EU-China ,Eu-India Relations
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Transcript of EU-China ,Eu-India Relations
China and India and the EU
China and the European Union
Outline
A historical review of EU-China relations
Achievement of EU-China relations
Examination of the overlapping and conflicting interests between the EU and China
Analysis of the promises and problems of the partnership
Conclusion
A historical review
Establishing diplomatic relations (1975)
Mutually disregard (1975-1994)
Mutually attraction (1995-2002)
Honeymoon (2003-2004)
Reflection and adjustment (2005-now)
Reflection and adjustment (2005-now)
The EU’s rising trade deficit: China’s exports to the EU
US$19.09 billion in 1995 US$181.98 billion in 2006 China’s imports from the EU
US$21.25 billion in 1995 US$90.32 billion in 2006
European Commission (2006):“EU-China: closer partners, growing responsibilities”
European Commission (2006):“the first policy paper on EU-China trade and investment: Competition and Partnership”
Achievements of EU-China Cooperation
Institutionalized Cooperation Trade Safety
EU-China Dialogue
Trade
The EU and China enjoy one of the world's biggest trade relationships. The EU is China's biggest trading partner while China is the EU's second biggest after the United States. Trade in goods was worth €467 billion in 2014, while trade in services reached €54 billion. EU-China trade and investment exchanges have become a major source of wealth, jobs, development and innovation.
Trade
Trade
Foreign policy and Safety Issue
• The EU and China share the common goal of improving international security, including nuclear non-proliferation in the world. Cooperation in this first pillar is expanding, including in successfully fighting piracy off the coast of Somalia or joining forces as part of the international community efforts on the Iranian nuclear deal.
• EU and Chinese maritime vessels are successfully cooperating in fighting piracy. Since 2011, Chinese vessels have escorted World Food Programme vessels in the Gulf of Aden, burden-sharing with the EU. China expressed great appreciation for EUNAVFOR's involvement in the liberation of hostages from a Panamanian-registered cargo ship in 2012. The EU also assisted in freeing Chinese hostages from a Taiwanese-operated ship. In the last two years, piracy off the coast of Somalia has decreased 95% thanks to such international efforts.
• China is stepping up its support for peacekeeping operations, as evidenced also in President Xi's pledge on peacekeeping at the United Nations last year. This increases potential for cooperation also between China and the EU, as in Mali, where both are engaged. Consideration of further cooperation in these areas is of importance given that today's major international problems cannot be solved by acting individually.
Conflicts and Mutual Interests
Conflicts The arms embargo issue(1989-) Textiles conflicts(2005) Anti-dumping
Mutual Interests• Multipolarity
The arms embargo issue
The issue before 2003
The issue between 2003 and 2005
The issue at current stage
The textile dispute
The abolishment of the 40-year-long quota regime on Jan. 1, 2005
The surge of Chinese textile products export to the EU
The agreement in June 2005 between the EU and China
The second agreement in September 2005
The textile dispute
Problems indicated: The Community does not speak with one
voice. Different groups have different interests. Both the EU and China lack a necessary
understanding of each other’s market development.
A joint monitoring system introduced
China’s understanding of building multipolarity before 2003
Multipolarity “helps weaken and curb hegemonism and power politics, serves to bring about a just and equitable order and contributes to world peace and development.”
China’s understanding of multipolarity after 2003
Our efforts to promote the development of the world towards multipolarization (multipolarity) are not targeted at any particular country, nor are they aimed at re-staging the old play of contention for hegemony in history. Rather, these efforts are made to boost the democratization of international relations, help the various forces in the world, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, enhance coordination and dialogue, refrain from confrontation and preserve jointly world peace, stability and development.
The EU’s understanding of multilateralism
The end of the Cold War has left the United States in a dominant position as a military actor. However, no single country is able to tackle today’s complex problems on its own.
Europe should be ready to share in the responsibility for global security and in building a better world.
International cooperation is a necessity. We need to pursue our objectives both through multilateral cooperation in international organizations and through partnerships with key actors.
Promises and difficulties
Shared long-term interest in achieving economic prosperity and worldwide political influence:
EU-China 2020 Strategic Agenda for CooperationDifficulties:(1)Differences in ideological and development stages of member states
(2)China’s attitude towards EU:“Brussels is losing importance: we must go back to the capitals, who make the decisions, speak to Member States, even on trade”.
(3)The role of the US
Conclusion
The EU and China have both put forward strategic development plans - China's two centenary goals and the 12th Five Year Plan, the EU 2020 Strategy - which present potential for synergies to enhance cooperation for win-win results. The two sides are committed to promoting the EU-China Comprehensive strategic Partnership in the next decade.
The partnership may not be exempted from difficulties and problems, but it needs to be maintained and developed for the sake of mutual benefits.
EU-India relations
Historical Evidence
Historically, EU countries have had interest in India
English, French, Dutch, Portuguese have all had colonised India
in the past
Silk route, though India - biggest factor in development of
civilisations in India
In addition to economic trade, the Silk Route served as ways of
carrying out cultural trade between the networking civilisations
Chronology
1962: India establishes diplomatic relations with EEC
1971: EU provides trade support through the Geberalised System of
Preferences (GSP)
1973: The EU and India sign a Commercial Cooperation Agreement for
marketing support to several sectors of Indian industry with export potential
1991: India and the EU sign a Commercial and Economic Cooperation
Agreement
1983: The EU sets up a Delegation in India
1988: The first meeting of the EU-India Joint Commission
1989: Scientific cooperation between Indian and the EU set up in fundamental
as well as applied research
1992: European and Indian industry establish a Joint Business Forum to
promote trade and investment.
1993: The first sector cooperation programme is launched in primary
education with EU support of €150 mn. to the Indian Government's
District Primary Education Programme(DPEP)
1994: EU-India Cooperation Agreement on Partnership and
Development upgrades relationship
1996: A second sector cooperation programme is launched in the area of
health with a grant of €200 mn.
2000: The first EU-India summit is held in Lisbon, €200 mn. support to
India's Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Chronology
2001: The EU and India sign an agreement on Science and Technology
Cooperation 2004: A Strategic Partnership is launched
2005: A Joint Action Plan to implement the Strategic Partnership is
agreed to strengthen dialogue and consultation mechanisms, bring together
people and cultures, enhance economic policy dialogue and develop trade
and investment
2006; €160 mn. State Partnership Programme is launched with Rajasthan
and Chhattisgarh 2008: A Joint Declaration on Education is signed to facilitate cooperation
in higher education
Chronology
2009: A Joint Declaration on Multilingualism is singed between the EU
and India
2011: The European Investment Bank provides a framework loan of €
200 mn. to finance projects in the renewable energy sector. The EU and
India sign a Joint Declaration on Culture 2012: Adopted at the EU-India Summit, a Joint Declaration on Energy
foresees cooperation on smart grids, clean coal technologies, nuclear
safety and security, biofuels and renewable energy
2012: The EU-India Skills Development Project is launched for
vocational education and training
Chronology
Trade and Economic Cooperation
• EU is India's largest trading partner
• The bilateral relationship is reviewed annually by India - EU
Summit at the level of Indian PM and the Presidency of the EU
• Announcement of Strategic Partnership was made at 5th India-
EU Summit held in Hague in November 2004
Investment and Economic Cooperation
• To promote business and research cooperation in the key sectors of
energy, environment, biotechnology and transport, the EU has
supported the creation of the European Business and Technology
Centre(EBTC)
• Over many years, the EU has also offered targeted trade-related
assistance to boost India's competitiveness so it can take greater
advantage of the opportunities that the European market represents
• The scope and potential gains of the EU-India partnership are enormous
Free Trade Agreement
• In the short run alone, India is expected to gain €5 bn. and the EU over €4 bn.
• The FTA vies for stricter enforcement of Intellectual Property(IPR) and would
largely eliminate import duties on both sides. This means, for example, that
clothing exported from India to the EU would no longer pay the current
applicable tariff of 9.6%.
• Indian agricultural products such as rice would also gain significantly improved
market access.
• On the other hand European products like machinery, transport equipment or
other industrial products would get better access to the Indian market.
• The EU-India FTA would be one of the most significant trade agreements ever,
touching the lives of 1.7 billion people.
Economic Sectoral Dialogues and Co-operation
Under the Economic Policy Dialogue and Co-operation section of the Action
Plan, enhanced cooperation and dialogue is envisaged in the following sectors:
• Trade, Transport, Environment, Energy
• Science and Technology, Space Technology
• Information Society, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Industrial Policy,
Customs Co-operation
• Dialogue on Economic and Financial Matters
• Employment and Social Policy
• Agriculture and Business Dialogue & Co-operation
Economic Policy Cooperation
The proposed initiatives for Economic Policy Cooperation include the
following actions:
• Trade, Industry, and Business Co-operation
• Transport
• Energy
• Environment
Multi-sector Policy Dialogue Support Facility
• Financial support provided to the other sectors of the Action Plan enable the
progressive development of enhanced cooperation in these areas.
• These sectors will receive funding either through the 7th Framework
Programme or will be included in the multi-sector Policy Dialogue Support
Facility.
• Some of them will also receive funding through the respective thematic
programmes for external action.
• Depending on the progress made in the period of the first MIP (Multi
Annual Investment Policy) (2007-2010), some of these sectors could be
considered for more substantial Economic Policy Co-operation actions in
the second MIP (2010-2013)
Thank you for your attention!