Ethos, or the character of the speaker
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Transcript of Ethos, or the character of the speaker
Key ingredients in the communication (ancient Greece):
Ethos, or the character of the speaker Pathos, connecting with the emotions and Logos - the factual content of a message
Dimensions of communication (now):
Content (information itself) Form (the way it is presented: verbal/non-verbal) Destination or target (the receiving end)
COMMUNICATIONENG 100B
Communication
Verbal
Language
7-11%Nonverbal
Facial Expressions
Eye Contact
Gestures
Postures
Kinesics(Body language)
Paralanguage
Voice tone, volume, etc.
Proxemics
Use of space
COMMUNICATIONENG 100B
benjaminmales.com/.../proxemics_small.jpg
Proxemics
Use of space
Saudi Arabia
Netherlands
US
Nonverbal…
COMMUNICATION
Gestures
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Postures play: mismatch and agree; match and disagree.
Postures
Command respect by standing tall…
Height of the average American male: 5'9”Height of the average Fortune 500 corporate CEO: 6'Percentage of Fortune 500 CEOs 6'2” or taller: 30Percentage of all American men 6'2” or taller: 3.9 Source: Gladwell, Malcolm. Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2005.
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Eye Contact
Arab cultures
South Asian; African
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more
less
sender receiver
FeedbackBarrier
Encode
Barrier
Decode
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message
NOISE
Transparency overestimation
the belief that our goals and motives are more clearly recognized by the others than it is
actually true.
COMMUNICATION
The Johari Window
Joe Luft and Harry Ingham, 1955, 1984, modified by De Zan
I knowabout Me
You know about Me
Unknown area
FACADE
BLIND SPOT
ARENADisclosure
Feedback
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
By Ji Lee, Creative Director for Google Creative Lab
Vagueness
Croesus, King of Lydia, consulted the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle, a priestess of Apollo, told him that a great nation would fall if he crossed the Persian border. Assuming that the great nation was Persia, he crossed and was defeated. It turned out the great nation that fell was his own. Of course, if he had won, the oracle could also have claimed to be correct.
http://www.truthpizza.org/logic/vague.htm
COMMUNICATION
Six facets of effective listening, by Thomas N. Ingram, 1992
encourage to talk make no
assumptions
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Important steps:
1. Suspend your agenda (temporarily);
2. Attend to the speaker;
3. Clarify;
4. Reflect: - on emotions; on content.
Tips for Effective Listening
1. Make eye contact2. Use head nods and appropriate facial expressions 3. Avoid distracting actions or gestures 4. Ask questions 5. Paraphrase 6. Avoid interrupting the speaker 7. Don't over talk 8. Make smooth transitions between
role of speaker and listener
COMMUNICATION
Clarifying question•What do you mean?•Which effect have you observed? •When is the problem occurring, when not? •Do you have an idea why this is so?
Scaling question• If you where asked to give a grade, which would it
be? •On a scale 0-100, how is the personal benefit for you? •Which weighs more....?
Hypothetic question
•What would be necessary to happen so that...?•Assume, you would do... what could happen? •What would be necessary to make it better/worse?• Imaging the problem is not existent anymore, what
would be different?
Suggestive question Be careful!
•Don’t you agree...?•Don’t you think that this should be done?•Don’t you want to ...?
?COMMUNICATION
Read: Nameless + Harmless = Blameless: When Seemingly Irrelevant Factors Influence Judgment of (Un)ethical Behaviorhttp://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/09-020.pdf
Next Class: Influence. Ethics & Values.
Presentation: Ethics & Values.