ll f ul

sus fu s u. Tus M Tus l EU

ws l ul s xs Al f ls us. Sll, E S j l . E l ls US s l su f

su S s ws l s. J L s slls us

f Ml Es u s s f EU l ls.

Polical liberalisaon

T s w f suus ss w (Hu) f s.

Wl fs, f us s ss f s. E

u w s sf, s u s

w f l lus 1950s 1960s. T s s xl suss f s (Cs 2002). A s , s us llus

uls f lssf s z w u s. T

s us f s ll s sus l ( lss) ul

ls. Hw, l s us f ll qulf s

ll s F Hus ss.2115

14 Su: OECD.SExs, ODA R u, ://ss.., 12 S 2009.

21 F Hus 2009: Ell s, FIW 1989-90-2009, ://www.fus./uls/

w09/CHsD/EllDTl.xls, ls ss 3 S 2009.


21/31


Wl F Hus s f ll s l ls u u

f qul f u, s f ssll

f ll lls ss us. T ll u s f ws ss

us, u s w us. J M,

w sul s, l s ssl s l f s

1990. T s 4,3 4,8 f 1990-2008. L ws s l

f 2008, u ll s f s 1990s, jus s Al, E, Tus,

w s u 5,5 ls 19 s. Fll, S s s ws ssl u wl

, w f s. Ts u s ll f Wl Bs Wl

G Is (WGI), l V Aul.2216All s us lw

wl-w s, u sll s w us. As f

sws s ls s , lus f 1996-2008 llw sl

u s F Wl x, w J, L, M l, fllw

Al, E, Tus, w S .

Cs Pl IV l x, u sll s, s s f sulz

sulz u u u ss ul ss. Tus,

wl L l s ss s, s s l w

l S ww s s 2005.2317Als, f Al

s u, w ls 2004 l f . B s,

Ms j ll fs, u slf s qul s l sll lss

u S, l .

Ms s x f /ll lls 1980s l 1990s, ,

w, su f l s us. W ll f 1992 ls, Al s

s xl f fl s, u s u ll w

ls fllw s f s w ss, s J, E, Tus. Sll,

M, u u Hss II, s l l u. H

s s s f ll f l l J,

M ( 1999), S (2000) sf s ls s.

22 Wl u Dl Kuf ws F Hus F Wl s f

s f V Aul, Pll Rs Cl Ls l w sus f

30, s Kuf l. (2009: 74).

23 Du u f s ls, l x f L su f 1990-2004, s 15 s f l w (1975-1989), w ws slf

s f u. F us f sz u ss s Msll Js 2008: 17f.


22/31


Graph 1: World Banks WGI Voice and Accountability

T , l f s u su quls s ll ,

f ll lls s sl ss us. L w s, J

M, s lls s. I s, Al, E, Tus l

s wll f S w s ls lls u s.

Statehood

Alu ll s us s s ll s ss, s

xll ll, ll f f s w s

(s Ks 2009). A f l w, xl u ss

Wsl s. Dsll, l l us f f s

l . Cl w s s sl l s sl f . S s u s ss , l ll, Wl Bs

G I Pll Sl & As f Vl, f s s f l

(l xl) s C B f Hl Isu Il

C Rs, Pll Isl Ts F (PITF) w s flu, ls f H

Csul Ts Bs (HCTB) f C f Ss P.

Oll, Tus s s ls s u Wl G

Is, s ll sl lus l , s l l

s, ll, l s s l 1990s. T w s

f M J ls s u f sl, w WGI ss ll l l,

u M s sl Ws S, ll

Year

WGI - Voice & Accountability

Tunisia

Syria

Morocco

Lebanon

Jordan

Egypt

Algeria0

-0,5

-1,0

-1,5

-2,0

1996 1998 2000 2002 2003

Est.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008


23/31


w Al, J s su w- u s l w Isl

w sus f us Ws B. S s ls qu sl, u s x

w l l ss s 2004. Isl sll us S Gl s. Wl

ll s us su f s s 2001, f w s

ull s l. B s, E sll ss sll WGI, u s ll

Musl B l Isls us s 1992. Wl s ss s

lu w (PTIF) 1999, sll sws s l w Isls

s. I 2004-2006, w HCTB u l us E.

L Al s lw f WGI ss l w us

w s (s Kuf l. 2009: 33). Al s 1990s w l

w w Isls l us , s f ll lls

ws ul l ll ls 1992. Alu l w ws ll

2000 ll sl s s u s , PTIF s lu w s l 2004 C B sws w Isls

us, u ls w B Kl, s ss. L, s, jus

15 s f l w 1990 s 1990s w l f () .

Du s f l sl, xl s sl l Ls s. T

s u lu w Isl 1994, Isl s lss

u s f Su L ul 2000. I , S s L

f l w, su fl , llus S l

Ls ls. S l s s C Rlu s

f f P Ms Hs ssss 2005. A s , w, ll sl s

s sl L, l s s, w w Hzll

Isl 2006 l w Pls fus 2007 2008.

Graph 2: World Banks WGI Polical Stability & Absence of Violence

1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Tunisia

Syria

Morocco

Lebanon

JordanEgypt

Algeria

0

-0,5

0,5

-1,0

-1,5

-2,0

-2,5

t'/W^s

Year

Est.


24/31


I su, Tus s s f s, fllw J M. E S

sll s, u s. Fll, l w l sl l s

Al L.

5. A

E u s ssl ll lus f , , ll

lls, s f u us f l 20 s, s s s su

u l s llw ss s.

T us ss sw cooperaon l f s l l

w EUs ss u s M l fw. Hw, l

f ll lu sss s s s sus s ss us,

s . M J l, ws S ll s

l l. I l l, ss f Tus Al sll w. Wl

f s l u l s f sf , l

ss u sl s us.

R interdependence, s l l f EU f M Ml

Es us. F M, Tus, Al, EU s ss

u , ws s Ml Es u s US

ls l . Nlss, wl M Tus l

EU, Al l ls w s l s xs. Sll,

Ml Es, sll us f J L sll EU s E,

Isl ls f US , w xs f Eu sss

us. S s u fus ls w l s, u Ws s

s s Ml Es . Is f polical liberalisaon statehood

sw. J, M, L qulf s lls s

, ws S s ls u. F Al L, l w l

u ss sl l s. B s, w s,

J M, sll Tus s lss s ss.

Figure 6: Overview of cooperaon and potenal explanatory factors

C D Lls S

Al 0 - 0 -

E 0 - 0 0

J + 0 + +

L 0 0 + -

Morocco + + + +

S - - - 0

Tus 0 + 0 +


25/31


Oll, u f M, J, E, S ss x

fu EU s wll s lls f ll lls s

l l ll lu sss

(ss 1 2). Hw, s s s f Al, L, Tus. M ll, f ll lls ss l s lsl , ws l

w s s lus. I L, f ll lls

s w s l f . Cs

f ll lls s, Ls s ull sus x

w w ls: T sl l s s f

(ss 2).

Fll, f EU w Al Tus us u uss.

Cs Tus EU s s s, sul f

EUs . Hw, s s l

1990s, s Eu Css s l u

l sss w Tus us. I s, Al sul ls ll

f , s l EU, u s s

l ll Al fusl ll lu fu ss f

u s. A ul f l w 1990s, sss s ull u

ll s f ll EU w us . I , ll

lu l u fl ss.

6. Cu

Ts s s EUs s M sus s

l w l ls. C qus f

s--s M Ps s l 1990s, EU u ul sul

fw f Eu-M . Is ul quls s f

l w. A l l f ll lu

sss ss EUs s ll ls w s M Ps.

Hw, s u s f s s f EUs l

w. A ss s f l xl fs

suss f ll lls s l s

f l f ll lu sss. Wl s

sw l l w f l f , s

ss l f ll lls. Hw, lss u f w

uls f Al Tus. E u sl ls s ll ss, s s

s us f . Tus s s s s

sul f u Al. Ts s s, s w Tus


26/31


s , ws Al s sl u s

l 1990s.

Bs s l s, ss s l fw

ls f xl fs s l

w xl s us s fu. I l f w

uls, ls l sss f s ls us ss. Ts

u u w f ls f ll lls s

s--luls ss f s w lsss sl. F xl,

u f s ll su, xs s f s, u ls

s l f l s f f s wllss

ll w xl s. F M ul, s w lu

ss f - xlus f sl, sll Isl, s s ls (Bw

l. 2006; Lus-O/Zu 2008). I , f xl ss s l. C w s ll , l

ss js u s sl lw ss f u

(Bzl/Rss 2003; Kll 2006; Slf/Sl 2005). F

s, EU sss Al s uusull s fus su s,

w su Al s sl s. Fll, EUs s, ull

sus f , su s s l s l

f ll l, s EUs ss us u

f (Slf/Slz 2008).

Cs ll ls f s s, l w f ll

lls ss f l xl s

s l: C s s ul w s s . A s , s

f f sl l suss f l us

sus ss (Dlu 2003) l f ss sussful s s

fs sll ss (W 2002; Gs 1999). Hw, EUs x

M s ls u, s s sus : I l u,

s su u s s EUs .

T EU s f s sz s ll (Bzl/Rss 2004), u s s

ssl f s w.


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Cul Hu Rs, D Dl, 28 N 1991,

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European Commission 1996: Css S W P. R l 1994 f

Rslu f Cul f M Ss Cul Hu Rs,

D Dl, 28 N 1991, SEC (1996) 378, 29.02.1996,

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European Commission 1996: R l f sus s

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Cu 2001, Bussls: EuA.

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Cu 2001, Bussls.

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Aul R f MEDA 2000, COM (2001) 806, 28.12.2001, Bussls.


Pl. R EU s Hu Rs s w M

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European Commission 2008: Eu-A C- O, T js f

EU, 2003-2006, : ://.u.u/u/w/wlw//js_.; 1

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T K-Fu - Eu A Ex

Iv R

T Kll-Fsu (KFG) s w fu lu-

G Rs Fu 2008. I s -

f KFG sll sul

w s s l w sus w sll u f s ju ss.

T Kll-Fsu T Tsf Pw f Eu

s s Eu s Bl-B-

u sulzs w u-

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f s, lz ss s

f l xl us sss s s:

I Pul S

Cl, Cl B

C Rls Eus Exl Rls

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