WarfareSettlement & Monumental Archaeology

Religion

Forefathers of the Roman Republic

THE ETRUSCANS

WARFARE

Etruscan MilitaryEtruscan Military

Bronze Warrior6C BCE Chariot

• -more organized and resource-rich.

• -adopted Greek military tactics and weapons.

• -then improved on them.

• Their outburst of energy lasted several centuries. Bit by bit they conquered others to the north, in the middle, and to the south.

THE ETRUSCANS WERE

Etruscans excelled at adorning their shields with a convincingly ferocious-looking god. It was used to signal to the opponent that the gods were on the side of the Etruscans. Perhaps the God-On-Shield also served as psychological reinforcement for themselves.

ROMAN MILITARY STRATEGY AND

TACTICS

“War can only end in eventual victory”

• Great soldiers

• Well-trained

• All volunteers

ROME: MILITARY ABILITY

ROME ADAPTS…

Completely reorganizes army.

Tactics during battle still not seen as important part of warfare.

Cavalry still not seen as an offensive unit… and will not be for a while.

REALLY ADAPTSNew Helmets!New Shields!

ROME STILL MISSING SOMETHING…

Up until the Second Punic War, Rome had no generals that stood out from the crowd…

Until…

THE SHIELD AND SWORD OF ROME

Quintus Fabius Maximus

(Cunctator)

Roman politician and general

Marcus Claudius Marcellus

Five times elected as consul of the Roman

Republic, was an important Roman military

leader

MORE IMPORTANTLY THOUGH…

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

General in the Second Punic War

THE ‘CLASSIC’ ROMAN LEGION

• Came into being largely due

to reforms of Caius Marius

• Any citizen could be a

soldier now, so long as he

was fit and willing to fight

• Soldiers prepared for any

situation

• Pensions! Marius’ Mules

WAY THE ‘CLASSIC’ LEGION OPERATED• With many wars under

its belt the Roman

Empire held dominance

on the battlefield

• Rome had tactics that

only it had the

resources to pull off

NAVAL WARFARE

QuinqueremeTrireme

HOW COULD ROME LOSE?

• Even an army of 400,000 could not keep these borders safe forever.

• Remember cavalry?

• The last competent general was Belsarius under Justinain.

AN EMPIRE SPLIT, AN ARMY REFORMED

“My mother bore a general, not a

warrior”

• Rome’s economy declines.

• Rome faces military upheaval.

• Roman politics decay.

• Bigger gap between the rich and poor.

CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF ROME

Rome splits into East and West

• Economic– Inflation– Disruption of Trade

• Military– Threats from Northern European tribes– Decline of patriotism & loyalty among soldiers– Low funds for defense

• Political– Division of the empire– Political office seen as a burden, not an honor

• Social– Lack of confidence in the empire– Decline in interest of political affairs

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE DECLINE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE…

RELIGION

Etruscan ReligionEtruscan Religion

Z Polytheistic.

Z Believed that the destiny of manwas determined by the whims of the gods.

Z Believed in prophecy and readingthe signs of nature by augurs.

Z Believed in predestination.

Z Polytheistic.

Z Believed that the destiny of manwas determined by the whims of the gods.

Z Believed in prophecy and readingthe signs of nature by augurs.

Z Believed in predestination.

• Jupiter ( Zeus):king- ruled the sky– Central cella– 4 horse chariot on roof

• Juno (Hera):goddess of marriage

• Minerva (Athena):wisdom and warfare

ETRUSCAN GODS: MADE OF TERRA COTTA

• rustic Italian cults

• overlay of Greek religion

• Etruscan influences

• believed everything had a spirit

ROMAN RELIGIONROMAN RELIGION

SETTLEMENT &

MONUMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY

• Walls with protective gates and towers surrounded the cities

• Arcuated Gateway: Anticipates the Roman use of the round arch

ETRUSCANARCHITECTURE

Reconstruction of anEtruscan Temple

Reconstruction of anEtruscan Temple

Etruscan CemeteryEtruscan Cemetery

Etruscan Funeral& Tomb

Etruscan Funeral& Tomb

Etruscan Tomb Wall &

Tomb Fresco

Etruscan Tomb Wall &

Tomb Fresco

Interior of an Etruscan Tomb

Interior of an Etruscan Tomb

Sarcophagus of an Etruscan Couple

Sarcophagus of an Etruscan Couple

The Gate of Volterra:First known Archway in

History!

The Gate of Volterra:First known Archway in

History!

• great skill

• engineers and architects

• roads, cities

• concrete

ROMAN ARCHITECTUREROMAN ARCHITECTURE

ROME: AQUEDUCTS – structures, using the arch, that bring water into the city

CIRCUS MAXIMUS – The chariot races were held at this track, holding hundreds of thousands of people. The track was

designed so that the emperor could watch from his palace.

PANTHEON - The place where Roman gods were worshipped…. The ceiling is in a dome shape, another significant development of the times.

THE COLOSSEUM

CATACOMBS

END.THANKS FOR LISTENING!