Anthiopology: Ethnology, West Indies / 109

ETHNOLOGY: West IndiesLAMEROS COMITAS, Professor of Anthropology and Education, Teachers College,Columbia University, and Director, Research Institute for the Study of Man, New York

IN THIS VOLUME OF HLAS, I have annotated publications in social and cultural anthropology or other closely related disciplines. They cover 29 distinct Caribbean territories: Antigua, Aruba, Barbados, Barbuda, Belize, Cuba, Curaçâo, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grand Cayman, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Ja­maica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, St. Barthélémy,St. John, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, Sminam, Tobago, Trinidad, and Venezuela. Also in­cluded are some 36 aimotations of publications that deal generally with the Carib­bean region, the Commonwealth Caribbean, or with units such as the US Virgin Islands. The territory receiving by far the most attention from researchers during this two-year report period has been Jamaica followed by Haiti and then by Belize and Sminam. As in the past, the cited publications cover a wide range of subject matter, methodological approaches, and theoretical perspectives. Numerically, how­ever, the foci of scholarly inquiry for Caribbearnsts during this period have been the subjects of religion and magic, and ethnicity.

In the first category, interest in Rastafarianism is particularly marked (item 1018), with various researchers probing such diverse dimensions of that religio- political movement as personal discovery and conversion (item 1055), its history and belief stmcture (item 1025), dread talk (item 1105), musical style (item 1094), and cultural identity (item 1117). For the moment, it appears that the Rastafarian phenomenon is in anthropological fashion. Other specialists on aspects of religion and magic deal with Jamaican Rumina (item 1020), Spiritual Baptists in Trinidad (item 1061), Gagà in the Dominican Republic (item 1119) as well as salve music in that country (item 1041), the Jonestown tragedy (item 1026), Voodoo (item 1086) as well as zombie phenomena in Haiti (items 1040,1045,1047, and 1123), Surinamese religious specialists (item 1145), and Bush Negro religious movements in Surinam during the late rpth and early 20th centuries (item 1139a).

Ethnicity in the Caribbean, as a general topic, is well represented largely by a special issue of Ethnic Groups ( 6:2 / 3 ). Its eight articles cover ethnicity in Cuba and Puerto Rico in the i8th and 19th centuries (item 1049), race and ethnicity in the US Virgin Islands (item 1007), differential expressions of Chinese ethnicity in the British West Indies (item 1125), ethnic participation in rural Belizean economic de­velopment (item 1022), Carib stmctural position in Dominica (item 1081) as well as with two broader discussions of "new ethnicity" (item 1075) and the meaning of ethnicity in the Caribbean (item 1062). Other publications on this theme center on Belizean mating patterns (item 1033), ethnic references in Haitian folktales (item 1043), schooling in the US Virgin Islands (item 1057), and on the relationship of economy and revolt to ethnicity in Haiti (item 1099). Anthropological interest re­mains high for specific ethnic groups—particularly those most removed, geographi­cally and culturally, from the mainstream of West Indian life. For example, eight articles cited in this section (items 1039,1064,1065,1069,1073,1074,1100, and 1101) deal with the Black Caribs or Garifuna (several of these appear in the collec­tion Black Caribs: a case study of biocultmal adaptation, edited by Michael H. Crawford for Plenum Press). The Bush Negroes of Sminam have received even more attention: Richard and Sally Price have contributed five publications, includ­ing three books, on Saramaka Maroon ethnohistory and contemporary life (items

lio / Handbook of Latin American Studies

1107-1111); a festschrift in honor of Silvia de Groot, noted specialist on the Djuka, includes a number of articles by her colleagues on Surinamese Maroons (item 1135); and, as already noted, several others have published on Bush Negro religious activi­ties. During this report period, only a scattering of publications have appeared on Amerindians in Guyana or on East Indians (items 1023a, 1035,1088,1095, and 1126). This may well be due to difficult research conditions in present-day Guyana.

Other topics of numerically smaller representation but of lasting interest to Caribbeanists include social stratification, socioeconomic behavior, sociocultural change, problems of identity, effects of migration on the sending societies, applied studies on language and health, and folklore and aesthetics. Given the recent up­surge in women's studies, this genre of research has made a significant appearance on the list. The organized impetus for women's studies in the region has come prin­cipally from a multidisciplinary project entitled "Women in the Caribbean" spon­sored by the Institute of Social and Economic Research (Eastern Caribbean) of the Univ. of the West Indies. To date, this group has produced a number of research monographs on such themes as perceptions and stereotypes of Caribbean women (item 1023), women and politics in Barbados (item 1050), women, work, and devel­opment (item 1058), the demographics of employed women in Barbados (item 1084), women and education (item 1148), and women and the family (item 1149). Other publications in this rubric although not part of the project publication series deal with female household heads (item 1085), female status, the family, and male domi­nance (item 1093), and the role of women in the Caribbean (item 1106). The devel­opment of women's studies is both promising and welcome.

Not already covered and deserving special mention are a number of books and monographs, among them, Roger Abrahams's collection on the role of the verbal performer (item 1005), Diane Austin's study of culture and class ideology in two Kingston neighborhoods (item 1011), Lawrence Fisher's exploration of "madness" and the Barbadian social order (item 1054), Paget Henry's study of peripheral capi­talism in Antigua (item 1071), Michel Laguerre's study of a Haitian urban com­munity (item 1079), Paulette Pierce's analysis of the struggle to nationalize the Guyanese sugar industry (item 1103), Richard Price's collection of Saramaka oral his­tory (item 1107), Sally Price's account of Saramaka social and artistic life (item 1109), the first Fnglish translation of Price-Mars's classic Ainsi parla l’oncle (item 1112), and M.G. Smith's long essay on the literature on culture, race, and class in the Ca­ribbean and pluralism in theoretical and territorial context (item 1127).

The death in Feb. 1985 of Dr. Vera Rubin is sadly noted. Founder and long­time Director of the Research Institute for the Study of Man, an institution devoted to Caribbean social science, her contributions to the advancement of our knowl­edge of Caribbean culture and society and to our understanding of the human di­mensions of West Indian life were profound. She will be missed.

I am indebted to Dr. Ansley Hamid for his valuable contribution to the prepa­ration of this section.

1005 Abrahams, Roger D. The man-of-words in the West Indies: performance and

the emergence of Creole culture. Baltimore, Md.; The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1983. 203 p.: hibl., ill., tables.

Collection of 11 excellent articles by the author on the role of verbal performer in Nevis, St. Kitts, Tobago, and St. Vincent. Ob­

jective of the volume is to establish the presence and importance of a performance complex in the English-speaking Caribbean, a set of traits which articulates expressive relationships.1006 After Africa; extracts from British

travel accounts and journals of the sev-

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 111

enteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth cen­turies concerning the slaves, their manners, and customs in the British West Indies.Edited by Roger D. Abrahams and John F. Szwed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1983. 444 p.: bibl., ill.

Objective of editors was "to seek out in the oldest documents available the en­counter of Africans and Europeans in the New World, toward the discovery of what was and is distinctly Afro-American in the cul­tures of the Americas." Collection divided into: The Slave Accounts in Context; Ways of Speaking; Anancy Tales; Religion and Magic; Festivals, Carnivals, Holidays, and JonKanoo; Music, Dance, and Games; and. Miscellane­ous. Substantial, insightful introduction included.

1007 Albuquerque, Klaus de and Jerome L.McElroy. Race and ethnicity in the

United States Virgin Islands (Ethnic Groups (Gordon St Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3, 1985, p. 125-153, bibl., tables)

Emphasizing the effects of the Ameri­can presence, migration, and recent affluence, major Virgin Islands ethnic groups (native is­landers, French, Puerto Rican, white and black US mainlanders, and Commonwealth West Indians) are considered. "Census data and other evidence suggest some assimilation and a gradual shift from a plural, more 'flex­ible' West Indian model of social segmenta­tion to a simpler, more 'rigid' (but no less complex) black-white dichotomy."

1008 Alexander, Jack. Love, race, slavery,and sexuality in Jamaican images of

the family (in Kinship, ideology and practice in Latin America [see item 259] p. 147-180, bibl.)

Following the method and theory of David Schneider and R.T. Smith, author de­scribes and analyzes the conceptions that 11 middle-class Jamaicans have about kinship and how these articulate with their beliefs about race, class, and status. "The analysis assumes that culture consists of a pure level of domains, such as kinship and age, which consist of a set of collective representations that cohere, and that pure domains combine on a conglomerate level to create domains— such as the family—that are guides for action."1009 Ashton, Guy T. Migration and the

Puerto Rican support system (RRI,

12:2, Summer/Verano 1982, p. 228—242, bibl.)

Puerto Rican migration and especially the "brain-drain" of third- and fourth-year college students at Inter-American Univ. in P.R., is related to historical and contemporary aspects of the Puerto Rican extended family.

1010 Austin, Diane J. Culture and ideology in the English-speaking Caribbean: a

view from Jamaica (AES/AE, 10:2, May r983, p. 223-240, bibl.)

The historical ambiguity presented by Caribbean societies, of a stability comprising radical social inequalities, is reflected in two types of Caribbean anthropology, one stress­ing opposition, the other domination. Here, both themes are incorporated in a single ana­lytical perspective, which stresses the role of the Jamaican middle class as brokers between the working man and metropolitan sources of power.1011 --------. Urban life in Kingston, Ja­

maica: the culture and class ideologyof two neighborhoods. New York: Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 1984. 282 p.: bibl., tables (Caribbean studies; 3)

Study of two neighborhoods, one com­posed primarily of manual workers and the other of individuals holding clerical and pro­fessional positions. Author details the cul­tures and ideologies that prevail in these two settings, and of one ideology which she claims is dominant—"an ideology about edu­cation grounded in middle class culture which acts to redefine the values and institu­tions of working class life." In addition to describing daily life in the neighborhoods, substantial material is offered on politics and power, religion, sport and leisure, conflict and dispute, and ideology and hegenomy. Vol­ume concludes with two case studies, one on the middle class position and the other on the working class position.

1012 Ayensu, Edward S. Medicinal plants of the West Indies. Algonac, Mich.: Refer­

ence Publications, t98i. 282 p.: bibl., ill., indexes.

List of 632 species in tr4 families of plants includes standard scientific binomials. Also indicates local names of plants as well as purported medicinal use. Of value to field researchers.

1013 Baber, Willie L. Social change and the peasant community: Horowitz's

112 / Handbook of Latin American Studies

Morne-Paysan reinterpreted (UP/E, 21:3,July 1982, p. 227-24t, bibl., ill., tables]

Restudy of Martinican community indicates to author that Horowitz over­emphasized its egalitarian nature, de- emphasized class divisions, dissociated it from "the vicissitudes of a plantation econ­omy," and, consequently, failed to take into accoimt the Caribbean historical experience. Offers alternative interpretation based on processes linked to plantation economy and class relations stmctured through a planta­tion system.1014 Barrow, Christine. Guidelines for the

conduct of social surveys in the Carib­bean; the experience of a five island inter­disciplinary questionnaire survey. Cave Hill, Barbados; Institute of Social and Economic Research, Eastern Caribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 1983. 86 p.; bibl., ill., maps, tables (Occasional papers; 17)

Cautionary tale on the administration of social surveys in the Caribbean; a report of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Project in the Eastern Caribbean.1015 Berleant-Schiller, Riva. Grazing and

gardens in Barbuda (in The Keeping ofanimals: adaptation and social relations in livestock producing communities. Edited by Riva Berleant-Schiller and Eugenia Shanklin. Totowa, N.}.: Allanheld, Osum & Co., 1983,P- 73-9!; bibl., tables)

Demonstrates the delicate association of land use (open grazing of semiferal live­stock and small provision gardens) with physical environment, a customary land ten­ure which allows all Barbudans equal rights to undivided lands outside the single settle­ment, and political dependency. Land-use bal­ance shifts over long dry-and-wet cycles but land use and tenure have preserved Barbuda from drought and domination. However, if all factors are interdependent, a substantial change in one would affect the others. Such a change has come with political independence of Antigua-Barbuda in 1981 which is eroding traditional patterns of land tenure.

1016 Besson, Jean. Family land and Carib­bean society: toward an ethnography

of Afro-Caribbean peasantries {in Perspec­tives on Caribbean regional identity. Edited by Elizabeth M. Thomas-Hope. Liverpool, England; Centre for Latin American Studies, Univ. of Liverpool, 1984, p. 57-83, tables)

Discounting the traditional explana­tion of the origin and persistence of the in­stitution of family land in rural Jamaica and in the Caribbean generally—that it is an African or European cultural remnant—the argument here relates it first to the cireum- stances of plantation slavery, and then to the continuing monopoly of plantations in the contemporary Caribbean. Thus, family land is viewed as a bastion of resistance and free­dom, a means by which these are passed on, and the rallying ground for new, distinctively Afro-Caribbean, cultural initiatives.

1017 A Bibliography of Caribbean migrationand Caribbean immigrant commu­

nities. Edited by Rosemary Brana-Shute. Gainesville: Reference and Bibliographic Dept., Univ. of Florida Libraries: in coopera­tion with Center for Latin American Studies, Univ. of Florida, 1983. 339 p.: appendices (Bibliographic series; 9)

Collection of 2585 citations of litera­ture on the movement of Caribbean peoples including materials on in-migration, ac­culturation of new peoples and their impact on receiving Caribbean societies, mral-urban phenomena, intra-regional migration, out­migration, and Caribbean peoples in metro­politan countries. Appendices include data bases searched, journals cited, second au­thors, origins of migrants, destination of mi­grants, and a topical index. For bibliographer's comment, see item 22. '

1018 Bilby, Kenneth M. Black thought fromthe Caribbean; ideology at home and

abroad (NWIG, 57:3/4, 1983, p. 2or-2i4, bibl.)

Review essay dealing with books on Rastafarians by Joseph Owens, Sebastian Clarke, John Plummer, Ernest Cashmore, and Dick Hebdige.

1019 --------. How the "older heads" talk: aJamaican Maroon spirit possession lan­

guage and its relationship to the creoles of Suriname and Sierra Leone (NWIG, 57:1/2, 19831 P- 37—88, bibl.)

Diacritical features of the "deep lan­guage" (Kromanti) used by participants pos­sessed by spirits in Maroon ceremonies distinguish it from the Jamaican Creole used in ordinary life, but are similar to the creoles of Surinam and Sierra Leone. These data support decreolization theory. Includes glossary.

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 113

1020 Biathwaite, Edward Kamau. Kumina: the spirit of African survival in Ja­

maica (IJ/JJ, 42, 1978, p. 44-63, plates)Utilizing text of an interview with a

Kumina priestess and commentary provided by Congolese anthropologist Bunseki- Lumanisa on Mukongo background to text, author presents interestingly organized study of Jamaican Kumina.

1021 Brathwaite, Farley. Unemployment and social life; a sociological study of the

unemployed in Trinidad. Bridgetown: Antil­les Publications, r983. r6s p.: bibl., tables.

Consequences of imemployment, rather than its determinants, are the subject of this study which finds little evidence of "social breakdown" among the Trinidadian unemployed. The importance of illicit strategies for survival is consistently underreported.

1022 Brockmaim, C. Thomas. Ethnic par­ticipation in Orange Walk economic

development (Ethnic Groups [Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3, r985, p. r87-207, bibl., tables)

Rapid economic development took place in Orange Walk, Belize, which led to in­creased ethnic heterogeneity and socio­economic differentiation. The degree to which ethriic groups were involved in these economic changes and the nature of their participation varied by the socioeconomic- political history of each group and the indi­vidual's "place of origin on the center- satellite continuum."

1023 Brodber, Erna. Perceptions of Carib­bean women: towards a documentation

of stereotypes. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Eastern Caribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 1982.62 p.: hibl. (Women in the Caribbean project;4)

Voi. 4 in research series on the role of women in the English-speaking Caribbean. Author examines images of Caribbean women drawn from the press and from church dociunents of Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad: the everyday performance of female roles dining three time periods; the extent to which images developed into stereotypes,- and, the relationship between images, stereo­types and female potential over time.

1023a Butt Colson, Audrey. El desarrollo na­cional y los Akawaio y Pemon del Alto

Mazaruni (III/AI, 43, julio/sept. 1983, p. 445-502, bibl., map)

Relationship, from a historical per­spective, of the state-nation and the Upper Mazaruni Akawaio and Pemon communities of Guyana. Lengthy descriptions and analy­ses of several important events or processes in Amerindian-state relations. After an as­sessment of state impact on local culture and resource control, she concludes that from the Amerindian perspective, western civilization has led to a condition of perma­nent imbalance.

1024 Callam, Neville G. Invitation to docility: defusing the Rastafarian chal­

lenge (Caribbean Journal of Religious Studies [The United Theological College of the West Indies, Kingston] 3:2, Sept. 1980, p. 28-44)

Stress given hy Rastafarians to a par­ticular aspect of their social ethic (with­drawal heroism, or "naturism") in response to contextual exigencies permits the move­ment to continue as a protest group. Author reviews accomodations of dominant society to the movement and concludes that while it will survive in some form it may well be ab­sorbed by society into its routine thereby re­establishing a normative order.

1025 Cashmore, E.E. The Rastafarians. London: Minority Rights Group, 1984.

ir p.: appendices, bibl. (Minority Rights Group report; 64)

History of Rastafarians and account of their major beliefs. Study fails to mention the tremendous role of ganja trafficking in the maintenance and growth of the movement.1026 Cato, John D. The People's Temple: a

socio-religious analysis (CaribbeanJournal of Religious Studies [The United Theological College of the West Indies, Kingston] 2:2, Sept. 1979, p. 1-7, bibl.)

Discounting psychological aberration as a major category for interpreting the Jonestown tragedy, author argues that the People's Temple can better be viewed as a so­cial movement responding to the religious, social, and ideological needs of a diverse col­lectivity ("true believers," the elderly, white ideologues, and the "alienated, frustrated and angry").

114 / Handbook of Latin American Studies

1027 Chase, Julia. Emigration and changing racial ratios in Saba, N.A. (RRI, 11:4,

Winter 1981/1982, p. 501-506)"As the percentage of black population

increases the nature of race relations which have always been rather good on Saba, is also changing."

1028 Chevannes, Barry. Some notes on Af­rican religious survivals in the Carib­

bean (Caribbean Journal of Religious Studies [The United Theological College of the West Indies, Kingston] 5:2, Sept. 1983, p. 18-28)

Remnants of African religions con­tinue to persist in the Caribbean because they are expressions of a world view—involv­ing spirits, man and nature—which remain widespread. This world view is either fa­talistic or revolutionary in different social contexts.1029 Clarke, Colin G. Caribbean conscious­

ness {in Perspectives on Caribbeanregional identity. Edited by Elizabeth M. Thomas-Hope. Liverpool, England: Centre for Latin American Studies, Univ. of Liverpool, 1984, p. 122-134)

Fragmented by insularity, which small­ness emphasizes, and permeated by colo­nialism, West Indian consciousness is a restricted and rare phenomenon. Only the French, British Commonwealth, and Dutch Islanders—and the Cubans—have an aware­ness of the West Indies, but the possibilities for cooperation are limited by linguistic and political barriers and increasingly by ideolog­ical differences. Despite counter-currents to insular fragmentation in the post-colonial period—such as the creation of CARIFTA, or through the regional Black Power and Rastafarian movements—West Indian iden­tity, both regional and insular, remains un­avoidably plural, perhaps perpetually so.

1030 Clarke, Sebastian. Jah music: the evo­lution of the popular Jamaican song.

London: Heinemann Educational Books,1980. 2t6 p.: plates.

Popular account of the historical ori­gins of Jamaican music and the development of Reggae. Informative chapter on Bob Mar- ley, Peter Tosh, and Bunny Waller.

1032 Coreil, Jeannine. Allocation of family resources for health care in rural Haiti

(Social Science and Medicine [Pergamon Press, New York] ry : ii, 1983, p. 709-719, ill., tables)

Based on a household survey of 230 episodes of infant and child illness, author finds that allocation of family resources for health care is heavily influenced by cultural and ecological variables as well as medical and economic factors.

1033 Cosminsky, Sheila and EmoryWhipple. Ethnicity and mating pat­

terns in Punta Gorda, Belize [in Black Caribs: a case study in biocultural adapta­tion. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 115-132, bibl., tables)

While endogamy is the ideal as well as the predominant practice of all ethnic groups (Garifima, Creoles, Spaniards, East Indians, Chinese, Mayans, and others), inter-ethnic mating occurs according to mies and pat­terns. Ideal of endogamy and prevailing ethnic stereotypes help maintain ethnic boundaries and identity but inter-ethnic mating is facilitated by desire for children, acceptance of outside children, value placed on light skin, color-class hierarchy, increas­ing economic competition, migration, and excess of females.

1034 Craig, Dennis R. Language identityand the West Indian child (in Perspec­

tives on Caribbean regional identity. Edited by Elizabeth M. Thomas-Hope. Liverpool, England: Centre for Latin American Studies, Univ. of Liverpool, r984, p. 84-96)

Although it is important for children who speak Creole to be perfectly secure in the rich indigenous eulture of which Creole is an aspect, educators are ill-advised in de­signing learning programs which increase that security while decreasing proficiency in the international, officially recognized Euro­pean language through which freedom and socioeconomic advancement are vouchsafed. In the case of officially English-speaking West Indian territories, where a Mesolect is used, special methodological procedures are sug­gested which enhance both increased fa­miliarity with the indigenous culture and proficiency in the officially recognized language.

1035 Cross, Malcolm. The East Indians ofGuyana and Trinidad. London: Minor­

ity Rights Group, 1980. 18 p. (MRG report; no. t-3)

Descriptive account of the indenture.

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 115

and of current East Indian-African relations in Guyana and Trinidad.

1036 Cultura y folklore de Samaná. Com­pilado por Dagoberto Tejeda Ortiz.

Santo Domingo: Lotería Nacional, Depto. de Bienestar Social, 1984.179 p.: tables.

Useful collection of eight already pub­lished but difficult to locate articles and other materials on the culture and folklore of the black "Americans" of Samaná, Do­minican Republic. Of particular interest is H. Hoetink's historico-sociological study and Martha Ellen Davis's two essays on religion and on religious musical culture.

1037 Cultural patrimony and the tourism product: towards a mutually beneficial

relationship. Final report, OAS/CTRC Re­gional Seminar, Hastings, Barbados, July 18-22, 1983. Washington: International Trade and Tourism Division, Dept, of Eco­nomic Affairs, OAS, 1983. 120 p.

Collection of papers presented at an Oceanside seminar for scholars and tourist in­dustry representatives; a willfully optimistic report on the mutually beneficial relation­ship between cultural resources and tourist industry initiatives.1038 Dance, Daryl C. Folklore from con­

temporary Jamaicans. Knoxville: Univ.of Tennessee Press, 1985. 229 p.: bibl., maps, plates.

Collection of 298 Jamaican tales, games, riddles, songs, and rhymes organized into 11 chapters each with a short introduc­tion; etiological tales, anansesem, duppy tales, big boy tales, tales about religion, tales about Rastafarians, miscellaneous tales, riddles, rhymes, songs, and children's games.

1039 Davidson, William V. The Garifuna in Central America: ethnohistorical and

geographical foundations {in Black Caribs: a case study in biocultural adaptation. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 13-35, bibl., ill., maps)

Succinct review of Garifuna origins, dispersal in Central America and patterns of settlement in time and place (Garifuna culture realm, trade area, village subsistence region, settlement proper, and family com­pound). Informative maps.

1040 Davis, E. Wade. The ethnobiology of the Haitian zombi (Journal of Ethno-

pharmacology [Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne,

Switzerland] 9:1, Nov. 1983, p. 85-104, bibl., plates, table)

The recent surfacing of three zombies has focused attention upon the claim that there is an ethnopharmacological basis for zombies. Poisons are suggested here whose consistent ingredients include tetrodotoxins, derived from various species of puffer fish. The symptomology of tetrodotoxication is compared with that of zomhies; and pre­liminary laboratory tests are summarized. The role of zombies in voudou theology is described.

1041 Davis, Martha Ellen. Voces del pur­gatorio: estudio de la salve domini­

cana. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, 1981. 106 p.: bibl., map, music, plates (Investigaciones antropológicas; no. 15)

Description and analysis of salve, a class of Dominican religious and quasi­religious music. Musical transcriptions provided.1042 Développement rural en Haïti et dans

la Caraïbe. Port-au-Prince; Dept. dessciences du développement. Faculté d'eth­nologie, Univ. d'état d'Haïti, 1980. 424 p.: ill., maps, tables.

Proceedings of a colloquium on Haitian mral development, held in Port-au-Prince in t979. Contributions are organized around the themes of literacy, community development, appropriate technology, nural health, religion, specific activities, regional organizations, and general approaches. Most participants appear to have been technicians or government officials.

1043 Dévieux, Liliane. Références ethniques dans les contes haïtiens (Anthropologie

et Sociétés [Univ. Laval, Québec, Canada] 8:2, 1984, p. 139-159, bibl.)

Analysis of racial or ethnie references in Haitian folktales.1044 Devonish, Hubert. Creole languages

and the process of socioeconomicdomination in the Caribbean: a historical review (in Aspects of Caribbean Creoles. Edited by Pauline Christie. Kingston: West Indian Assn, for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies, 1983, p. 52-68, bibl. [Carib; 3])

Succinct historical review of Creole languages and development of patterns of social differentiation in the Caribbean. Con­sideration given to the language situa-

116 / Handbook of Latín American Studies

tion within plantation slave society, in late 18th-century Haiti, in the immediate pre­emancipation and post-emancipation periods in other parts of the Caribbean, and the con­temporary situation. Concludes that the es­tablishment of Creole as official language in any Caribbean country is a vital ingredient of any attempt to achieve political or socio­economic liberation.1045 Diederich, Bernard. On the nature of

zombie existence: the reality of avoudou ritual (FIU/CR, 12:3, Summer 1983,p. 14-17, 43-46)

Account of the appearance of three zombies and of the work of Haiti's leading psychiatrist and zombiologist.1046 Dodd, David J. Rule-making and rule-

enforcement in plantation society: theideological development of criminal justice in Guyana jUWI/SES, 31:3, Sept. 1982,p. 1-35, bibl.)

In Guyana, there has never been a separation of powers and the criminal justice system, developing out of plantation "house rules" which protected dominant powers are now still indistinguishable from "house mies" which protect the interests of today's mling party. The role of lower courts and the lawyers is explored in the context of the "in­mate social system" of the "total institution" of plantation society.1047 Douyon, Emerson. Crimes rituels et

mort apparente en Haïti: vers unesynthèse critique (Anthropologie et Sociétés [Univ. Laval, Québec, Canada] 8:2, 1984,. p. 87-120, bibl.)

Study of Haitian ritual crimes and deathlike comas in relation to parallel forms of justice. Author deals with ritual leaders and the making of zombies, the nature and personality of zombies, the perspectives of victims, the processes and stages of zom­bification, relevant ethnopharmological re­search, and social reaction.1048 Dreher, Melanie C. Marihuana and

work: cannabis smoking on a Jamaicansugar estate (SAA/HO, 42 : i. Spring 1982, p. 1-8, tables)

Critical examination of the "amotiva- tional syndrome," often cited as one of the deleterious effects of long-term marihuana use. Drawing on field data from three farms of one sugar estate, author evaluates work

performance in relation to marihuana usé as well as the strategies employed by manage­ment to reinforce its own values as to use and productivity.1049 Duany, Jorge. Ethnicity in the Spanish

Caribbean: notes on the consolidationof creole identity in Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1762-1868 (Ethnic Groups [Gordon &Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3, 1985, P- 99-1^3, bibl.)

Comparison of incorporation of Af­rican and European immigrants after the ex­pansion of sugar plantations in late i8th century. Argues that ethnicity must be viewed in relation to social class stracture and that ethnic groups are conditioned by factors of production. This approach offers explanation of "the organization of cultural differences in Cuba and Puerto Rico during this period."

1050 Duncan, Neville and Kenneth O'Brien. Women and politics in Barbados,

1948-1981. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Eastern Ca­ribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 1983. 68 p.: bibl., tables (Women in the Caribbean proj­ect; 3)

Voi. 3 in research series on the role of women in the English-speaking Caribbean. Deals with Barbadian female participation in local politics and in formal legislative bodies; female membership on statutory boards, commissions, and public corporations; fe­male partisan involvement; and women and electoral politics.1051 Dunham, Katherine. Dances of Haiti.

Los Angeles: Center for Afro-AmericanStudies, Univ. of California, 1983. 78 p.: plates (CAAS special publication)

Revised English-language edition of earlier Spanish and English (1947) and French (1957) versions. Short but still valuable study that emphasizes material aspects of the dance, organization of dance groups, func­tions of dances, and interrelation of form and function. Includes Claude Lévi-Strauss's brief forward to the French edition and glossary.

1052 Durant-González, Victoria. The oc­cupation of higglering (IJ/JJ, 16:3,

Winter 1983, p. 2-12, bibl., plates)Describes occupation of higglering in

Jamaica: organization, skills, methods of re­cruitment, rewards and options it offers

Anthiopology: Ethnology, West Indies / 117

women. Article does not theorize as to the existence of such informal economic sys­tems, and their occmrence alongside the cor­porate capitalist economy.1053 Edwards, Melvin R. Jamaican higglers;

their significance and potential.Swansea, Wales: Centre for Development Studies, Univ. College of Swansea, 1980.58 p.: bibl.

Description of Jamaican higglers, or operators of the indigenous marketing sys­tem. The existence of informal economic sys­tems, and of the unique cultural and social features in which they are imbedded, is not theorized.1054 Fisher, Lawrence E. Colonial madness;

mental health in the Barbadian socialorder. New Brunswick, N.J.; Rutgers Univ. Press, 1985. 275 p.: bibl., ill., plates.

"... a comprehensive anthropological overview of Barbadian culture and a detailed ethnographie analysis of Barbadian views of 'madness' in the 1970s. It does so by moving backward and forward through time to bring the study of the madhouse within the con­text of everyday life, between the Barbadian Mental Hospital and the vülage. In addition, its unique—but not exclusive—objective is to explore the colonial realities of present- day Barbados through the orientations of madness of lower-elass villagers and mental patients." A substantial contribution to the literature.

1055 Forsythe, Dennis. Rastafari, for the healing of the nation. Kingston: Zaika

Publications, 1983. 236 p.: ill.Report of the personal "discovery" of

Rastafari by a Jamaiean sociologist. Regards his experienee "as a mystical journey and a modern manifestation of the aneient mys­tery Religious tradition." Interesting, idio­syncratic sections on Rastafari roots, con­cepts, the ganja controversy, Rastas and the Chakras, and West Indian culture through Rasta eyes.1056 Gerber, Stanford N. and Knud

Rasmussen. St. John, Virgin Islands: anote on immigration and "paradise lost"(RRI, 11:4, Winter 1981/1982, p. 477-501)

Class relations come to St. John, Virgin Islands, as a result of large-scale immigration.

1057 Gibson, Margaret A. Ethnicity and schooling: West Indian immigrants in

the United States Virgin Islands (Ethnic Groups [Gordon St Breach Science Pub­lishers, New York] 5:3, 1983, p. 173-197, bibl.)

Comparisons between native Cruzians and Down Islanders (immigrants from other islands to the Virgin Islands) Suggest the dy­namic relationship between ethnicity, school­ing, sex role, economic opportunity and adult success, in a case where social class, race and cultural distinctions are minimal. Denied ac­cess to employment nichés which birthplace and kinship offer to native Cruzians, Down Islanders, both boys and girls, performed better than their Cruzian classmates.

1058 Gill, Margaret and Joycelin Massiah. Women, work and development.

Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Univ. of the West Indies, 1984. 129 p.: bibl., ill., tables (Women in the Caribbean project; 6)

Voi. 6 in research series on the role of women in the English-speaking Caribbean. Two substantive papers are included: Mar­garet Gill's on women, work and development in Barbados, 1946-1970, in which economic structures and cultural patterns are explored; and Joycelin Massiah's on indicators of women in development which offers a model for as­sessing the well-being of women in Carib­bean societies.1059 Glazier, Stephen D. An annotated eth­

nographic bibliography of Trinidad(HRAF/BSR, 17:1/2, Spring/Summer 1982, p. 31-58, bibl.)

Slightly dated bibliography of articles, books, PhD dissertations, and Master's theses. For bibliographer's comment, see item 32.1060 --------Caribbean ethnicity revisited;

editor's introduction (Ethnic Groups[Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New York) 6:2/3, 1985, p. 85-97, bibl.)

Introduction to journal issue on Carib­bean ethnicity in which editor stresses the complexity of the phenomenon and indicates that context and behavior as well as age, sex, wealth, and social mobility must be taken into account.1061 --------. Marchin' the pUgrims home;

leadership and decision-making in anAfro-Caribbean faith. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983. 165 p.: bibl., ill..

118 / Handbook of Latin American Studies

plates, tables (Contributions to the study of religion; lo)

Ethnography of the Spiritual Baptists of Trinidad, which focuses on leadership de­cisions and how these play a critical role in "almost every aspect of church life." The be­lief system is described as are major church rituals, leadership roles as they relate to change, church organization and its dynam­ics, and leader’s impact on church economics.1062 Glick, Leonard B. Epilogue: the mean­

ings of ethnicity in the Caribbean(Ethnic Groups [Gordon &. Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3,19851 p. 233-248, hihl.)

General statement on Caribbean eth­nicity which concludes that the region is ex­periencing significant social change, "and that ethnieity, with its diverse potential meanings, may provide much of the founda­tion for Caribbean societies of the future."1063 Goldberg, Richard S. The definition of

household: a three-dimensional ap­proach (Journal of Caribbean Studies [Assn, of Caribbean Studies, Coral Gables, Fla.] 4:1, Fall 1984, p. 29-36, bibl., ill., table)

In Grand Cayman, time, space, and so­cial relations define the household.1064 González, Nancie Loudon. Garifuna—

Black Carib—social organization (inBlack Caribs: a case study in bioculturai adaptation. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 51-6$/ hibl., tables)

Argues that Garifuna culture and so­ciety caimot be understood apart from the process of migration and that it "is largely re­sponsible for shaping Garifuna social organi­zation for some time." Migration has had "profound effects" on household and family stmcture as well as on religious, cultural, and political matters. Fiction persists that men are dominant but ethnographic reality is that women are strong, effective, and influential.J065 --------. New evidence on the origin of

the Black Carib: with thoughts on the meaning of tradition (NWIG, 57-3/4/ 1983/ p. 143-172, bibl., map, tables)

Historical data given on factors lead­ing to the removal of Caribs from St. Vincent as well as on size of population landed on Roatan and on flight to and dispersal in Hon­duras, along with author's perspective on per­

sistence and borrowing in relation to Black Carib cultural tradition. ". .. Black Carib culture is what it is today because some members . . . put down on Roatan were will­ing and able to make quick, opportunistic de­cisions without the burden of a traditional political and religious system which might have urged caution.1066 -------- . Rethinking the consanguineal

household and matrifocality (UP/E,23:1, Jan. 1984, p. i—n, bibl.)

Rethinking the "type" of household stmcture the author has made influential in the literature, "the consanguineal house­hold," she argues that it expresses rather marital and residential instability; and is an adaptive response to individualism, the as­sumption by women of male functions, and migratory wage labor.1067 Grasmnck, Sherri. The impact of emi­

gration on national development: threesending communities in the Dominican Re­public. New York: Center for Latin Ameriean and Caribbean Studies, New York Univ.,1982. 28 p.: bibl., tables (New York Research Program in Interamerican Affairs. Occasional papers; 33)

Study of three communities in the Dominican Republic examines impact of emigration upon those conditions which pro­voked out-migration in the first place. Both agricultural stagnation and unemployment are exacerbated by emigration.1068 Green, Vera. Migrants in Amba and

Curaçao: comparative adjustment pat­terns (RRI, 11:3, Fall 1981, p. 310-334, bibl.)

Economic and policy factors inter­relate to determine the adjustment patterns of migrant oil refinery workers in Amba and Curaçao.1069 Gullick, C.J.M.R. The changing Vin­

centian Carib population (in BlackCaribs: a case study in bioculmral adapta­tion. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 37-5°, bibl., map)

Assessment of differing estimates of the Black and Yellow Carib population of St. Vincent for the pre-1797 period, the 19th century, the 20th century, and current condi­tion. Useful short sections on population effects of cataclysms (hurricanes and volcanic

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 119

eruptions) and consequent movement within St. Vincent.1070 Haiewood, Jack. White collar migrant

labor: some observations on the caseof Trinidad and Tobago in the last two dec­ades {in White collar migrants in the Ameri­cas and the Caribbean. Edited by Arnaud F. Marks and Hebe M.C. Vessuri. Leiden, Netherlands: Dept, of Caribbean Studies, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropol­ogy, 1983, P-19-37)

Description and assessment of white- collar emigration from Trinidad since 1962. Economic and social changes in both sending and receiving coimtries which account for in­creased white-collar emigration in the period are discussed and the impact of this emigra­tion on Trinidad and Tobago are explored.

1071 Henry, Paget. Peripheral capitalism and underdevelopment in Antigua. New

Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1985.220 p.: tables.

Drawing on a theory of peripheral de­velopment within the broader context of dependency theory, author traces the post­colonial development of Antigua. Detailed accoimts and analyses are given of colonial Antigua's peripheralization and the establish­ment of the economic, political, and cultural institutions; change and adjustment of these institutions over time, the international and local dimensions of the decolonization pro­cess; and the nature of the postcolonial econ­omy, state, and cultural system of Antigua.

1072 Honychurch, Lennox. Our island cul­ture. Roseau, Dominica: Dominica

Cultural Council, rpSs? S5 P-: iU-/ plates.Affectionate guide to Dominica and

Dominicans.1073 Jenkins, Carol L. Ritual and resource

flow: the Garifuna dugu (AES/AE,10:3, Aug. 1983, p. 429-442, tables)

Among the Garifuna of Belize, dugu ceremonies, or ancestral feasts, have been in­creasing in size and frequency, in a context of malnutrition, declining subsistence activities and migration. The dugu is viewed here as a strategy for resource redistribution between wealthier migrants and their poorer kin. The role of buyai (Garifuna shamans) in effecting these redistributions is considered.

1074 Kerns, Virginia. Past and present evi­dence of interethnic mating (in Black

Caribs: a case study in bioculturai adapta­tion. Edited by Michael H. Crawford. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, p. 95-114, bibl., tables)

Contemporary interethnic mating has historic precedent—censuses and other ac­counts suggest "many exceptions to any nor­mative rule of ethnic endogamy." Evidence is marshalled from i8th, 19th, and 20th cen­turies in support of position. Indication that rapid Black Carib population growth in Cen­tral America was due, in part, to reproduc­tion with non-Caribs.

1075 Klass, Morton. Discussion: new eth­nicity, new horizons (Ethnic Groups

[Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New York) 6:2/3, 1985, P-i23-23a)

Discussion of articles on Caribbean ethnicity in two issues of Ethnic Groups (6:2 and 6:3).

1076 Knight, Franklin W. United States cultural influences on the English-

speaking Caribbean during the twentieth century. San Germán: Centro de Investiga­ciones del Caribe y América Latina: Univ. Interamericana de Puerto Rico, t983? 23 p.: tables (Documentos de trabajo; 11)

Although US expansion into the West Indies has been substantial, the "Ameri­canization" of the region—fueled, in part, by West Indian migration to the US, tourism, the communications revolution, etc.—has been relatively limited given British tradi­tions and different territorial levels of eco­nomic development.

1077 Knowles, Roberta. Socio-linguistic norms and linguistic diversity in a

West Indian community (Caribbean Journal of Education [Univ. of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica) 9:3, Sept. r982, p. 213-228, bibl., table)

Selected Virgin Island adults are found to have communicative competencies which show sensitivity to sociolinguistic norms, re­gional variation, and abbreviation. Such fea­tures, at odds with the rules of classroom interaction, should be promoted "to open the lines of commiuiication between the differ­ent elements we ate made up of."

1078 Köbben, A.J.F. In vrijheid en gebon- denheid: samenleving en cultuur van

de Djoeka aan de Cottica. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centrum voor Caraibische

120 / Handbook of Latin American Studies

Studies, Instituut voor Cultúrele Antro­pologie, Rijksuniv. Utrecht, 1979- t9i P-.3 leaves of plates: bibl., iU, maps (Bronnen voor de Studie van Bosneger samenlevingen;

4)Study describes culture, kinship sys­

tem, political organization, etc., of the Djuka tribe on the Cottica River, Surinam. Author concludes that Djuka social stracture and the lack of external pressures for change account for their strong resistance to acculturation and ensure the continuity of Djuka culture.(N. Vicenti]1079 Laguerre, Michel S. Urban life in the

Caribbean: a study of a Haitian urban community. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1982. 214 P-- WW-, iU-- “aps, plates.

Discusses the Haitian urban commu- nity as locus of frontiers between the capi­talist and pre-capitalist ethic. In such a de- pendent economy^ interlocking residential structures and kinship networks, mediated by the roles of the voodoo priest and Du- valier's tonton macoute, elaborate private and small-group strategies of survival.

1080 Larose, Serge and Frantz Voltaire.Structure agraire et tenure foncière en

Haïti (Anthropologie et Sociétés [Univ. Laval, Québec, Canada) 8:2, 1984, p. 65-85, bibl., tables)

Authors argue that the analysis ot Haitian agrarian structure and land tenure should begin with an understanding of the social relations of production rather than on absolute size of holding. From this perspec­tive, large and medium size properties of rural and urban proprietors should be so­ciologically differentiated as well as individ­ual small holdings from "lineage property."

1081 Layng, Anthony. The Caribs of Domin­ica: prospects for structural assimila­

tion of a tenitorial minority (Ethnic Groups [Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New York) 6:2/3, 1985, P- 209-221, bibl., map)

While neither racially nor culturally different, the Caribs are a distinctive territo­rial minority group in Dominica, an ascriptive status directly linked to their life on a reser­vation. Future of this status is related to vari­able of stmctural pluralism; if reservation status changes, then there is a possibility of eventual structural assimilation into larger society.

1082 Lewis, Gordon K. The making of a Ca- ribbeanist. San Germán: Centro de In­

vestigaciones del Caribe y América Latina.Univ. Interamericana de Puerto Rico, 1983?13 p. (Documentos de trabajo; 10)

Part autobiographical, part analytical essay which delineates the career pattern of the author and his intellectual roots and dis­sects several important issues and problems that confront Caribbean scholars including appropriate conceptual and technical ap­proaches, the relationship between academic research and ideological belief, the North American monopoly of Caribbean studies, etc. Argues the need for interdisciplinary re­search for "fruitful" Caribbean studies.

1083 Lowenthal, David. "An island is aworld:" the problem of Caribbean in­

sularity (in Perspectives on Caribbean re­gional identity. Edited by Elizabeth M. Thomas-Hope. Liverpool, England: Centre for Latin American Studies, Univ. of Liverpool,1984, P-109-121)

Age-old West Indian parochialism, tos- tered by the islands' separate and exclusive relations with European mother countries, by the need to establish local hegemonies against imperial control and encouraged to­day by politicians protecting their sover­eignities and separate flefdoms, has not been eroded by frequent attempts at economic and political cooperation. Indeed, such coopera­tive efforts have suceeded only in allowing injustices to smaller states by larger ones, and in exacerbating dog-eat-dog rivalries among the larger states themselves. Regional unity and identity is more likely to be achieved through informal voluntary agen­cies and through extensions of the informal inter-island comings and goings which began during slavery and which have been increas­ing recently.1083a Manning, Frank E. Carnival and the

West Indian diaspora (The Round Table [Butterfield Scientific Ltd, Guildford, En­gland) 286, 1983, p. 186-196, notes)

Views Toronto Carnival as a distilla­tion of West Indian experience in urban Can­ada and as an ongoing dialectic between cultural expression and political processes. Author argues that the politics of these fes­tivals illuminate how West Indian migrants are dealing with each other and how "they are coming to terms with Canadian society."

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 121

1084 Massiah, Joycelin. Employed women in Barbados: a demographic profile,

1946-1970. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Eastern Ca­ribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 1984. 131 p.: bibl., ill., tables (Occasional papers; no. 8)

Study of the Barbadian female work force based primarily on data drawn from the 1946, i960, and 1970 censuses in order to identify the demographic factors related to female participation in economic life and the extent these factors have varied over time.1085 --------. Women as heads of households

in the Caribbean: family structure andfeminine status. Paris: UNESCO, 1983. 69 p.: bibl., tables (Women in a world perspective)

Based on 1970 census data, author pro­vides demographic profile of Commonwealth Caribbean female-headed households. Also includes sections on strategies for survival and principal sources of financial assistance available to female household heads in Bar­bados. Findings indicate that these heads are concentrated in low-paid, low-status occupa­tions and are more disadvantaged than men in similar positions. Six, very short, case- studies of welfare recipients are appended.

1086 Maximilien, Louis. Le voudou haïtien: rite radas-canzo. Préface de Pierre

Mabille. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie H. Deschamps, 1982. 224 p., 55 p. of plates: bibl., ill.

Relatively detailed description of the basic elements and components of Haitian vodun.

1087 Mayer, Francine M.; Catherine Bonaiti; and Jean Benoist. Utilisation

de l'approche généalogique pour l'étude gé­nétique de l'hypoacousie dans un isolat de la Caraïbe (Anthropologie et Sociétés (Univ. Laval, Québec, Canada] 8:2, 1984, p. 161- 177, ill., tables)

Preliminary results of a genealogical approach utilized to study the genetic as­pects of hypoacusia among the residents of St. Barthélémy.

1088 Menezes, M. Noel. Amerindian life in Guyana. Georgetown: Ministry of Edu­

cation, Social Development and Culture,1982. 32 p.: map, plates.

Short, superficial descriptions of hous­ing, transportation, occupations, children and Timehri paintings. Colorful photographs.

1089 Mikell, Gwendolyn. When horses talk: reflections on Zora Neale Hurston's

Haitian anthropology (AU/P, 43:3, Sept.1982, p. 218-230)

Informative essay on the anthropology of a black female anthropologist and writer. Author assesses Hurston's backgroimd and training, the influence of Boas and Benedict, and her use of insider-outsider perspectives in Tell my hoise (1938) for understanding rural Jamaican and Haitian culture.

1090 Mills, Frank L. and S.B. Jones- Hendrickson. Christmas sports in St.

Kitts-Nevis: our neglected cultural tradition. S.I.: s.n., 1984. 66 p.: plates.

Describes traditional Christmas sports, "a veritable bastion of Kittitian- Nevisian culture," and principal participants.1091 Mintz, Sidney W. Reflections on Ca­

ribbean peasantries (NWIG, 57:1/2,1983, p. 1-17, bibl.)

Caribbean peasantries are viewed as largely self-supporting, though involved in foreign markets also; in dialectical linkage with the plantations, in struggles for land, la­bor, and capital; and as representing "a mode of response to the plantation system and its connotations and a mode of resistance to ex­ternally imposed styles of life." In this view the significance of peasantries in Caribbean historical developments is accounted for.

1092 Monish, Ivor. Obeah, Christ and rastaman: Jamaica and its religion.

Greenwood, S.C.: Attic Press, 1982. 122 p.: bibl., maps, table.

Jamaican culture is presented as one in which "most of the religio-political move­ments of the world are to be found epito­mized in some form." Rastafarianism is given special attention.

1093 Moses, Yolanda T. Female status, the family, and male dominance in a West

Indian community (in Women and national development: the complexities of change. Edited by The Wellesley Editorial Commit­tee. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1977, p. 142-153, tables)

Substantial contributions to the household economy do not improve the status of women on Montserrat, where there is an ideology of male supremacy.

122 / Handbook of Latin American Studies

1094 Nagashima, Yoshiko S. Rastafarian music in contemporary Jamaica:

a study of socioreligious music of the Rastafarian movement in Jamaica. Tokyo: In­stitute for the Study of Languages and Cul­tures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo Univ. of Foreign Studies, 1984. 227 p.: bibl., graphs, maps, tables (Symbolism and world view in Asia and Africa. Performance in culture; 3)

Concentrating on Nyabynghi or bynghi music, author deals with this genre in socio­cultural context by describing the past and present nature of Rastafarianism,- the an­cestral heritage of the music as well as its local origins, growth and diversification,- Rastafarian ritual and Nyabynghi musical performance; aspects of Rastafarian cos­mology and faith through lyrics; internal and external influences on the music; and a com­parison of bynghi music and reggae.1095 Nevadomsky, Joseph. Developmental

sequences of domestic groups in anEast Indian community in rural Trinidad (UP/E, 24: r, Jan. t98s, p. i-rr, bihl., ill., tables)

Presents series of frequency distri­butions of various household forms according to age-decades of ever-married women.Shows the possibility of several developmen­tal series, rather than a single unilinear model of domestic organization. Phases in any possible developmental patterns are tem­porary responses to various social and eco­nomic changes occurring among rural East Indians in Trinidad.1096 --------. Explaining Caribbean family

and household organization: a ty­pology of the classics (Journal of Caribbean Studies (Assn, of Caribbean Studies, Coral Gables, Fla.] 4: r. Fall t984, p. 38-46, bibl.)

Review of studies of lower-income families and domestic organization in the Greater Caribbean.1097 --------. Social change and the East In­

dians in rural Trinidad: a critique ofmethodologies (UWI/SES, 31 : i, March r982, p. 90-126, bibl.)

Increasing political and economic involvement in the wider society by East Indians in mral Trinidad offer powerful argu­ments against the "plural society model" and the "retentionist model" perspectives which inform most studies of East Indians in the

Caribbean. By contrast, the systemic model, which describes the processes by which eth­nic and cultural categories are gradually inte­grated into an overall stratification system, accounts for both increased participation as well as for cultural distinctiveness.

1098 Newton, Velma. The silver men: West Indian labour migration to Panama,

r850-t9t4. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of So­cial and Economic Research, Univ. of the West Indies, r984. 218 p.: bibl., tables.

Thorough historical account of British West Indian emigration to Panama with em­phasis on the role of West Indians in building the Panama Railroad and Canal. Useful data on emigration policies, the recmitment of la­bor, the demographics of the movement, effect on the sending colonies, and on the West Indian experience in Panama.1099 Nicholls, David. Haiti in Caribbean

context: ethnicity, economy and re­volt. New York: St. Martin's Press, r98s.282 p.: bibl.

Collection of author's reworked ar­ticles and new materials dealing with links between ethnic structures and economy in Haiti and how the particular manifestations of political domination and revolt in that country are to be understood in light of these links. Two articles, one on East Indians and black power in Trinidad and the other on the Arabs of the Antilles offer some comparative context. Volume is divided into three sec­tions: r) Ethnicity; 2) Economy; and 3) Domination and Revolt. Concludes that Haitian masses are basically conservative and that political strategies assuming existence of a revolutionary working class or peasantry will fail.1100 Palacio, Joseph. Food and social rela­

tions in a Belizean Garifuna village(BISRA/BS, T2:3, t984, p. r-7)

Utilizing excerpts from his disserta­tion, author argues that commimity is di­vided into age categories, each with specific functions. "People in some age categories control the political structure and monopo­lize the food supply, bringing about strains in social relations and enhancing their position in the social hierarchy."

1101 --------. Food exchange systems(BISRA/BS, r2;3, 1984, p. 8-34,

tables)

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 123

Utilizing excerpts from his disserta­tion, author demonstrates that food circu­lates in a Belizean Carifuna village through cash and non-cash exchange systems. The former involves both petty and large scale trading; the latter is based on participation in the subsistence economy and role obligation. Food exehange reflects rank in the local system.1102 Pessar, Patricia R. Kinship relations of

production in the migration process:the case of Dominican emigration to the United States. New York: Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York Univ., 1982. 41 p.: bibl. (New York Research Program in Inter-American Affairs. Occa­sional papers; 32)

Relations between husband and wife, and between parental and junior generations in Dominiean international migrant house­holds, are seen to be characterized by in­equities, hierarchies of control, and struggle over rights and benefits whieh reflect the un­equal system of exchange of commodities, capital and labor binding the US and the Do­minican Republic together. The role of women's labor in particular is discussed.

1103 Pierce, Paulette. Noncapitalist devel­opment: the struggle to nationalize the

Guyanese sugar industry. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984. 200 p.: bibl.

Author traces the soeiopolitical devel­opment of Guyana "that culminated in the triumph of the Marxist-Leninist program to 'resist imperialism' and to place the profit­able sugar industry firmly in the hands of 'the people.' The resulting national unity and euphoria were short-lived . . . and today the working class remains divided along racial lines." Arguments embedded in book about the compatibility of liberal democratic state forms with dependent relations and the com­patibility of nationalization and Marxist- Leninist ideology with capitalism make this work of interest to students of Third World development and of the nature of Caribbean society.1104 Pollak-Eltz, Angelina. Folklore y

cultura en los pueblos negros deYaracuy. Caraeas: Editorial Arte, 1984. 105 p.: bibl.

Descriptions of folkloric practices and aspects of culture of the Afro-Venezuelan population of the Yaracuy River Valley in­

cluding short sections on history, demogra­phy, agriculture, work, migration, education, life cycle, popular Catholicism, cults, fiestas, beliefs and superstitions, language, children's games, oral literature, etc.

1105 Pollard, Velma. The social history of Dread Talk (UWI/ CQ, 28:4, Dec.

1982, p. 17-40, bibl.)The impact of Rastafarianism upon Ja­

maican aesthetic life, in dance, music and speech forms, has been considerable, proba­bly because Rastafarianism responds to "some of the deepest social forces that have shaped and still determine the discrepancies of Caribbean society." The case of Dread Talk, which has progressively "colonized" Jamaican Creole over the last few decades, is discussed.

1106 Powell, Dorian. The role of women in the Caribbean (UWI/SES, 33:2, June

1984, p. 97-r22, bibl.)Although in several societies there has

been recently a visible shift in the roles of women from exclusive involvement in the family to increasing participation in the work force, Caribbean women have always had roles which span both the "private" and the "public" domains. Male-dominated research which assumes that women's familial role is paramount obscures this fact; while male- biased economic, political and educational institutions inhibit further participation by Caribbean women.

1107 Price, Richard. First-time: the histori­cal vision of an Afro-American people.

Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, T983. 189 p.: bibl., maps, music, plates (Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture)

Collection of oral accounts told by contemporary Saramaka Maroons to author about key Saramaka historical events in the 17th and 18th centuries. These interesting materials are divided into three chronologi­cally-ordered sections: i) The Heroic years: 1685-1748; 2) Toward Freedom: 1749-1759; and 3) Free at Last: 1760-1762. Author pro­vides extensive commentary for each ac­count (see item 1108 for Dutch perspectives on many of these events and much of this pe­riod of time).

1108 --------. To slay the hydra: Dutch colo­nial perspectives on the Saramaka

124 / Handbook of Latin American Studies

wars. Ann Arbor, Mich.; Karoma Publishers, rpSs. 247 p.: bibl., ill., plates.

Collection of manuscript documents with an introduction by the author on the final years of a nearly century-old war of lib­eration by the Saramaka Maroons against the Dutch colonists in Surinam. Documents written by Dutch witnesses are organized in this volume around the following themes:The Abortive Peace of 1749« Th® Great Battle; The Djuka Connection; and. Free at Last.1109 Price, Sally. Co-wives and calabashes.

Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, r984. 224 P" bibl., ill., plates (Women and culture series)

Account of Saramaka Maroon social and artistic life through an examination of the artistic expression (calabash decoration, textile arts, and popular songs) of women from the villages of the Pikilio. Since the institution of marriage brings together art and Saramaka social relations, the author, through an emphasis on women's conjugal experiences, "explores the ways in which cul­tural ideas about the sexes influence their ar­tistic life and analyzes the complementary contributions that the most important artis­tic media make to their social life."Ilio . Sexism and the construction of

reality: an Afro-American example (AES/AE, ro;3, Aug. rpSs, p. 460-476, bibl., ill.)

The marked division of labor between men and women among the Saramaka of Surinam is reflected directly in their artistic work. Men's art borrows foreign motifs and materials, since masculinity reqmres men to migrate and to function well in "foreign" set­tings. Women, mostly confined to villages and horticultural camps, and compromised in terms of marital opportunity by an adverse male-female ratio, express parochialism and insecurity in their artistic efforts. The paper discusses misconceptions of women's art by ethnographers and by the Saramaka themselves.1111 . Wives, husbands, and more

wives; sexual opportunities among the Saramaka (FIU/CR, rz-.z. Spring 1983, p. 26, Î9, 54, 59, plates)

The joys and sorrows of polygamy along the Suriname River are recorded; sex­

ual banter, night-time riverine rendezvous, marriage, extramarital affairs and jealousy, husband-wife relations, and life among co­wives.1112 Price-Mars, Jean. So spoke the uncle/

Ainsi parla l'oncle. Translation and in­troduction by Magdaline W. Shaimon. Wash­ington: Three Continents Press, 1983. 252 p.: bibl., maps, plates.

Most welcome English translation of Haitian classic first published in 1928. Cer­tainly the leading Haitian intellectual of his time, Price-Mars, in this work, attempted to restore "the value of Haitian folk-lore in the eyes of the people." Dealt directly with the impact of the African past on Haitian social structure and concentrated on the evolution of Voodoo, "emphasizing its religious nature throughout, from the animism of prehistoric Africa to a synthesis with Christianity in modern Haiti so as to demonstrate the strength of folkloric custom in the gradual development of the culture of a society." In­teresting appendix on peasant marriage and family, local mores, and African survivals ca. 1922.1113 Prince, Althea V. Anansi folk cul­

ture: an expression of Caribbean life(FIU/CR, r3 :1, Winter 1984, p. 24-27,

Drawing on examples of Anansi stories, calypso and reggae composition, au­thor posits that, in a situation of conflicting ideologies, black folk culture is not "used as 'prescriptions' for survival, but are rather, ex­pressions of the life condition of the black folk of the Caribbean."1114 Qnamina, Odida T. The social organi­

zation of Plantation Mackenzie; anaccount of life in the Guyana mining enter­prises. Geneva: UN Research Institute for So­cial Development, 1981. 35 p., 5 leaves of plates; bibl., ill. (Participation occasional paper. Report; 81.4)

Insider's view of social relations, social organization, and change in Mackenzie, a bauxite company tovra. Role of Catholicism and other religions, education, company's im­pact on organization of the community, so­cial significance of tune and work schedules, and some aspects of the transition from com­pany to popular control are dealt with.

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 125

1115 Quevedo, Raymond. Atilla's kaiso: a short history of Trinidad calypso. St.

Augustine: Dept, of Extra Mural Studies,Univ. of the West Indies, t983. 205 p.: bibl., music, plates.

History of Trinidad calypso by Atilla the Hun—whose real name is R. Quevedo—• once himself a leading calypsonian.

1116 Rashford, John. The cotton tree and the spiritual realm in Jamaica (IJ/JJ,

18:1, Feb./April 1985, p. 49-57, bibl., plates) The significance of Ceiba pentandia in

the myal and obeah religions is described.The cotton tree is described as a shrine or sanctuary where communing with spirits can take place.

1117 Reckord, Verena. Reggae, Rasta­farianism and cultural identity |IJ/JJ,

46, 1982, p. 70-79, bibl., plates)Informal review of the development

of Jamaican popular and Rastafari music (Mento, ska, big band jazz. Rock Steady, Reggae) and the function they play in the search for identity.1118 Robotham, Don. Pluralism as an ide­

ology (UWI/SES, 29 :r, March r98o,p. 69-89, bibl.)

M.G. Smith's theory of the plural so­ciety (item 1127) is understood as a theory of Jamaican society whose formulations owe much to Smith's alleged membership in the Jamaican nationalist middle class (for Smith's response, see item 1128).

1119 Rosenberg, June C. El Gagà: religion y sociedad de un culto dominicano, un

estudio comparativo. Santo Domingo: Univ. Autònoma de Santo Domingo, 1979. 233 p.: bibl., ili. (Publicaciones de la Universidad; 272. Colección Historia y sociedad; 37)

Rich description of a syncretic reli­gious cult in the Dominican Republic with roots in 19th-century Dominican carnival and voodoo. Describes material culture, so­cial organization, ceremonies and beliefs of one Gagà group and compares it with other Dominican Gagà groups. Notes differences with Haitian practices, examines some elements of Dominican voodoo, and gives examples of "primary" and "secondary" syn­cretic religious groups in the Caribbean.

1120 Rubenstein, Hymie. Caribbean family and household organization: some con­

ceptual clarifications (Journal of Com­parative Family Studies [Calgary, Canada] 14:3, Autumn 1983, p. 283-298, bibl., ill., table)

Utilizing St. Vincent data, author dem­onstrates a variable association between the elements of domestic organization which result in the independence or quasi­independence of the domestic group from family functions and their associated struc­tural apparatuses. Consequently, "neither the domestic group nor the household is a bounded, closed, corporate group." This per­mits a fluid form of organization which maximizes the possibility for maneuver­ability in domestic life and allows for adjust­ments to be made.

1121 --------. Occupational complexity in anAfro-Caribbean village (Journal of Ca­

ribbean Studies [Assn, of Caribbean Studies, Coral Gables, Fla.) 4: i. Fall t984, p. rir- t40, bibl., tables)

Restrictions imposed by island's class stratification system and economic under­development on life changes of St. Vincent villagers have produced village-level occupa­tional complexity of which "occupational multiplicity" is one manifestation. Aspects of village socioeconomic organization are de­lineated as context for discussion and analy­sis of interrelation between own-account, wage-labor, full-time, and part-time work. Characterization of villagers as having "tem­poral orientation" would be incorrect and would lead to misguided social policies.

1122 --------. Remittances and rural under­development in the English-speaking

Caribbean (SAA/HO, 42:4, Winter t983,P- 295-306, bibl.)

Against views which hold that remit­tances bestow several positive effects upon underdeveloped countries receiving them, this study concludes that remittances make no positive contribution to rural economic rejuvenation in the English-speaking Carib­bean. The beneficiaries of migration continue to be the developed industrial-capitalist societies.1123 Salgado, Antoine. Le phénomène des

zombis dans la culture haïtierme. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie des Antilles, t982. r4ô p.: bibl., ill.

s

126 / Handbook of Latin American Stndies

General discussion on the phenome­non of zombies in Haitian culture.1124 Searle, Chris. Words unchained: lan­

guage and revolution in Grenada. Lon­don: Zed Books, 1984. 260 p.: plates.

Study records how increasing aware­ness of Grenadians' revolutionary potential, linger Maurice Bishop's leadership, has af­fected their use of the English language.1125 Shaw, Thomas A. To be or not to be

Chinese: differential expressions ofChinese culture and solidarity in the British West Indies (Ethnic Groups [Gordon &.Breach Science Publishers, New York] 6:2/3, 1985, p. 155-185, bibl., table)

Basing his argument on some of the very limited literature on the Chinese in the Caribbean, author views use of ethnicity among this population (particularly in Ja­maica and British Guiana) as adaptive. In situations where Europeans were "over­whelmingly dominant," Chinese de- emphasized ethnicity; in situations where economic and political power "were more shared or 'pluralistic,'" the Chinese exploited their ethnicity.1126 Singaravélou. Les indiens de la

Guadeloupe: étude de géographie hu­maine. Bourdeaux, France: Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1975. ^39 P-- bibl., ill., plates, tables.

Thorough detailed study of East In­dians in Guadeloupe. Work divided into three principal sections: 1) the Indian peopling of the island (labor crisis, origins in India, re­cruitment patterns, arrival and installation);2) the Indian population and its economic ac­tivities (distribution of population, popula­tion movement, Indians in agriculture, the scarcity of Indians in secondary and tertiary sectors; and 3) Indians in Guadeloupian so­ciety (creolization of the Indians, irreducible Indian culture traits, Indians in Antillean society).1127 Smith, M.G. Culture, race and class in

the Commonwealth Caribbean. Mona, Jamaica: Dept, of Extra-Mural Studies, Univ. of the West Indies, 1984-163 P-- bibl.

". . . reviews various accounts of Anglo-Caribbean societies from 1945 to the present that discuss the parts that culture, race and class play in them. It seeks to assess

the cumulative contributions of these studies and to clarify the critical issues and relations with which they deal. Following introduc­tory outlines of the subject, of the literature and topic, and some clarifications of basic terms, attention is focused on . .. Grenada, Jamaica, Trinidad and Guyana, which have figured prominently in the debate so far and will probably continue to do so. Then, after evaluating several prominent 'models' or 'theories' that offer general 'explanations' of social structure in these Caribbean societies, it concludes with a brief statement of [the author's] views." Informative essay that places pluralism in theoretical and regional context.1128 --------. Robotham's ideology and plu­

ralism: a reply (UWI/SES, 32:2, June 1983, p. 103-139, bibl.)

Author responds to the "extraordinary mixture of prejudice, ignorance, dishonesty and presumption that motivated Robotham's essay (see item 1118)." Detailed critique of Robotham's assertions that plural society theory as developed by M.G. Smith is a re­sult of latter's class position and its attendant ideology.1129 _____ . Some future directions for so­

cial research in the Commonwealth Caribbean (UWI/SES, 33 :2,1984, p. 123-155/bibl.)

Funded adequately so as to avoid its permanent conversion to a not-for-profit mar­ket research agency, the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER) is identified as the proper administrator of an integrated pro­gram of regional research which addresses the widest range of new relevant and appro­priate data—some to be drawn from women's studies and from the ethnographic output from the Francophone Caribbean, Surinam, and Belize—to the solution of outstanding theoretical issues of race, culture, and class. The research program must identify needs and provisions for social assistance in the re­gion and should describe the conditions, tar­gets, and probabilities of effective regional and Third World cooperation, such as would increase the Third World's share of world production.1130 --------. The study of needs and provi­

sions for social assistance (UWI/SES, 31:3, Sept. 1982, p. 37-56)

Anthropology: Ethnology, West Indies / 127

Describes concepts, aims, design, and method used in a systematic study of needs and provisions for social assistance in Ja­maica. Study reveals large gap between the volume of public need for social assistance and services and resources actually available to meet them. Means by which social service provisions may be rationalized are suggested.

1131 Smith, Raymond T. Family, social change and social policy in the West

Indies (NWIG, 56:3/4, 1982, p. 111-142, bibl.)

By means of a critical review of T.S. Simey's Welfare and planning in the West In­dies, author explores the premises on which social policy was based during the waning years of colonial rule. Then, with reference to selected research, he delineates a system of West Indian kinship, marriage, and family. Concludes with discussion of policy implica­tions and argues "that a family system such as that of the West Indies arises in a particu­lar kind of class society with particular kinds of sex roles, and it is unlikely to change until the pattern of class relations changes."1132 The Social and economic impact of

Carnival. Seminar held at the Univ. ofthe West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, Nov. 24-26, 1983. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Insti­tute of Social and Economic Research, Univ. of the West Indies, 1984. 244 p.

Collection of eight papers dealing with the arts and economics of Trinidad Carnival. The social impact of successive forms of Car­nival is explored; this succession of forms is not related to broader developments in the global framework in which Trinidad may be viewed; nor are Carnivals theorized as eco­nomic enterprises in the global framework.1133 Spalburg, Johan George. De Tapana-

honi Djuka rond de eeuwwisseling:het dagboek van Spalburg: 1896-1900. In- geleid door H.U.E. Thoden van Velzen en Chris de Beet. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Centrum voor Caraibische Studies, Instituut voor Cultúrele Antropologie, Rijksimiv. Utrecht, 1979. 129 p., 2 leaves of plates: bibl., maps (Broimen voor de Studie van Bosneger samenlevingen; 5)

Teacher and missionary, Johan Spalburg's diary, written during his four-year stay with the Djukas of Surinam is one of the most important early documents on

Djuka society. It is especially valuable as the only eyewitness report based on an extended stay rather than on brief field trips. [N. Vieenti]

1134 Studies in Caribbean language. Edited by Lawrence D. Carrington. St. Au­

gustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Lin­guistics, 1983. 338 p.: bibl., tables.

Selection of 26 papers from the 3rd Biennial Conference of the Society for Carib­bean Linguistics held in Aruba, 1980. Papers deal with: Caribbean linguistics, linguistic developments in the Caribbean disapora, so­cial history and sociolinguistics, language and social identity, education in Creole set­tings, phonology, phonetics, and syntax.

1135 Suriname: slavernij, abolitie en nasleep, essays ter ere van Silvia W.

de Groot (OSO [Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis, Paramaribo]2:2, Dec. 1983, p. 1-247, bibl.)

Issue of OSO journal in honor of Sil­via de Groot, ethnohistorian of Maroon society and Caribbeanist, with slavery, abolition, and consequences in Surinam as its theme. In addition to a short statement of appreciation by R.A.J. van Lier and two ar­ticles by de Groot herself, substantive contri­butions are made by H. Hoetink, H.E. Lamur, P.C. Emmer, G. Oostindie and A. van Stipriaan, J.K. Brandsma, W.C.J. Root, V.Th. Tjon-A-Ten and P. Uniken-Venema.

1136 Sutherland, Anne and Laurie Kroshus. A social history of Caye Caulker

(BISRA/BS, 13 : i, 1985, p. 1-27, maps)Socioeconomic history of very small

Belizean island located a mile from barrier reef. Although affected by tourism, a success­ful cooperative, motorized boats, mass com­munication, etc., island is still characterized by sense of individualism, autonomy, egali­tarianism, reliance on fishing, and family as foeus of individual loyalty. Nevertheless, "the days of isolation are over. . . ."

1137 Tanna, Laura. African retentions: Yoruba and Kikongo songs in Jamaica

(IJ/JJ, 16:3, Aug. 1983, p. 47-52, bibl., mu­sic, plates)

Three Nago songs, collected in a West­moreland community, are presented with translation and musical transcriptions. The songs demonstrate that African languages survive in the Jamaican oral tradition.

128 / Handbook of Latin American Studies

113g --------. Anansi: Jamaica's tricksterhero (IJ/JJ, r6;2, May 1983, p. 20-30,

bibl., plates)Analysis of the trickster and the trick;

the potential for metaphor in the stories of Anansi, Jamaican folk hero and symbol.1139 . Jamaican folk tales and oral

histories. Kingston: Institute of Ja­maica Publications, t984. t43 p.: map, mu­sic, plates (Jamaica; 21. Anthology series; i)

Collection of stories, songs, and riddles.1139a Thoden van Velzen, H.U.E. and W. van

Watering. Affluence, deprivation and the flowering of Bush Negro religious move­ments (KITLV/B, 139:1, Ian. 1983, p. 99- t39, bibl.)

Detailed, carefully argued study ot three important Bush Negro religious move­ments of the late 19th and early 20th cen­turies: Gaan Gadu, and the cults of Anake and Atjaimikule. Development of these movements is examined against historical backdrop of drastically changing relations of production, varying adaptations to new eco­nomic circumstances, and greatly differing ideational structures of the three. Conclusion is that new theological ideas that emerged caimot be viewed merely as a result of chang­ing relations of production. Once the array of ideas is delineated, it becomes "fully clear how far consciousness has moved away from being, how little the intricacies of 'mind work' can be predicted from material forces."

1140 Thomas, J. Paul. The Caribs of St. Vincent: a study in imperial mal­

administration, 1763—73 (UWI/JCH, t8:2,1983, P-60-73)

Account of the expedition sent against Caribs of St. Vincent in t772: how land- hungry, profiteering adventurers prevailed against an ignorant administration and a vul­nerable native population.1141 Thomas-Hope, Elizabeth. Off the Is­

land: population mobility among theCaribbean middle class (in White collar mi­grants in the Americas and the Caribbean. Edited by Arnaud F. Marks and Hebe M.C. Vessuri. Leiden, The Netherlands: Dept, of Caribbean Studies, Royal Institute of Lin­guistics and Anthropology, 1983, p. 39-59)

Psychological dependence upon core countries becomes more entrenched as

white-collar workers, attracted by high po­tential and opportunity, migrate.1142 Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the

spirit: African and Afro-American art and philosophy. New York: Random House, 1983. 317 P-: ill-, plates.

Ambitious, richly illustrated volume on the visual and philosophic connections between Africa and Black America. Author deals with Yoruba art and culture and Kongo art and religion in the Americas; Vodun reli­gion and art in Haiti; Mande-related art and architecture in the Americas; and, Ejagham art and writing in two worlds.1143 Tobias, Peter M. The social context of

Grenadian emigration (UWI/SES,39:1, March 1980, p. 40-59, bibl.)

Emigration, a stimulus to Grenadian lower class males, is found in "manliness, a key value in lower-class men's informal asso­ciations. The international context in which emigration occurs is not explored.1144 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Caribbean

peasantries and world capitalism: anapproach to micro-level studies (NWIG, 58:1/2, 1983, p. 37-59, biW-l

Caribbean peasantries are thought to offer a privileged vantage point from which to study the relation between micro-level processes and over-arching world historical

processes.1145 Van Lier, R. Bonuman: een Studie

van zeven religieuze specialisten inSuriname. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, Leiden Univ., s.d. 132 p. (YICA publication; 60)

Study of seven religious speciaUsts in Surinam based on life history data.

1147 Wilk, Richard R. Rural settlement change in Belize, 1970—2980: the

effects of roads (BISRA/BS, 12:4, 1984, p. r-9, tables)

Based on 2980 census figures, author indicates that the growth of rural population is "highly dependent" on the quality of roads—the better the quality, the faster the growth.1148 Women and education. Cave Hill, Bar­

bados: Institute of Social and Eco­nomic Research, Eastern Caribbean, Univ. of the West Indies, 2982. 77 P-: biW-, ‘ables (Women in the Caribbean project; 5)

Anthropology: Ethnology, South America, Lowlands / 129

Voi. s in research series on the role of women in the English-speaking Caribbean. Includes two substantive papers. Joyce Cole deals with official ideology and the education of Caribbean women, r835-r945, with special'reference to Barbados, and Patricia Mohammed details educational attainment of women in Trinidad and Tobago (1946-80).

1149 Women and the family. Cave Hill, Bar­bados: Institute of Social and Eco­

nomic Research, Univ. of the West Indies, r98a. r6a p.: bibl., ill., tables (Women in the Caribbean project; 2)

Voi. 2 in a research series on the role of women in the English-speaking Caribbean. Includes the following articles: Hermione McKenzie "Women and Family in Caribbean Society;" Victoria Durant-González "The Realm of Female Familial Responsibility;" Jean Jackson "Stresses Affecting Women and Their Families;" Joycelin Massiah "Women Who Head Households;" and Dorian Powell "Network Analysis: a Suggested model for the Study of Women and the Family in the Caribbean."

ETHNOLOGY: South America, LowlandsWAUD H. KRACKE, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Chicago Circle

A MAJOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAST few years in Lowland South America has been the strengthening identity and growing self-awareness of indigenous peoples. One reflection of this is the appearance of writings on indigenous cultixres by mem­bers of those cultures themselves, on the initiative of indigenous authors, with an anthropologist (if any) acting merely as a go-between or midwife. The outstanding work that exemplifies this trend is a set of Desana myths narrated by the old De- sana priest Umúsin Panlön Kumu, transcribed by his son, whose publication was arranged at their request by Berta Ribeiro (who worked with them to edit the trans­lation under the title Antes o mundo nao existia, item 1363). Another example of such works is the introduction to Ye'cuana society written by a Ye'cuana villager through two spokesmen (item 1237). Such writings clearly reflect important social developments tmderway as indigenous peoples take on a more active part in shaping their own future. It is hoped that this represents a trend within ethnography which will allow the indigenous thinker or self-ethnographer to speak directly to his or her public (item 1330).

Two major new collections of articles constitute important advances in the comparison and synthesis of South American cultures. The voltune on marriage practices in northern Lowland South America edited by Keimeth Kensinger (item 1294) grew out of the first armual "Lowland South America" symposium held by the American Anthropological Association meetings (New Orleans, 1973). Its par­ticipants, finding themselves echoing a common theme, agreed that these works should be published together (items 1165,1221,1230,1269,1274,1280,1281,1290,1294,1341,1346, and 1387). Another major new collection. Adaptive re­sponses of native Amazonians organized by Harnes and Vickers (item 1153), pro­vides detailed empirical studies of the ecological adaptation of specific cultures to diverse ecological situations (items 1169,1171,1184,1233,1238,1253,1256, 1263, 1265,1271, 1351, 1372,1386, and 1391).

Another event to be noted is the posthumous collection of Pierre Clastres's