Ethnobotany of the medicinal plants used by the ethnic ...
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RESEARCH Open Access Ethnobotany of the medicinal plants used by the ethnic communities of Kerman province, Southeast Iran Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini 1* , Hossein Bibak 1 , Abdollah Ramzani Ghara 1 , Amirhossein Sahebkar 2,3 and Abolfaz Shakeri 4 Abstract Background: Traditional medicine is a major component in the primary healthcare system in the southeast of Iran, which has a rich floral diversity. However, there is no comprehensive report on the use of medicinal herbs in this specific region. This traditional usage of medicinal plants by local communities could serve as a source for pharmacological and phytochemical studies. The main objective of this study was to identify ethnopharmacological knowledge on medicinal plant species and their local healing applications by the folk communities of Kerman province in the southeast of Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 217 herbal healers using semi-structured questionnaires, open interviews, and field surveys. Factors including use reports (UR) for each species, frequency of citation (FC), and informant consensus factor (ICF) were used to analyze the data. Plant species were identified by botanists through standard taxonomic methods. Results: A total of 402 medicinal plants were used in healing practices by the local communities of Kerman province. These species belong to 273 genera of 73 families, among which 367 species are dicotyledons, 27 are monocotyledons, 7 species are cryptogam, and one species is gymnosperm. An important implication from the current study is the identification of the traditional medicinal use of 292 plant species in this region for the first time. Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae were the dominant medicinally utilized plant families, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit, and seed were the most common plant parts used. Generally, crude drugs were used in the form of decoction, followed by poultice and infusion forms. Moreover, oral route is considered as the most common administration route followed by topical route. Endocrine (diabetes), dermatological, gastrointestinal, and respiratory problems were ranked as the most frequent ailment categories for which medicinal plants in this region were applied, respectively. Our findings suggested dominant use of Asteraceae and Apiaceae plants for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, Lamiaceae plants for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments, and Apocynaceae plants for dermatological problems. (Continued on next page) © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-021-00438-z
Transcript of Ethnobotany of the medicinal plants used by the ethnic ...
RESEARCH Open Access
Ethnobotany of the medicinal plants usedby the ethnic communities of Kermanprovince, Southeast IranSeyed Hamzeh Hosseini1*, Hossein Bibak1, Abdollah Ramzani Ghara1, Amirhossein Sahebkar2,3 and Abolfaz Shakeri4
Abstract
Background: Traditional medicine is a major component in the primary healthcare system in the southeast of Iran,which has a rich floral diversity. However, there is no comprehensive report on the use of medicinal herbs in thisspecific region. This traditional usage of medicinal plants by local communities could serve as a source forpharmacological and phytochemical studies. The main objective of this study was to identify ethnopharmacologicalknowledge on medicinal plant species and their local healing applications by the folk communities of Kermanprovince in the southeast of Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 217 herbal healers using semi-structuredquestionnaires, open interviews, and field surveys. Factors including use reports (UR) for each species, frequency ofcitation (FC), and informant consensus factor (ICF) were used to analyze the data. Plant species were identified bybotanists through standard taxonomic methods.
Results: A total of 402 medicinal plants were used in healing practices by the local communities of Kermanprovince. These species belong to 273 genera of 73 families, among which 367 species are dicotyledons, 27 aremonocotyledons, 7 species are cryptogam, and one species is gymnosperm. An important implication from thecurrent study is the identification of the traditional medicinal use of 292 plant species in this region for the firsttime. Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae were the dominant medicinally utilized plant families,respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit, and seed were the most common plant parts used. Generally, crude drugs were usedin the form of decoction, followed by poultice and infusion forms. Moreover, oral route is considered as the mostcommon administration route followed by topical route. Endocrine (diabetes), dermatological, gastrointestinal, andrespiratory problems were ranked as the most frequent ailment categories for which medicinal plants in this regionwere applied, respectively. Our findings suggested dominant use of Asteraceae and Apiaceae plants for thetreatment of gastrointestinal disorders, Lamiaceae plants for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments, andApocynaceae plants for dermatological problems.
(Continued on next page)
© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you giveappropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate ifchanges were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commonslicence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commonslicence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtainpermission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to thedata made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
* Correspondence: [email protected] of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, IranFull list of author information is available at the end of the article
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-021-00438-z
(Continued from previous page)
Conclusion: Our findings suggested that Asteraceae and Apiaceae plants were used for the treatment ofgastrointestinal disorders, Lamiaceae plants for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments, and Apocynaceae andEuphorbiaceae plants for dermatological problems. Among the medicinal plants with high UR and newethnobotanical uses, Rhazya stricta was used for wound healing, Calotropis procera, Clematis ispahanica andEuphorbia spp. for eczema, Cionura erecta for the treatment of cough, Launaea acanthodes for the treatment ofgastrointestinal parasites, Berberis integrrima as an antidiabetic medicinal herb, Dracocephalum polychaetum andRydingia persica for various types of chronic diseases, Citrus limon and Citrus aurantium for the treatment of oculardiseases and making the traditional kohl, Calendula officinalis for the treatment of pterygium and Prosopis farcta forpreventing nasal bleeding. The identified medicinal plants can be further evaluated for their pharmacologicalactivity and underlying mechanisms of action.
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, ICPC category, Kerman province, Iran
IntroductionAccording to the reports, medicinal use of plants datesback to at least 60,000 years. During this time, traditionalsystems of medicines have employed medicinal plantsand their derivatives as valuable sources of new biologic-ally active compounds and have been clinically practicedall over the world [1]. Until now, approximately 80% ofthe world’s population still use traditional herbal medi-cines [2]. In fact, herbal medicines can serve as comple-mentary or alternative therapies for different types ofdiseases because of their low cost, availability, and gener-ally fewer side effects [3]. Several FDA-approved drugsincluding artemisinin (from Artemisia annua), quinine(from Cinchona officinalis), vinblastine, vincristine, vino-relbine (from Vinca rosea), and etoposide (from May-apple) primarily originate from traditional herbalmedicines [4]. It has been estimated that nearly 400,000flowering plant species exist on earth, among which only6% have been evaluated for their biological properties,and still more than 90% remains unexplored [5]. There-fore, ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants providesvaluable information for the synthesis of new drugs.Around 8000 plant species have been listed in Iran, of
which 2300 species have medicinal properties amongwhich 75% (1728) are endemic species in Iran [6, 7].Kerman province with 23 cities and 171,993 square ki-
lometers area has covered about 11% of the land area ofIran [8], located in the southeast of this country, andbordered by 5 provinces of Yazd, South Khorasan, Hor-mozgan, Fars, and Sistan and Baluchestan. It has aunique biodiversity due to its diverse natural resourcesand climatic conditions including desert and semi-desertin the north, and dry, mountainous and Mediterraneanin the south. Kerman province is a vast plain with thelowest altitude in Lut desert (300 m) and the highestaltitude in the mountaintop of Hezar (4419 m) [8]. Basedon the traditional pharmacopoeia and medicinal plantreports in some parts of this province, medicinal herbsmostly belong to the families of Labiatae, Rosaceae,
Papilionacae, Compositae, and Umbelliferae, and thegenera of Salvia, Nepeta, Artemisia, Astragalus, Ferula,Plantago, Ephedra, and Amygdalus [9, 10].From the cultural point of view, Kerman province has
around 89 tribal communities (including Baluch, Turk-ish, and Fars), most of them still being partiallydependent on the medicinal plants. Therefore, this prov-ince is home to different cultures and beliefs resulting inrich traditional knowledge and traditional medicinepractices. For example, the old city of Jiroft in the south-eastern Kerman province dates to about 5000 years ago,which, according to the reports, is the beginning of hu-man civilization [11]. In this respect, traditional medi-cine has played a key role in Iranian culture andcivilization [12]. Therefore, this rich traditional know-ledge is useful not only in the ancient medical systemsbut also in the present healthcare systems [10], especiallyfor primary health care needs [13]. In fact, the depend-ence of the folk communities in Kerman on the medi-cinal herbs is not only due to the low availability to thehealth care system, but it is also rooted in the Iranian-rich culture of traditional medicine [14, 15]. For ex-ample, in the face of epidemiological diseases (e.g., chol-era and colds), scientists of the Iranian traditionalmedicine (ITM) such as Avicenna, Rhazes, and AghiliAlavi Shirazi have suggested prescription of variousherbal remedies. At present, the locals of Kerman, basedon their ancient knowledge, utilize herbal medicinessuch as Thymus fedtschenkoi, Zataria multiflora, Draco-cephalum polychaetum, and Glycyrrhiza glabra in thetreatment of epidemics. Generally, Kerman provincewith a diverse climate and biodiversity is home to vari-ous cultures (from the prehistoric times to the present)and the center of agriculture in Iran [10, 16]. Accord-ingly, in some areas of this region, certain non-registeredherbaceous species are used that can be obtained by thelocal people. There are many villages and nomadic dis-tricts that are largely dependent on the ethnomedicinalknowledge for primary health care, with many specific
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 2 of 35
traditional herbal medicine practices in this region thathave not been recorded anywhere else. Hence, thecurrent study aimed to carefully investigate and recordthe ethnobotanical knowledge of the whole districts andcultures, particularly subcultures that had the maximumdependence on the traditional health care system of theKerman province.
Materials and methodsStudy areaThe present study was carried out in Kerman provincein the southeast of Iran with 23 cities and 3,164,716 in-habitants. Regarding population, the most populated cityis Kerman with the following other cities as progressivelyless populated: Jiroft, Sirjan, Rafsanjan, Kahnuj, Rudbar,Anbarabad, Qale Ganj, Manojan, Faryab, Zarand, Bam,Fahraj, Narmashir, Rigan, ShahrBabak, Baft, Rabor,Orzueeyeh, Bardsir, Ravar, Anar, and Koohbanan. In thecurrent study, in each city, skilled herbalists, nomadicdistricts, and key villages were selected for data sam-pling. Kerman province is located between the 55minand 25° to 32° north latitude and 26min and 53° to 29min and 59° east of the Greenwich meridian, as the lar-gest province in Iran with the total area of 183.285 km2,and the elevation of 400 to 4501 m above the sea level.About 6.3 million hectares of deserts of Iran (equivalentto 20%) are located in Kerman province. The area of theforests of Kerman province is 1.3 million hectares andbelongs to the two vegetation regions of Irano-Turanianand Khaleej-Omani.
Species of the Irano-Turanian forest of Kerman arecomprised of Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia khinjuk, Juni-perus excels, Prunus scoparia, Crataegus azarolus, Celtisaustralis in the mountainous area, and Haloxylon spp.and Calligonum spp. in the desert area. Also, the speciesof Khaleej-Omani include Calotropis procera, Tamarixspp., Prosopis spp., and Ziziphus spp. and the endemicrare species of Tecomella undulate with the local namesGolpar and Anar sheytan (Fig. 1).
Plant identificationBased on the maps, access roads, natural features,vegetation, and subcultures in the study area, eachcity was classified into districts. Then, the number ofthe informants was determined. The plant specimenswere collected during the field surveys from nomadic,rural, and urban areas of Kerman province from 2017to 2019. The herbarium specimens were prepared fol-lowing standard methods [17–19] and identified withthe help of Herbarium of the University of Jiroft andKerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Researchand Education Center. Nomenclature was correctedusing an online database (the international plantnames index and the plant lists). The voucher herbar-ium specimens were deposited in the herbarium ofthe Department of Plant Biology, University of Jiroft,Jiroft, Iran. The voucher specimens were identified byone of the authors (H.B) and reaffirmed by taxonomicexperts from the Department of Plant Biology at theherbarium of the University of Jiroft.
Fig. 1 Study area, Kerman province, southeast Iran
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 3 of 35
Ethnobotanical data collectionAfter classification of each city into districts, ethno-botanical surveys were carried out from October 2017 tothe end of May 2019. The ethnobotanical data was col-lected using field surveys, open interviews, and semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 217 local infor-mants (91 females and 126 males) aged between 30 and79 years old were interviewed. Demographic propertiesincluding educational level, gender, age group, and occu-pation are recorded in Table 1. Also, geographical loca-tion and altitude (the lowest being 409 m in Manojanand the highest being 2800 m in Lalehzar) of each dis-trict are recorded in Table 2. Furthermore, informationon local name, medicinal use, part(s) of the plant used,preparation, and administration methods is recorded(Table 3).
Ailment categoriesAll recorded ailments and medicinal plant uses were cat-egorized based on the International Classification of Pri-mary Care (ICPC-2) (http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/icpc2/en/).Some modifications were made for diseases such as
low back pain, which were not matched with the broadclassification of diseases. Therefore, low back pain, infec-tions, and some nontherapeutic applications (pickle, fla-voring of food, appetizing, vegetable, thirst, pest control,food coloring, herbal adhesive, and washing powder)were placed in the General and Unspecified category.According to the results, 16 disease categories were
set, namely: (1) General and Unspecified; (2) Gastro-intestinal; (3) Ophthalmological; (4) Ear, Nose andThroat; (5) Cardiovascular; (6) Hematological and im-mune mechanism; (7) Musculoskeletal; (8) Neurological;(9) Psychological; (10) Respiratory; (11) Dermatological;(12) Endocrine/ Metabolic and Nutritional; (13) Uro-logical; (14) Pregnancy, Childbearing, Family Planning;(15) Female Genitals; and (16) Cancer.
Data analysisData was analyzed using descriptive and quantitativestatistical methods. In this regard, the ethnomedicinaldata was analyzed using frequency, citation, and use re-ports. Use report was recorded whenever an informantcited a plant species or part(s) used for a particular ail-ment. Use reports were also quantified to define thehighly used plant species for a particular ailment. Add-itionally, ICF was employed to determine the homogen-eity of the information as follows:ICF = Nur − Nt / Nur − 1Nur is the number of use citations for each ailment
category and Nt is the number of plant species used forthe same ailment category by all the healers [20]. ICFranged between 0 and 1. ICF value is higher (near to 1)when a few plant species are cited by a higher propor-tion of healers, indicating homogeneity of informationabout the usage of specific plants. A low value (close to0) demonstrates the healers’ disagreement about theusage of the plant for a particular ailment category [21].In order to find out the importance of a specific plant
species by informants, the index of relative frequency ofcitation (RFC) was calculated by dividing the frequencyof citation (FC) by the total frequency of informants(RFC = FC/N). In this formula, FC is the number of in-formants who mentioned plant species as useful and Nis the total frequency of informants in the survey [22].Moreover, in order to determine cultural significance
of each plant species, cultural importance index (CI)[22] was calculated as follows:
CI ¼Xunc
u¼u1
:Xin
i¼i1
URuiN
Independent samples t-test was run to compare medi-cinal uses between men and women. One-way ANOVAand post hoc was used to compare medicinal usesamong age groups, educational levels, and occupations.
Results and discussionBotanical diversityIn this ethnobotanical survey which covered the wholeKerman province (23 cities and 3,164,716 population), atotal of 217 local informant interviews revealed the ap-plication of 402 medicinal plants for the treatment of 95diseases across 16 ICPC ailments categories. These re-sults showed that herbal medicines are mainly used totreat ailments among the local communities and indi-cated the rich floral diversity of this region.These species belong to 273 genera of 73 families
where 367 species are Dicotyledons, 27 species Mono-cotyledons, 7 species Cryptogam, and one speciesGymnosperm. An important implication of the currentstudy is the identification of the traditional medicinal
Table 1 Demographic profile of the local healers (n=217)
Characteristics Abundance Relative abundance
Gender Male 126 57.60
Female 91 42.60
Education Primary level 103 47.47
Secondary level 86 39.63
Graduate 28 12.90
Age group 30-45 51 23.50
46-60 132 60.83
61-79 34 15.67
Occupation Nomadic tribe 94 43.31
Farmer 78 35.94
Herbal healer 45 20.74
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 4 of 35
Table 2 Studied districts in the Kerman province with in-detail demographic characteristics of the local informants
Area Village- nomadicdistrict
Altitude Location Number ofinformants
Gender
Latitude Longitude Male Female
Jiroft Esfandaghe 1724 515518 3173088 6 5 1
Boluk 653 550080 3123049 4 3 1
Northen Jebal barez 1973 586377 3198024 5 4 1
Sardooiyeh 2622 532724 3234040 13 7 6
Central part 682 573397 3172706 8 5 3
Anbarabad Southern Jebal barez 890 613586 3136457 9 7 2
Central part 597 581969 3150210 5 2 3
Kahnuj Dehkehan 810 556930 3066254 4 2 2
Dehzard 518 548076 3086568 2 - 2
Central part 513 568775 3090872 5 4 1
Faryab Sargorij 692 555482 3111865 4 2 2
Mehuiyeh 649 539817 3107390 3 2 1
Moordan 1118 508786 3125367 1 1 -
Central part 659 522398 3107510 1 1 -
Rudbar-e Jonub Zehkalut 385 656761 3075068 2 - 2
Mil-e Farhad 816 674888 3113175 1 1 -
Central part 488 597867 3100902 2 1 1
Qaleh Ganj Sorkhqleh 439 595145 3071601 1 1 -
Maarz 937 591255 2998867 3 2 1
Central part 407 586721 3045020 4 1 3
Manujan Nodej 464 544955 3044682 2 1 1
Central part 358 549652 3035783 2 1 1
Baft Bazenjan 2346 470709 3235218 2 - 2
Khabr 2039 434312 3188268 2 1 1
Central part 2262 461018 3233719 5 3 2
Rabor Sardmeshk 2495 509371 3247951 3 1 2
Qanat Malek 2300 503669 3238948 3 1 2
Central part 2332 491445 3240172 4 3 1
Sirjan Balvard 2035 407806 3254993 6 4 2
Pariz 2313 379188 3305535 4 2 2
Central part 1744 372254 3258624 5 1 4
Rafsanjan Bahreman 1330 377582 3419214 3 1 2
Kabutatkhan 1662 438574 3352462 3 3 -
Central part 1515 403788 3364209 2 1 1
Anar Central part 1414 334675 3416022 4 3 1
Ravar Central part 1181 481234 3459578 4 2 2
Zarand Hotkan 2325 479943 3412892 3 2 1
Mahmud abad 1651 454636 3406622 3 1 2
Central part 1656 458637 3408681 4 3 1
Shahr Babak Estabraq 1794 316665 3326121 2 2 -
Mehrabad 1817 319991 3327739 2 1 1
Meymand 2218 343549 3345546 5 2 3
Central part 1840 318777 3332404 3 1 2
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 5 of 35
uses of 292 plant species in this region for the first time.Information about these recorded medicinal plants issummarized in Table 3 in terms of local names, voucherspecimens, part(s) used, healing practices, drug prepar-ation, ICPC classification, and use report (%).Asteraceae, Apiaceae, and Lamiaceae with 43, 38,
and 37 species were the dominant medicinally utilizedplant families, respectively (Fig. 2). In the south ofthis province, Sadat-Hosseini et al. reported thatApiaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae are the domin-ant medicinal plant families [10]. Moreover, in severalethnobotanical studies in the neighboring provinces(in Sistan and Baluchesta [23], and in Isfahan [24])and countries (like Turkey [25, 26], and Georgia[27]), similar results were reported on the dominanceof two or three of these plant families. From thephytochemical point of view, the dominance of Apia-ceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae families might bedue to phytochemical composition, which are clues tohigh content of essential oils and phenolic constitu-ents responsible for antimicrobial and antioxidantproperties [28, 29].Nepeta, Prunus, Ferula, Plantago, Ephedra, Euphorbia,
Artemisia, Salvia, Artemisia, and Astragalus were thedominant medicinally used plant genera. Moreover, thefindings of Saber et al. revealed that Salvia, Nepeta, Ar-temisia, Astragalus, Ferula, Plantago, Ephedra, Amygda-lus, and Crataegus are the most frequently and popularly
used medicinal plant genera in this district [8]. In gen-eral, the therapeutic significance of some plant familiesin a specific district may be related to the common dis-tribution of their species [30].There were some species like Tecomella undulata that
were classified under vulnerable and endangered cat-egory of the IUCN list due to low reproduction andoverexploitation [31, 32] while Pergularia tomentosa is arare and endangered plant species which grows in thesouth of Kerman. Our previous research revealed that alow percentage of Kerman rangelands is vegetated withthis plant and inhabitants uprooted it to meet theirpharmacological needs [33].The finding showed that the majority of the medicinal
plant species (95%) belong to the wild habitat and therest to cultivated areas. Other reports in this district [16,27] confirm our results. In this case, informants of thisregion believed that wild plants are more medicinally ef-fective than cultivated ones. Moreover, similar resultswere reported by Hu et al. in China [2].With respect to healthcare policies, despite the relative
adequate health services in this study area, local peopleand herbalists preferred herbal medicine due to the syn-thetic drugs side effects compared to herbal medicine.Furthermore, the general health policies that have beenapproved by the fifth development plan, as well as thenational document on medicinal plants and traditionalmedicine, which emphasizes the organization and
Table 2 Studied districts in the Kerman province with in-detail demographic characteristics of the local informants (Continued)
Area Village- nomadicdistrict
Altitude Location Number ofinformants
Gender
Latitude Longitude Male Female
Koohbanan Joz 1989 431829 3470143 2 2 -
Central part 1991 431755 3475352 2 1 1
Bam Dehbakri 2039 589237 3215060 5 4 1
Central part 1068 631396 3220002 2 1 1
Fahraj Central part 678 683329 3204470 3 1 2
Narmashir Central part 753 665948 3204479 2 2 -
Rigan Koosha 1586 658487 3137050 2 - 2
Central part 756 666076 3203853 2 - 2
Orzueeyeh Central part 1044 436602 3148052 3 2 1
Bardsir Lalehzar 2800 481843 3266686 4 3 1
Negar 2090 480752 3302559 3 3 -
Central part 2042 459122 3311509 2 1 1
Kerman Mahan 1854 524742 3327108 3 1 2
Shahdad 429 568791 3365494 3 1 2
Rayen 2161 542947 3274724 4 2 2
Jopar 1887 510333 3324762 5 4 1
Central part 1757 508230 3351251 11 7 4
Total 217 126 91
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 6 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Acanthaceae
Blepha
risedulis(Forssk.)Pers.
Anjereh
503
Leaf,Seed
Wou
ndhe
aling(3),Earache
(2),Eyeache
(2),Sore
throat
(3)
DER-S
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical
10A
Amaranthaceae
Amaran
thus
retroflexusL.
Sorkhm
aghz
598
Leaf
Jaun
dice
(18)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
18B,C
Amaranthaceae
Anab
asisap
hylla
L.Aldorak
596
Aerialp
arts
Weigh
tloss
(3),Con
stipation(1)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D
Aromatic
water
Oral
4B,C
Amaranthaceae
Seidlitziarosm
arinus
Bung
eex
Boiss.
Shoo
r594
Aerialp
arts
Washing
powde
r(5)
-,-
Powde
r-
5B,C
Amaranthaceae
Salso
laincanescensC.A.M
ey.
Jar593
Aerialp
arts
Washing
powde
r(2)
-,-
Powde
r-
2B,C
Amaranthaceae
Dysph
aniabo
trys
(L.)Mosyakin&
Clemants
Dermen
eh595
Youn
gflowering
branches
Beauty
ofskin
andhair(4)
DER-S
Oil
Topical
4B,C
Amaranthaceae
Suaeda
aegyptiaca
(Hasselq.)
Zohary
Somsil597
Aerialp
arts
Bloo
dpu
rifier(4),Ane
mia(29),Veg
etable(48)
OTH
-A,Blood
-BVege
table
Oral
81B,C
Amaryllidaceae
Allium
atroviolaceum
Boiss.
Piazevahshi
268
Bulb
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(2)
MET-T
Vege
table
Oral
2B,C
Amaryllidaceae
Allium
iranicum
(Wen
delbo)
Wen
delbo.
Serit
245
Leaf
Aromatic(4),Flavoringof
food
(33),D
igestive(6)
NER-N,-,G
AS-D
Spice
Oral
43B,C
Amaryllidaceae
Ixioliriontataricum
(Pall.)Schu
lt.&
Schu
lt.f.
Kheyaroo
269
Leaf
and
flower
Pickle(6)
OTH
-AVege
table
Oral
6B,C
Amaryllidaceae
Narcissus
tazettaL.
Narge
s267
Bulb,Leaf
Face
rash
treatm
ent(3),Sterility
treatm
ent(2),Gastric
discom
fort(2),Bloo
dcoagulation(4),Anti-d
epressants
(5)
DER-S,D
ER-S,G
AS-D,
Bloo
d-B,NER-N
Mask,
Decoctio
n,infusion
Topical,
Oral
16A,C
Anacardiaceae
PistaciaatlanticaDesf.
Bane
h623
Seed
Bone
andjointpains(5),Bu
rnhe
aling(68),W
ound
healing(26),Eczem
a(34)
SKE-L,DER-S,D
ER-S,
DER-S
Oil
Topical
208
A
Olibanum
Scar
(39)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
Olibanum
Lung
infections
(1)
RES-R
Fume
Inhale
Leaf,
Olibanum
Stom
achulcers(31),Too
thache
(2)
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Extract,
Gum
Oral
Fruit,
Olibanum
Disinfectant(2)
OTH
-AEdible
Oral
Anacardiaceae
PistaciakhinjukStocks
Kasour
621
Seed
,Leaf
Hem
orrhoid(1),Stom
achache(9),Toothache(2),Mem
ory
Improvem
ent(2),Jaun
dice
(1)
CAR-K,GAS-D,G
AS-D,
NER-N,G
AS-D
Nuts,Mixed
with
date,
Gum
Oral
15A
Anacardiaceae
Pistaciavera
L.Pesteh
620
Fruit
Reinforcingsexualde
sire
(2),Anti-n
ausea(1),Anti-
diarrhea
(1),Con
stipation(3)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,
Nuts
Oral
7A
Apiaceae
Ammim
ajus
L.Golsefid
220
Fruit
Anti-n
ausea(5),diuretic(4)
GAS-D,U
RO-U
Decoctio
nOral
9A
Apiaceae
Anethu
mgraveolens
L.Maitokhm
234
Seed
Bloo
dfat(3),Gastricdiscom
fort(32),Ene
rgetic(2),
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(2),Jointpain
(5)
Bloo
d-B,GAS-D,O
TH-
A,M
ET-T,SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
44A
Apiaceae
Apium
graveolens
L.Karafs221
Aerialp
arts
Relaxing
(1),Disinfectant(2),Flavoringof
food
(40)
NER-N,O
TH-A,-
Mixed
with
Oral
43B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 7 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
food
,Vege
table
Apiaceae
Bunium
persicum
(Boiss.)B.Fedtsch.
Ziresiah
227
Seed
Men
strualdisorders(30),Flavorin
gof
food
(115),
Digestive(2),Parasite
repe
llent
(3),Carminative(4),
Antispasm
odic(31),
GYN
-X,O
TH-A,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D,
NER-N
Decoctio
n,Infusion
,Mixed
with
food
Oral
185
A
Apiaceae
Carum
carviL.
Ziresiah
230
Fruit
Carminative(6),Relaxing
(1)
GAS-D,N
ER-N
Infusion
Oral
7A,C
Apiaceae
Conium
maculatum
L.Show
karan233
Who
leplant
Cou
gh(4),Respiratory
ailm
ents(6)
RES-R,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
10A
Apiaceae
Coriand
rum
sativum
L.Geshn
iz238
Leaf,Seed,
Aerialp
arts
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(3),Intestinalinfections
(2),Bloo
dfat
(4),lactiferous
(5),Flavoringof
food
(18)
Carminative(3)
MET-T,G
AS-D,Blood
-B,PR
E-W,O
TH-A,
GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Dried
vege
table
Oral
35A
Apiaceae
Cuminum
cyminum
L.Ziresabz
225
Seed
Men
strualdisorders(10),Flavorin
gof
food
(14),Bod
ytonic(5)
GYN
-X,-,O
TH-A
Decoctio
n,Infusion
,Mixed
with
food
Oral
29A
Apiaceae
Dau
cuscarota
L.Havij235
Bulb
Ane
mia(8),Sigh
ten
hancem
ent(7),App
etizing(3)
Bloo
d-B,EYE-F,OTH
-A
Salad
oral
18A,C
Apiaceae
Dorem
aam
mon
iacum
D.D
onOshtork
258
Gum
Disinfectant(4),Edible(7),Infectious
wou
ndhe
aling(11)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,D
ER-S
Powde
r,Mask,
Poultice,
Vege
table
Oral
22A
Apiaceae
Dorem
aau
cheriBoiss.
Oshtork
249
Gum
Disinfectant(4),Edible(7),Infectious
wou
nd(11)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,D
ER-S
Powde
r,Mask,
Poultice,
Vege
table
Oral
22A
Apiaceae
Ducrosia
anethifolia
(DC.)Bo
iss.
Reshkak291
Leaf,Seed
Abd
ominalpains(6),Bo
dytonic(7),Child
Carminative(9)
GAS-D,O
TH-A,G
AS-
DInfusion
Oral
22A
Apiaceae
Ducrosia
assadiiA
lava.
Reshkak237
Leaf
and
fruit
Wou
ndandbu
rnshe
aling(8)
DER-S
Oil
Topical
8A
Apiaceae
Eryngium
billardieriDelile
Chichagh240
Aerialp
arts
Expe
ctorant(4),Bron
chitis(4),Antispasm
odic(1),
Carminative(2),Cou
gh(4),Pain
relief(3),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(1)
RES-R,RES-R,NER-N,
GAS-D,RES-R,SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
19B,C
Apiaceae
Eryngium
bung
eiBo
iss.
Shoo
chagh242
Aerialp
arts
Pain
relief(4)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
4B
Apiaceae
Ferulaassa-fo
etidaL.
Ang
houze245
Gum
Parasite
intestine(16),Expectorant
(2),Men
strual
disorders(2),Gastritis(5)
GAS-D,RES-R,G
YN-X,
GAS-D
Fume,
Infusion
Oral
25A
Apiaceae
Ferulagu
mmosaBo
iss.
Ang
houzeh
236
Gum
Cou
gh(6),Laxative(3)
RES-R,GAS-D
Infusion
Oral
9A
Apiaceae
Ferulaoo
poda
(Boiss.&
Buhse)
Boiss.
Ang
houzeh
252
Latex,Fruit
Toothache(35),C
arminative(18),Intestin
alparasite
(30),
Toothinfection(10),Expectorant
(4)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,RES-R
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral
97A
Apiaceae
Ferulaovina(Boiss.)Bo
iss.
Ang
houze
shirin247
Aerialp
arts
Carminative(15)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
15A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 8 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Apiaceae
FerulapersicaWilld.
Ang
houzeh
250
Latex,Fruit
Cou
gh(6),Laxative(3)
RES-R,GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
9A
Apiaceae
Ferulaszow
itziana
DC.
Ang
houze254
Latex
Stom
achache(6)
GAS-D
Coo
ked
with
meat
and
vege
tables
Oral
6A
Apiaceae
Ferulago
angu
lata
(Schltd
l.)Bo
iss.
Garchi257
Aerialp
arts
Carminative(6),Flavoringof
butter
(1),Aromathe
rapy
(1)
GAS-D,O
TH-A
Decoctio
n,Po
wde
r,Dressing
Oral
8A
Apiaceae
Foeniculum
vulgareMill.
Badiuo
n244
Seed
Carminative(41),G
astricdiscom
fort(27),Bon
eandjoint
pains(12),A
sthm
a(1),Digestive(11)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,SKE-L,
RES-R,GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
92A
Apiaceae
Pulicariaun
dulata
(L.)C.A.Mey.
Sooteh
259
Leaf
Dysen
tery
(10),W
ound
healing(3)
GAS-D,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
14A,C
Apiaceae
Heracleum
persicum
Desf.ex
Fisch.,
C.A.Mey.&
Avé-Lall.
Golpar258
Fruit,Flow
erRelaxing
(8)
NER-N
Aromatic
water
Oral
8B,C
Apiaceae
Levisticum
officinaleW.D.J.Ko
chKarasm
262
Aerialp
art
Carminative(5),Gastricdiscom
fort(10),Blood
pressure
(19)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,C
AR-K
Aromatic
water
Oral
34B,C
Apiaceae
Levisticum
persicum
Freyn&
Bornm.
Karasm
260
Aerialp
arts,
Stem
Pickle(3),Aromathe
rapy
(1),Flavoringof
food
(2)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A
Decoctio
n,Dressing,
Powde
r
Oral
5A
Apiaceae
Petroselinum
crisp
um(M
ill.)Fuss
Jafari229
Youn
gbranches
Urin
aryston
e(3),Digestive(12),A
nemia(5)
URO
-U,G
AS-D,
Bloo
d-B
Decoctio
nOral
20A
Apiaceae
Pimpinella
saxifra
gaL.
JafariKo
uhi263
Leaf
Stom
achache(21)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
21A
Apiaceae
Platycha
eteau
cheri(Bo
iss.)
Boiss.
Zarbaroo
k255
Leaf
Asthm
a(7)
RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
7A,C
Apiaceae
Pran
goscheilanthifolia
Boiss.
Sekbinch
280
Youn
gbranches,
Gum
Carminative(5)
GAS-D
Mixed
with
food
Oral
5B,C
Apiaceae
Pran
gosferulacea(L.)Lind
l.Garchi253
Foliage
Flavoringof
dairy
(8),Parasite
repe
llent
(6),Toothache(7),
Carminative(3),Acne(2),Infectious
wou
nd(5)
-,GAS-D,G
AS-D,
GAS-D,D
ER-S,D
ER-S
Edible,
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
41B,C
Apiaceae
Pran
gosulop
tera
DC.
Jashir270
Youn
gbranches
Carminative(15),Bod
ytonic(17)
GAS-D,O
TH-A
Mixed
with
food
Oral
32A,C
Apiaceae
Psam
mog
eton
stocksii(Boiss.)Nasir
Izbo
k273
Aerialp
arts
Febrifuge
(4)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
4B,C
Apiaceae
Scan
dixstellata
Banks&Sol.
Badiyankooh
i275
Who
leplant
Body
tonic(25),Stomachtonic(13)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
38B,C
Apiaceae
Trachyspermum
ammi(L.)Spragu
eKaserk
277
Fruit
Stom
achache(19),C
arminative(7)
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
26A
Apiaceae
PycnocyclaspinosaDecne
.Sagd
andan279
Root
Scorpion
bite
(1)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
2B,C
Apiaceae
Pycnocyclaba
shga
rdiana
Mozaff.
Pvande
r288
Flow
erStom
achache(2)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
3B,C
Apo
cynaceae
Calotrop
isprocera(Aito
n)Dryand.
Kark
849
Latex
Eczema(98),Scorpionbite
(9),Earache(4),Toothache(6),
Cancer(1)
DER-S,D
ER-S,Ear-H,
GAS-D,C
AN-C
Latex
Topical,
Oral
151
B
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 9 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Leaf
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(11),Bruise(10)
MET-T,SKE-L
Poultice
Topical
Apo
cynaceae
Cion
uraerecta
(L.)Griseb
.Jaze
sabz
852
Leaf
Sore
throat
(3),Expe
ctorant(77),C
ough
(87)
OTH
-A,RES-R,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
167
B,C
Apo
cynaceae
Nerium
oleand
erL.
Gish861
Leaf
Stom
achache(3),Skin
diseases
(1)
GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Latex
Oral
4A,C
Apo
cynaceae
Pergulariatomentosa
L.Keshtook
855
Latex
Eczema(2),Con
stipation(1),Parasite
repe
llent
(2),Cancer
(1)
DER-S,G
AS-D,C
AN-C
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
15B,C
Who
leparts
Hairremovalof
anim
alskin
(9)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nTopical
Apo
cynaceae
Periploca
aphylla
Decne
.Shirb
adam
853
Latex,Aerial
parts
Burn
healing(3),Skin
inflammation(5)
DER-S,D
ER-S
Mask,
Poultice
Topical
8B,C
Apo
cynaceae
Rhazya
stricta
Decne
.Eshb
arg859
Leaf
Scorpion
andsnakebite
(5),Sore
throat
(2),Febrifuge
(41),Ear
ache
(1),Eyeache
(1)
DER-S
Decoctio
nBath
173
B
Leaf
Wou
ndhe
aling(63),Joint
pains(57),Red
ucebloo
dsugar
(3)
DER-S,SKE-L,M
ET-T
Poultice
Topical
Arecaceae
Phoenixda
ctylifera
L.Mog
h1123
Pollen
Improvem
entof
malefertility
(11)
PRE-W
Mixed
with
hone
yOral
17B,C
Pith
parenchyma
Mem
oryim
provem
ent(5)
NER-N
Edible
Oral
Arecaceae
Nan
norrho
psritchiean
a(Griff.)
Aitch.
Daz1125
Fruit
Vege
table(8)
OTH
-AEdible
Oral
8B,C
Asparagaceae
Leop
oldiacomosa(L.)Parl.
Sirm
ook1235
Bulb
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(2),Bron
chitis(3),Cou
gh(1)
GAS-D,RES-R,RES-R
Mixed
with
food
Oral
6B,C
Asteraceae
Achilleaerioph
oraDC.
Golebe
ngerask
921
Flow
ering
branches
Relaxing
(4),Gastricdiscom
fort(7),Parasite
repe
llent
(3),
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(10),M
enstrualdisorders(2),Cramps,Feb
ri-fuge
(8),Stom
achache(12)
NER-N,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
YN-X,
SKE-L,OTH
-A,G
AS-D
Infusion
,Po
wde
rOral
46A
Asteraceae
AchilleasantolinoidesLag.
Golebe
ngerask
918
Flow
ering
branches
Relaxing
(4),gastric
discom
fort(7),Parasite
repe
llent
(3),
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(10),M
enstrualdisorders(2),Cramps,Feb
ri-fuge
(8),Stom
achache(12)
NER-N,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
YN-X,
SKE-L,OTH
-A,G
AS-D
Infusion
,Po
wde
rOral
46A,C
Asteraceae
Achilleawilhelmsii
C.Koch
Golebe
ngerask
922
Flow
ering
branches
Stom
achache
(12),D
isinfectant(1),Bloo
dpu
rifier(2),
Carminative(4),Diuretic
(1),Antispasm
odic(6)
GAS-D,O
TH-A,
Bloo
d-B,GAS-D,U
RO-
U,NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
26A
Asteraceae
Arctium
lapp
aL.
Babaadam
950
Leaf
Vertigo(3),Bloo
dpu
rifier(2),Antispasm
odic(4),
Detoxificatio
n(1),Food
dige
stion(7),Parasite
repe
llent
(1),Kidn
eydiseases
(2)
NER-N,O
TH-A,N
ER-
N,O
TH-A,G
AS-D,
GAS-D,U
RO-U
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral
20B,C
Asteraceae
Artemisiaab
sinthium
L.Afsantin
930
Leaf,Flower
Intestinalparasites(5)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
5A
Asteraceae
Artemisiaau
cheriBoiss.
Jaz934
Flow
ering
branches
Relaxing
(6),Abd
ominalpains(27),Respiratory
diseases
(3),Bo
dytonic(6),Febrifuge
(25)
NER-N,G
AS-D,RES-R,
OTH
-A,O
TH-A
Decoctio
nOral
68A,C
Flow
ering
branches
Beauty
ofskin
andhair(1)
DER-S
Essentialo
il,Aromatic
water
Topical
Asteraceae
ArtemisiapersicaBo
iss.
Dermen
etorki
931
Flow
ering
branches
Febrifuge
(44),G
astricinfection(62),Stomachache(73)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
179
A,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 10 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Asteraceae
Artemisiascop
aria
Waldst.&Kitam.
Dermen
eh932
Aerialp
arts
Stom
achache(13)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
13B,C
Asteraceae
ArtemisiasieberiBesser
Sorkhd
ermon
953
Flow
ering
branches
Anti-n
ausea(20),A
ntispasm
odic,(8)
Parasite
repe
llent
(18)
GAS-D,N
ER-N,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
61A
Flow
ering
branches
Bruise
(15)
SKE-L
Decoctio
nTopical
Asteraceae
Atractyliscancellata
L.Kh
archarkha
940
Gum
,Leaf
Vege
table(3)
OTH
-ARo
w,
Powde
rOral
3B,C
Asteraceae
Calend
ulaofficinalisL.
Golebahari942
Aerialp
arts
Carminative(2),Pancreaticcancer
(1)
GAS-
D,C
AN-C
Infusion
Oral
8B,C
Aerialp
arts
Acne(3),Pterygium
(2)
DER-S,EYE-F
Oil,
Aromatic
water
Topical,Eye
drop
Asteraceae
Cartha
mus
lana
tusL.
Kharzard
971
Flow
erBruise
(2)
SKE-L
Poultice
Topical
2B,C
Asteraceae
Cartha
mus
oxyacantha
M.Bieb.
Golrang
zard
972
Leaf
and
flower
Purgative(1),Men
strualdisorders(1),Bloo
dpu
rifier(1)
GAS-D,G
YN-X,O
TH-A
Decoctio
nOral
3B,C
Asteraceae
Centau
reabenedicta(L.)L.
Khar
mog
hadas
980
Flow
ering
branches
Mem
orytonic(2)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
2B,C
Asteraceae
Centau
reabrug
uieran
a(DC.)Hand.-
Mazz.
Golegand
om981
Aerialp
arts
Anti-inflammatory(2)
SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
2A
Asteraceae
Cichorium
intybu
sL.
Kasni925
Leaf
and
Flow
erJaun
dice
(15),Liver
diseases
(2),Diuretic
(2),Febrifuge
(13),A
ntihypertensive(2),Laxative(55)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,U
RO-
U,O
TH-A,CAR-K,GAS-
D
Aromatic
water,
Maceration
Oral
89A,C
Asteraceae
Cichorium
pumilum
Jacg.
Kasni913
Leaf
and
Flow
erJaun
dice
(14),Liver
diseases
(2),Febrifuge
(14),Blood
purifier,Antihypertensive(2),Laxative(50)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,O
TH-
A,O
TH-A,G
AS-D
Aromatic
water,
Maceration
Oral
96A
Root
App
etizing(5)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
Asteraceae
Cirsium
arvense(L.)Scop
.Kang
ar925
Root,Pith
parenchyma
Gastricdiscom
fort(8),App
etizing(2),Disinfectant(4),
Febrifuge
(7)
GAS-D,O
TH-A,O
TH-
A,O
TH-A
Decoctio
nOral
21A
Asteraceae
Cota
tinctoria(L.)J.G
ayBabo
uneh
939
Flow
ering
branches
Throat
pains(4),Nervous
prob
lems(13),C
ommon
cold
(14),A
nti-d
iarrhe
a(20),Prostate(5)
GAS-D,N
ER-N,RES-R,
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
56A,C
Asteraceae
Cousiniacong
esta
Bung
e.Po
loosh945
Gum
Asthm
a(2)
RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
2B,C
Asteraceae
Cyan
usdepressus(M
.Bieb.)Soják
Golegand
om977
Flow
erDigestive(11),C
ough
(1),Laxative(6)
GAS-D,RES-R,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
18B,C
Asteraceae
Echino
psritrodesBu
nge
Kaloor
983
Fruit
Gastricdiscom
fort(7)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
7B,C
Asteraceae
Glebion
iscorona
ria(L.)Cass.ex
Spach.
Davoo
di986
Aerialp
arts
Bloo
dpu
rifier(2),Eyesight
enhancem
ent(2)
OTH
-A,EYE-F
Infusion
Oral
4B,C
Asteraceae
Gun
delia
tournefortiiL.
Kang
ar974
Pith
parenchyma
Gastricdiscom
fort(8),Con
stipation(12),Red
uceBloo
dfat
(1),Bloo
dpu
rifier(15)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,O
TH-
A,O
TH-A
Edible,Salad
Oral
36B,C
Asteraceae
Hertia
angu
stifolia
(DC.)Ku
ntze
Karkichbiabani
975
Leaf,Flower
Pain
relief(4)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
4B,C
Asteraceae
Hertia
interm
edia
(Boiss.)Ku
ntze
Karkich973
Flow
ering
Insect
bite
(5),Pu
rgative(2),Parasite
repe
llent
(1)
DER-S,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Poultice,
Topical,
8A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 11 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
branches
Decoctio
nOral
Asteraceae
Inulabritann
icaL.
Mosafa979
Aerialp
arts
Redu
cing
thirst(3)
OTH
-ASyrup
Oral
3B,C
Asteraceae
Lactucaorientalis(Boiss.)Bo
iss.
Jaroo958
Latex,
Flow
erInsomnia(3)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
3B,C
Asteraceae
Lactucaserriola
L.Kaho
khardar
916
Aerialp
arts,
Latex
Bone
andjointpains(1),Pu
rgative(1)
SKE-L,GAS-D
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
2A
Asteraceae
Laun
aeaacan
thod
es(Boiss.)Ku
ntze
Goo
jar918
Aerialp
arts
Animalparasite
repe
llent
(122),Pain
relief(4)
GAS-D,N
ER-N
Maceration
Oral
126
B,C
Asteraceae
Matricariacham
omillaL.
Babo
unak
946
Flow
ering
branches
Anti-inflammation(2),Anti-n
ausea(3)
SKE-L,GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Asteraceae
Ono
pordum
carm
anicum
(Bornm
.)Bo
rnm.
Kang
ar919
Youn
gbranches
Gastricdiscom
fort(4)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
4B,C
Asteraceae
Ono
pordum
leptolepisDC.
Kang
ar920
Aerialp
arts
Urin
aryston
e(6),Abd
ominalpains(9),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(8)
URO
-U,G
AS-D,G
AS-
DDecoctio
nOral
23B,C
Asteraceae
Rhap
onticum
repens
(L.)Hidalgo
Talkhe
sadi
927
Aerialp
arts
Baby
fever(2),Cancer(2)
OTH
-A,C
AN-C
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical
4B,C
Asteraceae
Scorzonera
mucida"Rech.f.,Aellen
&Esfand
.Kalagh
oo912
Freshleaf
Infectious
wou
nd(3)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
3B,C
Asteraceae
Senecioglau
cusL.
Bang
dane
h990
Aerialp
arts
Chron
icwou
nd(6)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
6B,C
Asteraceae
Silybu
mmarianu
m(L.)Gaertn.
Kharmaryam
995
Leaf
Fattyliver
(35),Red
ucebloo
dsugar(3)
GAS-D,M
ET-T
Decoctio
nOral
38A,C
Asteraceae
Sonchu
sasper(L.)Hill
Shirtighak996
Leaf
Skin
rash
(3)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
3A
Asteraceae
Sonchu
soleraceus(L.)L.
Shirtighak997
Leaf
Skin
rash
(3)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
4A
Asteraceae
Tana
cetum
parthenium
(L.)Sch.Bip.
Babo
uneh
960
Aerialp
arts
Parasite
repe
llent
(4),Migraine(2),Anti-inflammation(10),
Pepticulcer(3),Gastritis(6)
OTH
-A,N
ER-N,SKE-L,
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
25A
Asteraceae
Taraxacum
asseman
iiBo
iss.
Shird
andan998
Leaf,Flower
Livertonic(1),Diuretic
(1)
GAS-D,U
RO-U
Decoctio
nOral
2B,C
Asteraceae
Taraxacum
pseudocaloceph
alum
Soest.
Gased
ak906
Seed
Bloo
dfat(1)
Bloo
d-B
Decoctio
nOral
1B,C
Asteraceae
Trag
opog
ongram
inifoliusDC.
Shen
g999
Leaf,Roo
tDiuretic
(3),Gastrointestin
aldisorders(2)
URO
-U,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Berberidaceae
BerberisintegerrimaBu
nge
Zarch681
Root
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(61),A
nimalparasite
repe
llent
(2),
Hep
atitis(2),Jointpains(22),Breakingbo
nehe
aling(15),
Leavingaddiction(27)
MET-T,G
AS-D,C
AR-K,
GAS-D,SKE-L,SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
182
A
Leaf
Textile
fiber
color(9),Bloo
dpressure
(28)
OTH
-A,C
AR-K
Decoctio
n-
Fruit
Bloo
dpu
rifier(30),H
eatregu
latio
n(1),Hives
(3),Laxative
(4)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,D
ER-S,
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
Bieb
ersteiniaceae
BiebersteiniamultifidaDC.
Pichebahm
an683
Root
Reinforcingsexualde
sire
(9),Pain
relief(5),Colic(3)
OTH
-A,N
ER-N,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
17B,C
Bign
oniaceae
Tecomellaun
dulata
(Sm.)Seem
.Golparak701
Stem
bark,
Leaf
Skin
ailm
ents(79),Eczem
a(64),Red
ucebloo
dsugar(41),
Urin
aryprob
lems(10)
DER-S,D
ER-S,M
ET-T
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical
194
A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 12 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Boraginaceae
Anchusaazurea
Mill.
Gavzaban710
Flow
erRelaxing
(4)
NER-N
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
4A,C
Boraginaceae
Buglossoides
arvensis(L.)I.M
.John
st.
Sang
dane
h711
Leaf,Roo
tPain
relief(6)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
6B,C
Boraginaceae
Cacciniamacranthera
(Banks
&Sol.)
Brand
Gavzaban720
Flow
erRelaxing
(3)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
3A,C
Boraginaceae
CordiamyxaL.
Pohil724
Fruit
Com
mon
cold
(5),App
etizing(4),Throatpain
(10),
Eczema(2),Kidn
eyston
e(5)
RES-R,-,GAS-D,D
ER-
S,URO
-UPo
ultice,
Infusion
Oral,
Topical
26B,C
Boraginaceae
Echium
amoenu
mFisch.&C.A.Mey.
Golgavzaban
734
Flow
erSleeplessness(27),Relaxing(76),A
norexia(1)
NER-N,N
ER-N,Psy-P
Decoctio
nOral
104
A,C
Boraginaceae
Non
eacaspica(W
illd.)G.Don
Gavzabanak
715
Leaf,Flower
Relaxing
(2),Ano
rexia(1)
RES-R,NER-N,Psy-P
Decoctio
nOral
5A
Boraginaceae
Non
eapersicaBo
iss.
Serkoe
eChe
skoe
e712
Flow
erand
Leaf
Relaxing
(3),Hearttonic(5),Expe
ctorant(2),Disinfectant
(4),
NER-N,C
AR-K,RES-R,
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
14B,C
Boraginaceae
Ono
smastenosipho
nBo
iss.
Hoo
choo
716
Root
Wom
eninfection(7),Pain
relief(6),Bruise
(8),Wou
ndsucker
(13),Burnhe
aling(9)
GYN
-X,N
ER-N,D
ER-S,
DER-S,D
ER-S
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
43B,C
Boraginaceae
Solena
nthu
scircinatus
Lede
b.Cho
obeAzar
725
Stem
bark
Bruise
(95)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
95B,C
Boraginaceae
Tricho
desm
astocksiiBo
iss.
Gavzaban727
Flow
erNerve
tonic(6),Respiratory
ailm
ents(1),Sore
throat
(1),
Relaxing
(1)
NER-N,RES-R,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
9A
Brassicaceae
Alyssum
linifolium
Step
hanex
Willd.
Gho
doom
eh756
Seed
Laxative(3),Cou
gh(2)
GAS-D,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
5A,C
Brassicaceae
Alyssum
szovitsianu
mFisch.&
C.A.Mey.
Tood
ari
karopo
o740
Seed
Laxative(14)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
14B,C
Brassicaceae
Brassicanigra(L.)K.Ko
chKh
ardal750
Root,Leaf,
Seed
Mem
oryim
provem
ent(1),Skin
clarificatio
n(2)
NER-N,D
ER-S
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
3B,C
Brassicaceae
Brassicarapa
L.Shalgh
am749
Root
Respiratory
ailm
ents(5),Com
mon
cold
(69)
RES-R,RES-R
Edible
Oral
74A
Brassicaceae
Capsellabu
rsa-pa
storis(L.)Med
ik.
Kisekeshish745
Aerialp
arts
Bloo
dpu
rifier(7)
Bloo
d-B
Decoctio
nOral
7B,C
Brassicaceae
Descurainiasoph
ia(L.)Web
b.ex
Prantl
Khakshir762
Seed
Laxative(42),D
isinfectant(5),Redu
cing
thirst(7),
Con
stipation(46),Throatinfection(10),Intestin
alpain
(7),
Bloo
dpu
rifier(4),Heatstroke(7),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(5)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,O
TH-
A,-,G
AS-D,G
AS-D,
GAS-D,O
TH-A,G
AS-
D
Decoctio
n,Syrup,
Maceration
Oral
96A
Brassicaceae
Erucavesicaria
(L.)Cav.
Mando
w755
Youn
gstem
andleaf
Body
tonic(2)
OTH
-ASalad
Oral
2B,C
Brassicaceae
Erysimum
crassicau
le(Boiss.)Bo
iss.
Khakshire
talkh
760
Seed
Respiratory
ailm
ents(4)
RES-R
Maceration
Oral
4A,C
Brassicaceae
Fortuyniaga
rcinii(Burm.f.)
Shuttlew.
Shabbo
o765
Aerialp
arts,
Laef
and
flower
Migraine(5),Relaxing
(6),Men
strualdisorders(2),
Flavoringof
food
(4),Antispasm
odic(3),Stom
achtonic
(6)
NER-N,N
ER-N,G
YN-X,
NER-N,G
AS-D
Decoctio
n,Infusion
,Mixed
with
food
Oral
26A,C
Brassicaceae
Goldb
achialaevigata(M
.Bieb.)DC.
Nakho
nak780
Seed
Antim
icrobial(1)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
1B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 13 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Brassicaceae
Lepidium
drab
aL.
Moo
koo759
Leaf
Eczema(4),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(7),Diuretic
(8),
Gastritis(4),Stom
achacidificatio
n(4),Cou
gh(8),
Flavoringof
food
(16),A
nemia(3)
DER-S,SKE-L,U
RO-U,
GAS-D,G
AS-D,RES-R,
OTH
-A,Blood
-B
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
54B,C
Brassicaceae
Lepidium
latifolium
L.Tarantizak
770
Aerialp
arts
Pickle(9),Bo
dytonic(3)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A
Edible
Oral
12B,C
Brassicaceae
Lepidium
sativum
L.Shahi776
Leaf
Musclecram
ps(2),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(3)
SKE-L,SKE-L,SKE-L,
SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Brassicaceae
Raph
anus
caud
atus
L.Torobche
h784
Root
Digestive(6),Urin
aryprob
lems(2)
GAS-D,U
RO-U
Vege
table,
Decoctio
nOral
8B,C
Brassicaceae
Sisymbrium
irioL.
Khakshir763
Seed
Laxative,Con
stipation
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Infusion
Oral
A
Brassicaceae
Isatis
tinctoria
L.Vasm
eh783
Leaf
Hairtonicandhaircolor(24)
DER-S
Powde
rmixed
with
water
Topical
24A,C
Brassicaceae
Thlaspiperfoliatum
L.Kisehcho
ochan
785
Seed
Diuretic
(5)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
5B,C
Cannabaceae
Cann
abissativaL.
Kanaf1240
Seed
,Leaf,
flowering
branches
Urin
aryprob
lems(3),Sleeplessness(2),Nervous
system
tonic(7),Relaxing
(2)
URO
-U,N
ER-N,N
ER-
N,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
14B,C
Cam
panu
laceae
Campa
nulakerm
anica(Rech.f.,
Aellen&Esfand
.)Rech.f.
Golegh
ifoo
1325
Flow
erand
leaf
Cou
gh(4)
RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
4B,C
Capparid
aceae
Capp
arisspinosaL.
Dak
634
Fruit,Leaf
Liverdiseases
(1),Ane
mia(1),Jointpains(3),
Antim
icrobial(12),Pickle(7),Eczema(16)
RES-R,OTH
-A,SKE-L,
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
40A
Caprifoliaceae
Lomelosiaolivieri(Cou
lt.)Greuter
&Bu
rdet
Sarbanafsheh
talkh1331
Flow
erDiarrhe
a(5),Jointpans
(4)
GAS-D,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
9B,C
Caprifoliaceae
Scab
iosa
cand
olleiD
C.
Talhkou1332
Flow
erAnti-d
iarrhe
a(8),Abd
ominalpains(5),Bo
neandjoint
pains(2)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical
16A
Caprifoliaceae
Scab
iosa
flavida
Boiss.&Hausskn.
Sarbanafsheh
talkh1334
Flow
erAnti-d
iarrhe
a(4),Jointpans
(3)
GAS-D,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
7B,C
Caprifoliaceae
Valeriana
ficariifolia
Boiss.
Alafe
gorbe
1337
Root,
Rhizom
eRelaxing
(5)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Caryoph
yllaceae
Dianthu
scrinitusSm
.Ghe
rnefel612
Seed
Toothache(17),Breathfre
shen
er(2)
OTH
-A,RES-R
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
19B,C
Caryoph
yllaceae
Dianthu
sorientalisAdams
Mikhak611
Leaf,Flower
Toothache(24),Breathfre
shen
er(2),Headache(18),
Nerve
pain
(27)
OTH
-A,RES-R,N
ER-N,
NER-N
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
71A
Caryoph
yllaceae
HerniariahirsutaL.
Fetgh613
Aerialp
arts
Burn
wou
ndhe
aling(5)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
5B,C
Cleom
aceae
CleomecoluteoidesBo
iss.
Alafe
maar
1350
Leaf,Flower
andFruit
Diuretic
(5),Laxative(2),Anti-n
ausea(2),psoriasis(2)
URO
-U,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral
11B,C
Colchicaceae
Colchicum
schimperiJankaex
Stef.
Hasratoo452
Root
Warttreatm
ent(5),Jointpains(6),Redu
cethepain
ofgo
utdisease(4)
DER-S,SKE-L,N
ER-N
Poultice
Topical
15B,C
Con
volvulaceae
ConvolvulusarvensisL.
Pichak
791
Leaf,Flower,
Seed
Gastricdiscom
fort(12),W
ound
healing(3),Asthm
a(2)
GAS-D,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
17A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 14 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Con
volvulaceae
Cressa
creticaL.
Alafmou
rche
h790
Aerialp
arts
Antifung
al(4),Antibacterial(14)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A
Poultice
Topical
18A
Con
volvulaceae
Cuscutaepithym
um(L.)L.
Ses792
Aerialp
arts
Diuretic
(2),Jaun
dice
(2)
URO
-U,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
4A,C
Cucurbitaceae
Citrulluscolocynthis(L)Schrad.
Gelge
njak
890
Fruit,Seed
,Ro
otRedu
cebloo
dsugar(91),Red
ucerheumaticpain
(3),
Scorpion
bite
(6),Chron
iculcers(5),Antihypertensive(4),
Febrifuge
(2),Bo
neandjointpains(8)
MET-T,D
ER-S,D
ER-S,
OTH
-A,C
AR-K,DER-S,
SKE-L
Poultice,
powde
rTopical,
Oral
119
A
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumissativus
L.Kh
eyar
889
Aerialp
arts
Laxative(13)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
13A,C
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita
moschataDuche
sne
Kado
ohalvaee
891
Seed
Prostate
(6)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
6A,C
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita
pepo
L.Kado
o885
Fruit
Bloo
dfat(8),Con
stipation(4)
Bloo
d-B,GAS-D
Edible
Oral
12A,C
Cup
ressaceae
Juniperusexcelsa
M.Bieb.
Avors203
Fruit
Com
mon
cold
(14),H
airtonicandhaircolor(3),
Freshe
nerbo
dy(6),Skin
rash
(31),W
ound
healing(12)
RES-R,DER-S,O
TH-A,
DER-S,D
ER-S
Powde
r,Bath,
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
143
B
Leaf
PestCon
trol
(15),A
lgae
Pool
Con
trol
(3),Woo
dcorrosion
(10),Painrelief(4)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,O
TH-
A,N
ER-N
Dressing,
Powde
r,Decoctio
n
Topical,
Oral
Leaf
and
fruit
Stom
achtonic(7),App
etizing(5),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(11)
GAS-D,O
TH-A,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeag
nusan
gustifolia
L.Senjed
544
Seed
Jointpains(26),A
nti-d
iarrhe
a(48),Pep
ticulcer(10)
SKE-L,GAS-D,G
AS-D
Poultice,
Powde
rTopical,
Oral
90A
seed
Health
tonic(6)
OTH
-AOil
Oral
Ephe
draceae
EphedradistachyaL.
Khim
ouk182
Youn
gbranches
Stom
achache(12),Relaxing(8),Pepticulcer(62),
Stom
achbu
rning,
(22)
Tradition
altann
ery(10),Relaxing
(1)
GAS-D,N
ER-N,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D,
NER-N
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
115
B,C
Ephe
draceae
Ephedrafoliata
Boiss.ex
C.A.Mey.
Khim
ouk180
Youn
gbranches
Stom
achache(2),Relaxing
(3),Pepticulcer(3),Relaxing
(1)
GAS-D,N
ER-N,G
AS-
D,N
ER-N
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
9B,C
Ephe
draceae
Ephedramajor
Host
Alijoo
n185
Youn
gbranches,
Fruit
Respiratory
ailm
ents(4),Cou
gh(4),Com
mon
cold
(5),
Pain
relief(24),Relaxing(1)
RES-R,RES-R,RES-R,
NER-N,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
53A
Youn
gbranches,
Fruit
Tradition
altann
ery(15)
OTH
-ADecoctio
n-
Ephe
draceae
Ephedrainterm
edia
Schren
k&
C.A.Mey.
Khim
ouk179
Youn
gbranches
Com
mon
cold
(5),Stom
achache(7),Weigh
tloss
(36),
Pepticulcer(50),Traditio
naltanne
ry(15),Relaxing(1)
RES-R,GAS-D,O
TH-A,
GAS-D,O
TH-A,N
ER-N
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
114
B,C
Ephe
draceae
Ephedrapa
chyclada
Boiss.
Hoo
menar186
Youn
gbranches,
Fruit
Cramp(9),Food
colorin
g(10)
SKE-L,OTH
-ADecoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
19A,C
Ephe
draceae
EphedrastrobilaceaBu
nge
Khim
ook189
Youn
gbranches,
Fruit
Pain
relief(37),G
astricdiscom
fort(53),Relaxing(1)
NER-N,G
AS-D,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
91A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 15 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Euph
orbiaceae
Euph
orbiabu
sseiPax
Shirsag
470
Youn
gleaf
Treatm
entof
Blister(5),Skin
stim
ulant(3),Redu
cedvision
(3),Ane
mia(2)
DER-S,D
ER-S,EYE-F,
Bloo
d-B
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
13A,C
Euph
orbiaceae
Euph
orbiagran
ulataForssk.
Shirb
eng472
Latex
Eczema(2)
DER-S
Latex
Topical
2B,C
Euph
orbiaceae
Euph
orbiahelioscop
iaL.
Shirb
eng484
Leaf,Seed
Jointpains(3),Skin
rash
(3),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(2)
SKE-L,DER-S,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
8A
Euph
orbiaceae
Euph
orbiapeplus
L.Alafe
zegi
l475
Latex
Eczema(2)
DER-S
Latex
Topical
2B,C
Euph
orbiaceae
Euph
orbiaserpensKu
nth
Gazeroo
477
Latex
Eczema(10)
DER-S
Latex
Topical
10B,C
Euph
orbiaceae
Euph
orbiaturcom
anicaBo
iss.
Farfe
yeon
478
Latex
Eczema(3)
DER-S
Latex
Topical
3B,C
Euph
orbiaceae
Ricinu
scommun
isL.
Kenton
499
Seed
Laxative(3),Skin
patche
s(2),Hairtonic(5),Disinfectant
(4)
GAS-D,D
ER-S,D
ER-S,
OTH
-APo
ultice,Oil
Topical
13A
Fabaceae
Alha
gimau
rorum
Med
ik.
Ado
or675
Aerialp
arts
Urin
aryston
e(13),H
emorrhoid(2),
Redu
cerheumaticpain
(1)
URO
-U,C
AR-K,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
15A,C
Fabaceae
Alha
gipseuda
lhag
i(M.Bieb.)Desv.
exB.Keller&Shap.
Ado
or674
Aerialp
arts
Urin
aryston
e(13),C
hild
jaun
dice
(4)
URO
-U,G
AS-D
Aromatic
water,
Decoctio
n
Oral
17A
Fabaceae
Astracan
thalateritia(Boiss.&
Hausskn.)Po
dlech
Khar
640
Stem
Hairtonic(22),Eczem
a(45)
DER-S,D
ER-S
Gel
Topical
67B,C
Fabaceae
Astrag
alus
erem
ophilusBo
iss.
Gavan
643
Seed
Reinforcingsexualde
sire
(3),Asthm
a(5),Preven
tingof
theBloo
dcoagulation(2),Expe
ctorant(5)
OTH
-A,RES-R,Blood
-B,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
15A
Fabaceae
Astrag
alus
fasciculifolius
subsp.arbu
sculinus
(Bornm
.&Gauba)Tietz
Anzaroo
t645
Gum
,Stem
bark
Earinfection(3),Earache(2),Cou
gh(3),Stom
achache(5),
Livestockparasite
(6),Com
mon
cold
(4),Detoxificatio
n(5),Foot-and
-mou
thdiseaseof
livestock
(10),W
art(6),
Eyeache
(2)
Ear-H,Ear-H,RES-R,
GAS-D,G
AS-D,RES-R,
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,D
ER-S,
EYE-F
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
46B,C
Fabaceae
Astrag
alus
gossypinus
Fisch.
Gavan
641
Gum
,Stem
bark
Tradition
alkohl
(67),H
airbe
auty
(15),H
airtonic(15)
DER-S,D
ER-S,D
ER-S
Gel,Pou
ltice
Topical
97B,C
Fabaceae
Astrag
alus
ovoideus
Širj.&Rech.f.
Margin685
Gum
Anti-stress(4),Relaxing
(4)
NER-N,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
8B,C
Fabaceae
Cercissiliqua
strum
L.Argavan
646
Leaf,Stem
bark
Gastricdiscom
fort(3),Expe
ctorant(2)
GAS-D,RES-R
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
5B,C
Fabaceae
Cicerarietinum
L.Nokho
dkerm
ani659
Seed
Hairtonic(2),Diuretic
(3)
DER-S,U
RO-U,C
AN-C
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
5A,C
Fabaceae
Cicerkerm
anense
Bornm.
Nokho
d-e
kerm
ani660
Fruit
Hairtonic(2),Diuretic
(3),Men
strualregu
latio
n(2)
DER-S,U
RO-U,G
YN-X
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
7A
Fabaceae
ColuteapersicaBo
iss.
Feh652
Stem
bark
Wou
ndhe
aling(3)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
3B,C
Fabaceae
DalbergiasissooDC.
Jag653
Stem
bark
Abo
rtion(2),Expe
ctorant(7),Anti-p
arasitic(2),Bu
rnhe
al-
ing(2),Anti-n
ausea(2),Redu
cing
thirst(1)
PRE-W,RES-R,G
AS-D,
DER-S,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
16A
Fabaceae
Genistatinctoria
L.Rang
ineh
654
Aerialp
arts
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(2),Gastricdiscom
fort(4),Abd
ominalpains
(3),Con
stipation(2)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
11A
Fabaceae
Glycyrrhiza
glab
raL.
Matki650
Root
Stom
achulcers(28),A
phthou
sulcer(83),Expectorant
(9),
Breaking
bone
healing(14),Prostate(4)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,RES-R,
SKE-L,URO
-UDecoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral
138
A,C
Fabaceae
Lathyrus
sativus
L.Karoo661
Arialp
art
Laxative(5),Com
mon
cold
(2),Fattyliver
(2),Jaun
dice
(3),
GAS-D,RES-R,G
AS-D,
Edible,
Oral,
14B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 16 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Eczema(2)
GAS-D,D
ER-S
Poultice
Topical
Fabaceae
Lens
culinarisMed
ik.
Adas663
Seed
Body
tonic(10)
OTH
-AEdible
Oral
10A,C
Fabaceae
Medicag
osativaL.
Yonjeh
665
Youn
gLeaf
Intestinalparasites(1),Eyesight
tonic(7),App
etizing(2),
Ane
mia(8)
GAS-D,EYE-F,O
TH-A,
OTH
-AEdible
Oral
28A
Root
Stom
achtonic(3),Gastricdiscom
fort(3),Leaving
addiction(2),Redu
cebloo
dsugar(2)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,N
ER-
N,M
ET-T
Decoctio
nOral
Fabaceae
Melilotusofficinalis(L.)Pall.
Kalilalmolk697
Leaf
and
youn
gstem
Com
mon
cold
(4),Diuretic
(2),Relaxing
(9),
Antispasm
odic(3)
RES-R,URO
-U,N
ER-N,
NER-N
Edible
Oral
18B,C
Fabaceae
Ono
brychisaltissim
aGrossh.
Espe
res670
Leaf,Flower
Jaun
dice
(7),App
etizing(2)
GAS-D,O
TH-A
Decoctio
nOral
9A
Fabaceae
Ono
nisspinosaL.
Kharkhar
668
Root
Inflammationof
theurinarytract(6),Diuretic
(6)
URO
-U,U
RO-U
Decoctio
nOral
12B,C
Fabaceae
PhaseolusvulgarisL.
Loob
iasabz
669
Fruit
Cardiovasculardiseases
(5),Diuretic
(2),Cancer(1)
CAR-K,URO
-U,C
AN-C
Mixed
with
food
Oral
8B,C
Fabaceae
Prosop
iscineraria
(L.)Druce
Kaho
or655
Latex
Eczema(10)
DER-S
Latexof
burning
stem
Topical
26B,C
Stem
bark
Tradition
altann
ery(16)
OTH
-ADecoctio
n-
Fabaceae
Prosop
isfarcta
(Banks
&Sol.)
J.F.Macbr.
Kaho
orak
684
DriedFruit
Antihistamine(2),Preven
tingof
nose
bleeding
(2)
RES-R,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
4B,C
Fabaceae
Soph
oraalop
ecuroidesL.
Talkhe
h687
Who
leplant
Antihypertensive(1),Antibacterial(2),C
onstipation(2),
Pain
relief(1)
CAR-K,OTH
-A,G
AS-
D,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
6B,C
Fabaceae
Soph
oramollis
(Royle)Baker
Talkhe
h688
Seed
Antihypertensive(1),Antibacterial(2),C
onstipation(2),
Pain
relief(1)
CAR-K,OTH
-A,G
AS-
D,N
ER-N
Mixed
with
food
Oral
6B,C
Fabaceae
Soph
orapa
chycarpa
C.A.Mey.
Talkhe
h690
Seed
Antihypertensive(1),Antibacterial(2),C
onstipation(2),
Pain
relief(1)
CAR-K,OTH
-A,G
AS-
D,N
ER-N
Mixed
with
food
Oral
6B,C
Fabaceae
Taverniera
cuneifolia
(Roth)
Ali
Lati614
Leaf
Wou
ndhe
aling(9)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
9B,C
Fabaceae
Taverniera
nummularia
DC.
Daf
615
Leaf
Wou
ndhe
aling(9)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
9B,C
Fabaceae
Trag
acan
thafasciculifolia
(boiss.)
Kuntze
Khaar680
Stem
and
leaf
Hairtonic(3),Gingivalinflammation(5)
DER-S,G
AS-D
Gum
,Po
wde
rTopical,
Oral
8B,C
Fabaceae
Trifolium
repens
L.Shabdare
sefid
693
Aerialp
arts
Bloo
dpu
rifier(3),Cou
gh(2),Cardiovasculardisorders(1),
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(3),Digestive(4),Bu
rnhe
aling(6)
OTH
-A,RES-R,C
AR-K,
GAS-D,G
AS-D,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,vege
table
Oral
9A,C
Fabaceae
Trigon
ellafoenum
-graecum
L.Shanbalileh
694
Leaf
and
youn
gstem
Antihypertensive(6),Redu
cebloo
dsugar(5)
CAR-K,MET-T
Decoctio
nOral
21A
Fabaceae
Viciafaba
L.Bagla689
Seed
Redu
cethebloo
dfat(3),Con
stipation(4)
Bloo
d-B,GAS-D
Food
Oral
7A
Fabaceae
ViciasativaL.
Mash617
Seed
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(2),Diuretic
(1),Gum
boil(2)
GAS-D,U
RO-U,G
AS-
DEatas
food
Oral
5A
Fabaceae
Lens
culinarisMed
ik.
Adas630
Seed
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(2),Diuretic
(1),Gum
boil(2)
GAS-D,U
RO-U,G
AS-
DEatas
food
Oral
5A
Geraniaceae
Erod
ium
cicutarium
(L.)L'Hér.
Soozan
Kalagh
oo1411
Aerialp
arts
Antibacterial(2),W
ound
healing(5),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(3),In-
testinalinfection(4)
OTH
-A,D
ER-S,G
AS-D,
GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral
14B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 17 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Geraniaceae
Geran
ium
rotund
ifolium
L.Soozani1412
Bulb
Intestinalinfection(3),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(1)
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
4A,C
Gen
tianaceae
Centau
rium
pulchellum
(Sw.)Druce
Gho
ntorionasa
1413
Aerialp
arts
Febrifuge
(4),Bo
dytonic(3),Carminative(3)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,G
AS-
DDecoctio
nOral
10B,C
Gisekiaceae
Gisekiaph
arna
ceoidesL.
Bargdyereii
1416
Aerialp
arts
Removeskin
bur(5)
DER-S
Dressing
Topical
5A
Hypericaceae
Hypericum
perfo
ratum
L.Raee
859
Leaf
and
flower
Burn
wou
nd(3)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
3A,C
Iridaceae
Irisgerm
anicaL.
Zanb
agh314
Aerialp
arts
Antifung
al(2),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(2)
OTH
-A,SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
4B,C
Iridaceae
Moraeasisyrinchium
(L.)KerGaw
l.Zanb
agh317
Aerialp
arts
Cou
gh(3),Com
mon
cold
(5)
RES-R,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
8A,C
Juglandaceae
Juglan
sregiaL.
Gerdo
o1450
Leaf
Beanspe
st(12),A
rthritis(1),treatm
entof
Secretions
ofthewom
b(2)
OTH
-A,SKE-L,G
YN-X
Powde
r,Decoctio
nTopical
16A,C
Root
bark
Toothge
rm(2)
GAS-D
Toothbrush
Oral
Lamiaceae
Ajug
acham
aecistus
Ging.
exBenth.
Sameesk
811
Leaf
and
flowering
branched
Febrifuge
(5),Antihypertensive(4),Kidn
eydisorders(2),
Antifung
al(1)
OTH
-A,C
AR-K,URO
-U,O
TH-A
Vege
table
Oral
12B,C
Lamiaceae
Clinop
odium
graveolens
(M.Bieb.)
Kuntze.
Melango
o813
Fruit,Seed
,Aerialp
arts
Detoxificatio
n(7),Pepticulcer(6),Dry
coug
h(8),
Expe
ctorant(8)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,RES-R,
RES-R
Vege
table,
mixed
with
food
,Decoctio
n
Oral
29B,C
Lamiaceae
Dracoceph
alum
polychaetum
Bornm.
Zarab834
Leaf,
flowering
branches
Redu
cerheumaticpain
(2),Stom
achache(34),Too
thache
(15),H
eadache(12),Red
ucebloo
dsugar(8),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(26),D
etoxificatio
n(33),Bod
ytonic(37),Relaxing(9),Back
pain
(23),Blood
purifier(17)
SKE-L,GAS-D,G
AS-D,
NER-N,M
ET-T,G
AS-D,
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,N
ER-
N,SKE-L,C
AR-K
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
216
B
Lamiaceae
Lalleman
tiaroyleana
(Ben
th.)
Benth.
Malango
o821
Fruit
Carminative(3),Cou
gh(4),Con
stipation(4),Expe
ctorant
(3),Verm
icide(5),Dysen
tery
(3)
GAS-D,RES-R,G
AS-D,
RES-R,GAS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
22A
Lamiaceae
Lamium
albu
mL.
Gazaneh
816
Flow
ering
branches,
Root
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(2),Wou
ndhe
aling(2),Redu
cerheumatic
pain
(3)
GAS-D,D
ER-S,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
7A
Lamiaceae
Lavand
ulaan
gustifolia
Mill.
Ostokho
doos
823
Leaf
Bone
andjointpains(20),Red
ucerheumaticpain
(12),
Relaxing
(10)
SKE-L,SKE-L,NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
62A,C
Lamiaceae
Leon
urus
cardiaca
L.Dom
shir825
Leaf
Cardiac
distress
(4)
CAR-K
Decoctio
nOral
4A
Lamiaceae
Marrubium
vulgareL.
Boog
ando
o820
Leaf
and
flower
Bone
andjointpains(4),Redu
cebloo
dsugar(7),
Antibacterial(1),Reinforcing
sexualde
sire
(3),Prostate
(4),
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(6),Wom
endiseases
(3)
SKE-L,MET-T,O
TH-A,
OTH
-A,U
RO-U,G
AS-
D,G
YN-X
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
28B,C
Lamiaceae
MelissaofficinalisL.
Badranjboo
ye830
Foliage
Bone
andjointpains(12),A
ppetizing(10),H
eadache(5),
Dizzine
ss(6)
SKE-L,-,NER-N,N
ER-
NDecoctio
nOral
33A,C
Lamiaceae
Menthalong
ifolia
(L.)L.
Pood
eneh
827
Leaf
and
Flow
erStom
achache
(31),Edible(44),C
ommon
cold
(6),Anti-
diarrhea
(30),C
arminative(14),C
ough
(6),Gastrointestin
alpains(27),A
ntispasm
odic(3)
GAS-D,-,RES-R,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D,
NER-N,
Edible,
Decoctio
nOral
161
A
Lamiaceae
MenthaspicataL.
Poon
ehsonb
oleh
eeLeaf
and
flower
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(10),C
arminative(5),Antispasm
odic(6),
Pain
relief(7)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,N
ER-N
Infusion
,Mixed
with
Oral
28A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 18 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
832
food
,Aromatic
water
Lamiaceae
Nepetabo
rnmuelleriHausskn.ex
Bornm.
Pood
eneh
837
Aerialp
arts
Relaxing
(4),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(12),C
arminative(2)
NER-N,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
18A
Lamiaceae
NepetabracteataBenth.
Zoofa840
Flow
ering
branches
Disinfectant(9),Com
mon
cold
(15)
OTH
-A,RES-R
Decoctio
n,Po
wde
rOral
24A
Lamiaceae
Nepetacataria
L.Nana841
Leaf
Cou
gh(17),Feb
rifug
e(22),C
olic(18),Stomachache(42),
Edible(62),C
ommon
cold
(35),A
nti-d
iarrhe
a(68),C
ar-
minative(19),C
ough
(9),Antispasm
odic(7),Gastrointes-
tinalpains(31)
RES-R,OTH
-A,G
AS-D,
GAS-D,-,RES-R,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,RES-R,
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Infusion
,Mixed
with
food
,Aromatic
water
Oral
328
A
Lamiaceae
Nepetada
enensis
Boiss.
Pooo
dneh
842
Leaf
and
flowering
branched
Antim
icrobial(2),Stom
achache(5),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(14)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
DAromatic
water
Oral
21A
Lamiaceae
Loph
anthus
dschup
arensis
(Bornm
.)Levin
Pooo
dneh
843
Leaf
and
flowering
branched
Antim
icrobial(2),Stom
achache(5),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(14)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
DAromatic
water
Oral
21B,C
Lamiaceae
Nepetaglom
erulosaBo
iss.
Badrange
golm
owroo
844
Aerialp
arts
Disinfectant(6),Jointspain
(2)
OTH
-A,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Po
wde
rOral
8A
Lamiaceae
Nepetaisp
ahan
icaBo
iss.
GoleZo
ofa845
Leaf,Flower
Anti-inflammatory(6),Antifung
al(5),Antispasm
odic(3)
SKE-L,OTH
-A,N
ER-N
Aromatic
water,
Decoctio
n
Oral
14A
Lamiaceae
NepetarivularisBo
mm.
Pooo
dneh
846
Leaf
and
flowering
branched
Antim
icrobial(1),Stom
achache(7),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(15)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
DAromatic
water
Oral
23A
Lamiaceae
Nepetasaccha
rata
Bung
e.Po
oodn
eh847
Leaf
and
flowering
branched
Antim
icrobial(2),Stom
achache(5),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(14)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
DAromatic
water
Oral
21A
Lamiaceae
Nepetasupina
Steven
Makhleseh
848
Leaf
and
flowering
branched
Anti-n
ausea(7)
GAS-D
Aromatic
water
Oral
7A,C
Lamiaceae
Nepetateucriifolia
Willd.
Pood
eneh
837
Leaf
and
flowering
branched
Antim
icrobial(2),Stom
achache(5),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(14),
Anti-n
ausea(8),Gastrointestin
alpains(4),Carminative(3)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D,
GAS-D
Aromatic
water
Oral
36A
Lamiaceae
Ocimum
basilicum
L.Reyhan
835
Aerialp
arts
Sore
throat
(2),Com
mon
cold
(8),Flavoringof
food
(16),
Digestive(5),Asthm
a(2)
OTH
-A,RES-R,-,G
AS-
D,RES-R
Edible,
decoction
Oral
33A
Lamiaceae
Origan
umvulgareL.
Mirzango
o810
Aerialp
arts
Carminative(2),Diuretic
(3),Disinfectant(3),Flavoringof
food
(5)
GAS-D,U
RO-U,O
TH-
A,O
TH-A
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice,
mixed
with
food
Oral,
Topical
13A,C
Lamiaceae
Ryding
iapersica(Burm.f.)Sche
en&V
.A.Albort
Golde
r822
Leaf,Flower
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(26),Liver
diseases
(10),Leaving
addiction(28),Bon
eandjointspains(69),Bon
etonic
MET-T,GAS-D,N
ER-N,
SKE-L,SKE-L,OTH
-A,
Decoctio
nOral
254
B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 19 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
(68),Bod
ytonic(52),Relaxing(1)
NER-N
Lamiaceae
Salviacompressa
Vent.
Morpo
rzou
806
Aerialp
arts
Stom
achache(47),A
nti-d
iarrhe
a(25),G
astricdiscom
fort
(20),W
omen
infection(18)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
YN-X
Decoctio
nOral
110
A
Lamiaceae
Salvialeriifolia
Benth.
Now
roozak
807
Foliage
Carminative(5),Stom
achtonic(9)
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
14A,C
Lamiaceae
Salviamacrosip
honBo
iss.
Moo
reshk812
Seed
Men
strualdisorders(13),Leaving
addiction(16),A
nti-
diarrhea
(5),Antibacterial(4),C
arminative(2),Redu
cebloo
dsugar(4),Wou
ndhe
aling(7),Bloo
dpu
rifier(1),Re-
spiratory
infection(2),Expe
ctorant(3)
GYN
-X,N
ER-N,G
AS-
D,O
TH-A,G
AS-D,
MET-T,D
ER-S,C
AR-K,
RES-R,RES-R
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
56A
Lamiaceae
Salviamirzayan
iiRech.f.&Esfand
.Mou
rporzoo
814
Leaf
and
youn
gbranches
Stom
achache(54),Leaving
addiction(11),A
nti-d
iarrhe
a(46),W
omen
infection(6)
GAS-D,N
ER-N,G
AS-
D,G
YN-X
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral
117
A
Lamiaceae
Stachyslavand
ulifolia
Vahl
Golemou
reshk
831
Leaf
Antifung
al(5)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
5A,C
Lamiaceae
Stachysinflata
Benth.
Golemoo
rshak
805
Leaf
and
flower
Febrifuge
(4),Bo
dytonic(4),Anti-inflammatory(4),Re-
spiratory
ailm
ents(2)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,SKE-L,
RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
14A
Lamiaceae
Teucrium
polium
L.Kalpoo
reh819
Leaf
and
youn
gbranches
Men
strualdisorders(17),Bon
epain
(21),C
hild
diarrhea
(58),Stomachache(70),Feb
rifug
e(34),C
arminative(15),
Redu
cerheumaticpain
(2),Anti-n
ausea(4),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(16),Red
ucebloo
dsugar(3),Gastrointestin
alinfection
(20)
GYN
-X,SKE-L,G
AS-D,
GAS-D,O
TH-A,G
AS-
D,SKE-L,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
260
A
Lamiaceae
Teucrium
scordium
L.Maryamgo
li815
Flow
ering
branches
Stom
achache(17)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
17A,
Lamiaceae
Thym
usfedtschenkoiRo
nneg
er.
Avishan
828
Leaf
and
flower
Cou
gh(102),Expe
ctorant(31),C
ommon
cold
(55),
Antibacterial(20),Sore
throat
(32)
RES-R,RES-R,RES-R,
RES-R,OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
240
A
Lamiaceae
Zataria
multiflora
Boiss.
Avishane-shirazi
807
Leaf
and
youn
gstem
Cou
gh(104),Expe
ctorant(36),C
ommon
cold
(64),Sore
throat
(43),A
ntibacterial(32)
RES-R,RES-R,RES-R,
RES-R,OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
281
A
Lamiaceae
Ziziph
oraclinop
odioides
Lam.
Agh
alaleh
804
Leaf
and
flower
Flavoringof
food
(30),C
ommon
cold
(20),N
erve
tonic
(13),Relaxing(15)
OTH
-A,RES-R,N
ER-N,
NER-N
Edible,
Decoctio
nOral
83A
Lamiaceae
Ziziph
oratenu
iorL.
Kakooti803
Aerialp
arts
Gastrointestin
alpains(18),Bod
ytonic(9),Stom
achtonic
(5),Flavoringof
food
(30)
GAS-D,O
TH-A,G
AS-
DDecoctio
nOral
62A
Liliaceae
Tulipabiflora
Pall.
Laleh1010
Bulb
Cou
gh(6)
RES-R
Powde
rOral
6A
Linaceae
Linu
malbu
mKy.exBo
iss.
Gole-sefid
oo604
Seed
Prostate
(3),Weigh
tloss
(2),Ano
rexia(4)
URO
-U,O
TH-A,Psy-P
Infusion
Oral
14B,C
Linaceae
Linu
musitatissim
umL.
Ketan606
Seed
Prostate
(3),Weigh
tloss
(2),Ano
rexia(4)
URO
-U,O
TH-A,Psy-P
Infusion
Oral
9A,C
Lythraceae
LawsoniainermisL.
Hana1020
Leaf
Jaun
dice
(63),Finge
rnailand
hairtonic(57),Eczem
a(18),
Burn
scar
(21)
GAS-D,D
ER-S,D
ER-S,
DER-S
Bath,
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
164
A
Root
Diuretic
(3),Bron
chitis(2)
DER-S,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
Lythraceae
Punica
gran
atum
L.Anar1021
Peelskin
Stom
achulcers(35),W
ound
healing(32),Sorethroat
(10)
GAS-D,D
ER-S,O
TH-A
Poultice,
Decoctio
n,Po
wde
r
Oral,
Topical
77A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 20 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Malvaceae
Althaeaau
cheriB
oiss.
Khatmi584
Leaf
Laxative(30),C
ough
(3),Antihypertensive(7),Jaun
dice
(15),Skindiscom
fort(8)
GAS-D,RES-R,C
AR-K,
GAS-D,D
ER-S
Maceration
Oral
63A
Malvaceae
Grewiatena
x(Forssk.)Fiori.
Pootoo
rak570
Stem
Cou
gh(2)
RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
2B,C
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
sabd
ariffaL.
Chaytorsh571
Leaf
Antihypertensive(10)
CAR-K
Decoctio
nOral
10A,C
Malvaceae
Malva
microcarpaPers.
Khatmi574
Seed
,Leaf
Pain
relief(13),A
nti-inflammatory(10),D
isinfectant(3),
Jaun
dice
(19),Infectio
uswou
nd(6)
NER-N,SKE-L,O
TH-A,
GAS-D,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,Maceration,
Poultice
Oral,
Topical
51A
Malvaceae
Malva
neglecta
Wallr.
Khatmisefid
575
Seed
,Leaf
Diuretic
(5),Anti-inflammatory(3)
URO
-U,SKE-L
Maceration
Oral
8A,C
Malvaceae
Malva
sylvestrisL.
Khatmi577
Seed
,Leaf
Heatstroke(4),Febrifuge
(4),Mou
thandthroat
protub
erance
(5),Cou
gh(6),
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,G
AS-
D,RES-R,
Maceration
Oral
19A
Men
ispe
rmaceae
Cocculus
pend
ulus
(J.R.Forst.&
G.Forst.)Diels
Pichakoo
1030
Leaf
Febrifuge
(9)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
9B,C
Moraceae
FicuscaricaL.
Anjir1040
Fruit,Leaf
Con
stipation(5),Mem
oryim
provem
ent(3),Com
mon
cold
(5),Sore
throat
(6)
GAS-D,N
ER-N,RES-R,
OTH
-AInfusion
Oral
19B,C
Moraceae
Ficusjoha
nnisBo
iss.
Anjir-edalm
i1042
Leaf
Stom
achtonic(15)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
15B,C
Moraceae
Morus
alba
L.Toot-e
sefid
1043
Fruit
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(2),Relaxing
(2),Diuretic
(1)
MET-T,N
ER-N,U
RO-U
Edible
Oral
11A
Leaf
Febrifuge
(3)
OTH
-AEdible
Oral
Stem
bark
Con
stipation(3)
GAS-D
Edible
Oral
Moraceae
Morus
nigraL.
Shahtoot
1044
Fruit
Com
mon
cold
(8),Sore
throat
(7),Urin
aryinfection(2)
RES-R,OTH
-A,U
RO-U
Syrup
Oral
17A
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus
camaldu
lensisDeh
nh.
Kalitus
1700
Leaf
Com
mon
cold
(28),Respiratory
ailm
ents(22),D
isinfectant
(3)
RES-R,RES-R,OTH
-ADecoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
54A
Myrtaceae
Myrtuscommun
isL.
Moo
rdaneh
1050
Leaf,Seed
Com
mon
cold
(14),Relaxing(3),Removingthearmpit
odor
(5)
RES-R,NER-N,O
TH-A
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
22A
Myrtaceae
Syzygium
cumini(L.)Skeels
Jam1051
Ash
ofLeaf
andseed
Bloo
dpu
rifier(4),Gastricdiscom
fort(4)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D
Burntash
Oral
8B,C
Nitrariaceae
Pega
num
harm
alaL.
Esfand
1060
Fruit,Seed
Disinfectant(52),Red
ucerheumaticpain
(2),Redu
cebloo
dsugar(9),bruise
(18)
OTH
-A,SKE-L,M
ET-T,
SKE-L
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
81A
Oleaceae
Jasm
inum
officinaleL.
Yassefid
1065
Flow
erAntiviru
s(2),Relaxing
(6)
OTH
-A,N
ER-N
Infusion
Oral
8B,C
Oleaceae
Oleaeuropa
eaL.
Zeytoo
n1066
Leaf,Fruit
Antihypertensive(21),Bon
eandjointpains(5),
App
etizing(2),Urin
ary,(5),Hairtonic(3)
CAR-K,DER-S,SKE-L,
OTH
-A,U
RO-U
Decoctio
n,Oil,Pickle
Oral,
Topical
61A
Leaf,Fruit
Antibacterial(4)
OTH
-ADecoctio
n,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
Oil
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(5),Removebu
rfro
mskin
(16)
MET-T,D
ER-S
Oil,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
Oleaceae
Syringa
persicaL.
Yas1069
Stem
bark,
Fruit
Relaxing
(3)
NER-N
Infusion
Oral
3B,C
Onagraceae
Epilobium
angustifolium
L.Bidalafi1070
Leaf
and
Pesticide(4),Anti-inflammationof
mucosaandmou
thOTH
-A,O
TH-A,D
ER-S,
Decoctio
nOral
34A
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 21 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
seed
(6),Wou
ndhe
aling(9),Hearttonic(8),Febrifuge
(7)
CAR-K,OTH
-A
Onagraceae
Epilobium
hirsutum
L.Bidalafikorkee
1072
Leaf,Roo
tRelaxing
(5)
NER-N
Infusion
Oral
5B,C
Orobanche
aceae
Oroba
nche
ramosaL.
Poor
1080
Stem
Stom
achache(19)
GAS-D
Edible,
Decoctio
nOral
19B,C
Papaveraceae
Fumariaindica
(Hausskn.)Pu
gsley.
Shatereh
1090
Leaf
and
youn
gbranches
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(5),Anti-n
ausea(4),Stom
achache(5)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
14A
Papaveraceae
FumariaofficinalisL.
Shatreh1091
Foliage
Bloo
dpu
rifier(6)
OTH
-AInfusion
Oral
6A,C
Papaveraceae
Fumariapa
rvifloraLam.
Shatereh
1093
Leaf
and
youn
gbranches
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(3),Anti-n
ausea(4),Stom
achache(4),Bloo
dpu
rifier(6),Diuretic
(3),Cutaneo
usitching
(5)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,O
TH-A,U
RO-U,
DER-S
Decoctio
nOral
25A
Papaveraceae
Fumariavaillan
tiiLoisel.
Shatereh
1095
Leaf
and
youn
gbranches
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(3),Anti-n
ausea(4),Stom
achache(4)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
11B,C
Papaveraceae
Hypecou
mpend
ulum
L.Shatereh
1096
Root,Leaf
Cou
gh(3),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(2)
RES-R,GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Papaveraceae
Papa
verdu
bium
L.Taryakoo
1098
Bulb,Leaf
Eczema(3),Acne(4),Anti-inflammatory(5),Bron
chitis(6),
Cou
gh(5),Pain
relief(3)
DER-S,D
ER-S,SKE-L,
RES-R,RES-R,NER-N
Mixed
with
vine
gar,
Decoctio
n
Topical,
Oral
32B,C
Papaveraceae
Roem
eriahybrida(L.)DC.
Shagayeg
1099
Flow
erPain
relief(9)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
9B,C
Pedalicaceae
Sesamum
indicum
L.Ko
njed
1140
Seed
Preven
tionof
hairloss
(24),
Bloo
dfat(5)
DER-S,Blood
-BDecoctio
n,Oil
Oral,
Topical
29A
Plantaginaceae
Plan
tago
amplexicau
lisCav.
Tang
bar491
Leaf,Seed
Wou
ndhe
aling(5),Allergy(3),Heatstroke(2),Infectious
disease(3),Stom
achache(2),Respiratory
ailm
ents(2)
DER-S,O
TH-A,O
TH-A,
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,RES-R
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
17B,C
Plantaginaceae
Plan
tago
ciliata
Desf.
Kowchak
493
Leaf,Seed
Antibacterial(4),Burns
(9),Anti-inflammatory(2),Con
sti-
patio
n(3)
OTH
-A,D
ER-S,SKE-L,
GAS-D
Poultice,
Decoctio
n,Syrup
Topical,
Oral
13A
Plantaginaceae
Plan
tago
gentiano
ides
Sm.
Tang
bar494
Leaf,Seed
Con
stipation(5),Anti-inflammatory(5),Cou
gh(4)
GAS-D,SKE-L,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
14B,C
Plantaginaceae
Plan
tago
indica
L.Ko
wchak
495
Seed
Anti-inflammatory(2),Con
stipation(3)
SKE-L,GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice,
Syrup
Topical,
Oral
5B,C
Plantaginaceae
Plan
tago
lanceolata
L.Ko
wchak
490
Leaf,Roo
t,Seed
Baby
jaun
dice
(22),C
onstipation(18),Blood
coagulation
(3),Asthm
a(4),Stom
achache(6)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,
Bloo
d-B,RES-R,GAS-
D
Dressing,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
40A
Plantaginaceae
Plan
tago
major
L.Barhang492
Aerialp
arts
Dry
coug
h(6),Itchy
throat
(8),Alzhe
imer
(5),Cancer(2),
Anti-inflammatory(3),Baby
jaun
dice
(21),C
ough
(2),Ex-
pectorant(4),Bu
rnhe
aling(4)
RES-R,RES-R,NER-N,
CAN-C,SKE-L,O
TH-A,
RES-R,RES-R,DER-S
Dressing,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
28A
Plantaginaceae
Plan
tago
ovataForssk.
Tokhm
sefid
499
Seed
Anti-inflammatory(2),Con
stipation(3)
SKE-L,GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice,
Syrup
Topical,
Oral
5B,C
Plantaginaceae
Veronica
anag
allis
L.Sizab489
Aerialp
arts
Stom
achtonic(10),D
iuretic
(7)
GAS-D,U
RO-U
Decoctio
nOral
17B
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 22 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Platanaceae
Platan
usorientalisL.
Che
nar487
Fruit,Ro
ot,
Leaf,Stem
bark
Acne(3),Snakeb
ite(3),Hoarsen
ess(2)
DER-S,D
ER-S,O
TH-A
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
8B,C
Plum
baginaceae
Acan
tholimon
scorpius
(Jaub.&S
pach)Bo
iss
Kharpo
shtoo
511
Root
Livestockwou
ndhe
aling(6),Washing
powde
r(10)
DER-S,O
TH-A
Poultice,
Powde
rTopical
16B,C
Poaceae
AvenasativaL.
Jow
dosar334
Leaf,Seed
Disinfectant(3)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nTopical
3B,C
Poaceae
Cymbo
pogo
nscho
enan
thus
(L.)
Spreng
.Kabo
o335
Leaf
and
stem
Body
tonic(4)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
4B,C
Poaceae
Cyno
donda
ctylon
(L.)Pers.
Marg337
Aerialp
arts
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(3),Asthm
a(2)
GAS-D,R
ES-R
Decoctio
nOral
8B,C
Poaceae
Desmostachya
bipinn
ata(L.)Stapf
Kerteh
339
Root
Body
tonic(4)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
4B,C
Poaceae
Hordeum
disticho
nL.
Jow
329
Fruit
Febrifuge
(2),Redu
cing
thirst(3)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A
Decoctio
nOral
7B,C
Poaceae
Hordeum
vulgareL.
Jow
328
Fruit
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(3)
MET-T
Decoctio
n,Oral
7A
Buds
Acne(4)
DER-S
Mask
Topical
Poaceae
MelicapersicaKu
nth
Oshlom
325
Aerialp
arts
Washing
powde
r(7)
OTH
-APo
wde
r-
7B,C
Poaceae
Phragm
itesau
stralis
(Cav.)Trin.ex
Steud.
Ney
324
Root
and
Rhizom
eBreastmilk
redu
ction(5)
OTH
-APickle
Oral
5A,C
Poaceae
Setaria
italica(L.)P.Beauv.
Garch
340
Seed
Hairtonic(5),Carminative(2)
DER-S,G
AS-D
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
7A
Poaceae
Sorghu
mha
lepense(L.)Pers.
Garch
342
Seed
Diuretic
(6)
URO
-Ude
coction
Oral
5A
Poaceae
Triticum
aestivum
L.Gando
m345
Oilof
seed
Eczema(6)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
6B,C
Poaceae
ZeamaysL.
Zorat347
Style
Kidn
eyston
e(27)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
37A,C
Polygo
naceae
Polygo
num
persicariaL.
Band
vash
430
Leaf
and
flower
Asthm
a(8),Con
stipation(5)
RES-R,GAS-D
Infusion
,Oil,
Aromatic
water
Oral
13B,C
Polygo
naceae
Pterop
yrum
aucheriJaub.
and
Spach
Perent
425
Foliage
Acne(4),Infectious
wou
nds(5)
DER-S,ER-S
Poultice
Topical
9B,C
Polygo
naceae
Rheum
ribes
L.Ro
hoo432
Aerialp
arts
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(5),Stom
achandliver
tonic(3),
App
etizing(2),Laxative(6),Bloo
dpu
rifier(3),Verm
icide
(2),Bo
netonic(4),Sigh
tEnhancem
ent(6)
MET-T,G
AS-D,O
TH-
A,G
AS-D,O
TH-A,
GAS-D,SKE-L,EYE-F
Decoctio
nOral
31B,C
Polygo
naceae
Rumex
crisp
usL.
Torshak437
Aerialp
arts
Laxative(4),Acute
pulm
onaryem
bolism
(7),Detoxificant
ofbo
dy(5)
GAS-D,RES-R,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
16B,C
Polygo
naceae
Rumex
vesicariusL.
Torshak438
Laef
and
petio
leRedu
cebloo
dsugar(2)
GAS-D
Vege
table
Oral
2A
Portulacaceae
Portulacaoleracea
L.Gho
lfeh561
Leaf,Seed
Stom
achtonic(1),Redu
cing
thirst(2),Febrifuge
(1),
Cou
gh(6),Bloo
dpu
rifier(12)
GAS-D,-,O
TH-A,RES-
R,OTH
-AVege
table
Oral
21B,C
Prim
ulaceae
Anag
allis
arvensisL.
Delpasand
1145
Aerialp
arts
Livercysts(4),Urin
aryston
es(4)
GAS-D,U
RO-U
Infusion
Oral
8A
Prim
ulaceae
Lysim
achiamaritima(L.)Galasso,
Banfi&
Soldano.
Shabdari1147
Who
leplant
Antispasm
odic(5),Bron
chitis(3)
NER-N,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
8B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 23 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Prim
ulaceae
Primulacapitellata
Boiss.
Pamchoo
1149
Root
and
flower
Verm
icide(4),Antispasm
odic(8)
GAS-D,N
ER-N
Aromatic
water
Oral
12B,C
Prim
ulaceae
Samolus
valerand
iL.
Alaf1150
Aerialp
arts
Body
tonic(4)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
4A
Pteridaceae
Adiantum
capillus-veneris
L.Siahleng
oo1170
Leaf
Com
mon
cold
(49),Expectorant
(51),Relaxing(3),
Men
strualdisorders(2),Earache(3)
RES-R,RES-R,NER-N,
GYN
-X,Ear-H
Decoctio
nOral
110
A,C
Ranu
nculaceae
Adon
isaestivalisL.
Chashm
gargavol
1180
Who
leplant
Anti-inflammatory(5)
SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Ranu
nculaceae
Adon
ismicrocarpaDC.
Chashm
gargavo1182
Flow
erAnti-inflammatory(3)
SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
3B,C
Ranu
nculaceae
Anem
onebiflora
DC.
Shagayeg
neman1185
Flow
erCom
mon
cold
(6)
RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
6B,C
Ranu
nculaceae
Clem
atisisp
ahan
icaBo
iss.
Chaspakoo
1187
Aerialp
arts
Diuretic
(3),Jointpain
(3),Headache(3),Eczemaand
psoriasis(3)
URO
-U,SKE-L,N
ER-N,
DER-S
Decoctio
nOral
12A
Ranu
nculaceae
Consolidarugu
losa
(Boiss.)
Schröd
inge
rZaban
moo
shoo
1189
Aerialp
arts
Anti-inflammatory(4)
SKE-L
Decoctio
nOral
4B,C
Ranu
nculaceae
NigellasativaL.
Siahdane
h1190
Seed
Bloo
dpressure
(7),Bloo
dfat(7),Asthm
a(2)
CAR-K,Bloo
d-B,RES-R
Infusion
Oral
16B,C
Ranu
nculaceae
Ranu
nculus
arvensisL.
Alaleh1192
Flow
erUrin
arydisease(3)
URO
-UAromatic
water
Oral
3B,C
Ranu
nculaceae
Ranu
nculus
muricatus
L.Alaleh1193
Root,Leaf,
Flow
erSkin
diseases
(2)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
2B,C
Ranu
nculaceae
Thalictrum
minus
L.Sadabi
1195
Aerialp
arts
Gastricdiscom
fort(4)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
4A
Resedaceae
Ochradenu
sau
cheriBoiss.
Kolirim
1200
Leaf
Parasite
repe
llent
(2),Wou
ndhe
aling(3)
GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral
5B,C
Resedaceae
Reseda
aucheriB
oiss.
Varas1205
Leaf
Laxative(1),Diuretic
(3)Redu
cing
thirst(3)
GAS-D,U
RO-U,O
TH-
ADecoctio
n,Ro
wOral
5B,C
Rham
naceae
Rham
nuspersicaBo
iss.&Hoh
enTitoom
ari1210
Fruit
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(11)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
11B,C
Rham
naceae
Rham
nusprostrataJacq.
Titoom
ari1211
Fruit
Anti-d
iarrhe
a(5)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Rham
naceae
Sageretia
thea
(Osbeck)M.C.
John
st.C
hBastel215
Fruit
Laxative(2),Bloo
dpu
rifier(2)
GAS-D,C
AR-K
Decoctio
nOral
4A
Rham
naceae
Ziziph
usjujuba
Mill.
Ann
ab1218
Fruit
Bron
chitis(3),Com
mon
cold
(4),Laxative(20)
RES-R,RES-R,GAS-D
Infusion
,Edible
Oral
24B,C
Rham
naceae
Ziziph
usnu
mmularia
(Burn.f.)Wight
&Am.
Konar1220
Leaf
Com
mon
cold
(3),Antim
icrobial(1)
RES-R,OTH
-ADecoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
4A
Rham
naceae
Ziziph
usspina-christi(L.)Desf.
Konar1221
Leaf,Fruit
Stom
achtonic(5),Hairtonic(4),Infectious
tube
r(2),Skin
rash
(7)
GAS-D,D
ER-S,D
ER-S,
DER-S
Eatas
fruit,
Poultice,
Sham
poo
Oral,
Topical
18A
Rosaceae
Agrim
oniaeupa
toria
L.Ghafes370
Aerialp
arts
Wou
ndhe
aling(18),Fatty
liver
(8),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(7)
DER-S,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
33A,C
Rosaceae
Amygda
luselaeag
nifolia
Arjan372
Stem
,Fruit
Nuts(18),Eczem
a(7)
OTH
-A,D
ER-S
burningof
Oral,
25B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 24 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Spach
semid
ried
woo
d,Edible
Topd
ical
Rosaceae
Amygda
luswendelboiFreitag
Arche
n373
Latex
Eczema(4),Bo
neandjointpains(3)
DER-S
Latexof
burning
stem
Topical
7B,C
Rosaceae
Cotoneasterkotschyi(C.K.Schne
id.)
G.Klotz
Siahchoo
375
Latex,Leaf
Jaun
dice
(5),Con
stipation(6),Dry
coug
h(4)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,RES-R
Infusion
Oral
15A
Rosaceae
Crataegu
sam
bigu
aC.A.Mey.exA.
K.Becker
Kalkou
hi365
Leaf,fruit,
Flow
erRelaxing
(5),Spasms(4),Cardiac
distress
(4),Hypertension
(4),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(7)
NER-N,N
ER-N,C
AR-K,
CAR-K,GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Salad
Oral
24B,C
Rosaceae
Crataegu
sazarolus
L.KalKoo
hi380
Leaf
and
fruit
Antihypertensive(6),Relaxing
(11),A
ntispasm
odic(10),
Cardiac
distress
(5)
CAR-K,NER-N,N
ER-N,
CAR-K
Decoctio
nOral
32A
Rosaceae
Crataegu
smeyeriPojark.
Kalkou
hi381
Leaf,fruit,
Flow
erRelaxing
(5),Spasms(4),Cardiac
distress
(4),
Antihypertensive(4)
Decoctio
nOral
17B,C
Rosaceae
Cydo
niaob
long
aMill.
Beh351
Seed
Sore
throat
(4)
OTH
-ADecoctio
nOral
4B,C
Rosaceae
Prun
usdu
lcis(M
ill.)D.A.Web
bBadam-e
shirin
353
Seed
Hairtonic(5),Preven
tingof
hairloss
(9)
DER-S,D
ER-S
Oil
Topical
14B,C
Rosaceae
Prun
useburnea(Spach)Aitch.&
Hem
sl.
Arche
n354
Fruit,Gum
Bone
andjointpains(6),Allergies(5),Hairtonic(3)
OTH
-A,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
14B,C
Rosaceae
Prun
uslycioides(Spach)
C.K.Schne
id.
Badamekooh
i355
Leaf
and
fruit
Preven
tingof
hairloss
(5)
DER-S
Poultice,Oil
Topical
8B,C
Rosaceae
Prun
usmah
aleb
L.Mahlab356
Leaf
bark
Relaxing
(5),Livercysts(4),Parasite
repe
llent
(4),Joint
pain
(4)
NER-N,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,dressing
Oral,
Topical
17A
Rosaceae
Prun
usorientalis(M
ill.)Ko
ehne
Arche
n357
Fruit
Bone
andjointpains(6),Allergies(5),hairtonic(3)
OTH
-A,D
ER-S
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
14B,C
Rosaceae
Prun
uspersica(L.)Batsch
Holo358
Fruit
Laxative(6)
GAS-D
Nuts,
Maceration
Oral
6B,C
Rosaceae
Prun
usscop
aria(Spach)
C.K.Schne
id.
Badam-e
kooh
i376
Seed
Anti-d
andruff(29),Preventingof
hairloss
(27),Earache
(3),Health
andbe
auty
oftheskin
(8),Cancerpreven
tion
(3),Bu
rned
wou
ndhe
aling(4)
DER-S,D
ER-S,Ear-H,
DER-S,C
AN-C,D
ER-S
Poultice,
Nut,O
ilTopical,
Oral
74B
Stem
bark
Stom
achtonic(4)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
Rosaceae
Prun
usavium
(L.)L.
Gilas378
Pedicel
Kidn
eyston
e(7)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
24A,C
Rosaceae
Prun
uscerasusL.
Albaloo
359
Pedicel
Kidn
eyston
e(5)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
5A,C
Rosaceae
Rosa
beggeriana
Schren
kex
Fisch.
&C.A.Mey.
Rozsefid
360
Flow
erStom
achtonic(5),Relaxing
(8)
GAS-D,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
13B,C
Rosaceae
Rosa
canina
L.Ko
rrik362
Leaf,Flower,
Fruit
Relaxing
(5)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
5B,C
Rosaceae
Rosa
damascena
Herrm
.Gole
moh
ammadi
374
Flow
erFlavoringof
food
(8),Laxative(25),N
ervous
tonic(43)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,N
ER-N
Aromatic
water
Oral
76B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 25 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Rosaceae
Rosa
moschataHerrm
.Ko
rrik377
Flow
erNervous
tonic(3)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
3B,C
Rosaceae
Rubu
scaesiusL.
Sagh
der371
Leaf,Fruit
Laxative(14)
GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Syrup
Oral
14A
Rosaceae
Sang
uisorbaminor
Scop
.Ghe
ytaran
379
Fruit
Com
mon
cold
(3),Relaxing
(4),Cou
gh(4),Jaun
dice
(5),
Toothache(6)
RES-R,NER-N,N
ER-N,
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
32A
Rubiaceae
Plocam
aau
cheri(Guill.)M.Backlun
d&Thulin
Khargo
l520
Foliage
Bone
andjointpain
(3),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(2),
Redu
cebloo
dsugar(3),Digestive(3)
SKE-L,SKE-L,MET-T,
GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Infusion
,Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
11B,C
Rubiaceae
RubiaalbicaulisBo
iss.
Roon
ask523
Fruit
Bone
tonic(4),Con
stipation(3)
SKE-L,GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
7B,C
Rubiaceae
Rubiatinctorum
L.Ro
onask524
Root
Bone
tonic(4),Con
stipation(3)
SKE-L,GAS-D
Decoctio
n,Infusion
Oral
7B,C
Rutaceae
Citrus
aurantium
L.Naren
g527
Flow
erAnti-d
iarrhe
a(5),Relaxing
(8),Eyediseases
(8),Tradition
alkohl
(3)
GAS-D,N
ER-N,EYE-F
Decoctio
n,Ko
hlOral
24B,C
Rutaceae
Citrus
limon
(L.)Osbeck
Limoo
torsh
528
Fruit,Seed
Eyediseases
(15),Traditio
nalkoh
l(3)
EYE-F
Juice,Ko
hlEyeDrop
18B,C
Rutaceae
Hap
loph
yllum
robu
stum
Bung
eSado
o530
Aerialp
arts
Gastricdiscom
fort(1)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
1B,C
Rutaceae
Hap
loph
yllum
tuberculatum
Juss.
Gahich531
Aerialp
arts
Febrifuge
(2),Headache(2)
GAS-D,N
ER-N
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
4A
Rutaceae
Ruta
graveolens
L.Sodd
ab535
Leaf
Urin
aryston
e(6)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
6A
Salicaceae
Popu
lusalba
L.Sepidar600
Stem
bark
andleaf
Bloo
dpu
rifier(4),Pain
relief(3)
OTH
-A,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
7A
Salicaceae
Popu
luseuph
raticaOliv.
Sene
wbar601
Stem
bark
Parasite
repe
llent
(7)
GAS-D
Decoctio
n4
A
Salicaceae
Salix
aegyptiaca
L.Beed
meshk
605
Inflorescen
ceLaxative(3),Anti-d
iarrhe
a(2),Gastrointestin
alpains(2),
Men
struationpains(3)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
YN-X
Decoctio
n,Aromatic
water
Oral
10A
Salicaceae
Salix
alba
L.Beed
606
Stem
bark,
Leaf
Febrifuge
(21),C
ommon
cold
(6)
OTH
-A,RES-R
Decoctio
n,Aromatic
water
Oral
27A
Salvadoraceae
Salvad
oraoleoides
Decne
.Pir1230
Fruit
App
etizing(7),Laxative(4),Parasite
repe
llent
(10),
Hem
orrhoids
(4),Bron
chitis(3)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,C
AR-K,RES-R
Decoctio
n,Edible
Oral
28B,C
Salvadoraceae
Salvad
orapersicaL.
Cho
och1
231
Fruit
App
etizing(5),Expe
ctorant(8)
OTH
-A,RES-R
Decoctio
n,Edible
Oral
15B,C
Scroph
ulariaceae
Scroph
ulariascop
oliiHop
peex
Pers.
Makhleseh
842
Youn
gstem
,Fruit
Waistpain
(3),Respiratory
diseases
(2)
OTH
-A,SKE-L
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical,
Oral
5A,C
Scroph
ulariaceae
Scroph
ulariastriata
Boiss.
Makhleseh
840
Fruit
Gastricdiscom
fort(2),Respiratory
diseases
(2),Waistpain
(3),Wou
ndhe
aling(2)
GAS-D,RES-R,O
TH-A,
DER-S
Poultice,
Decoctio
nOral,
Topical
9A,C
Solanaceae
Daturastramon
ium
L.Tatooreh
1250
Leaf,Seed
Sexualtonic(6),Bo
neandjoin
pains(8),Redu
cerheumaticpain
(5),Asthm
a(5),Cou
gh(4),Bu
rn(5)
OTH
-A,SKE-L,SKE-L,
RES-R,RES-R,DER-S
Decoctio
n,Po
ultice
Oral,
Topical
33B,C
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus
reticulatus
L.Bo
nji1255
Aerialp
arts
Pain
relief(9),Leavingaddiction(9),Narcotic
(15)
NER-N,N
ER-N,RES-R
Infusion
Oral
33A,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 26 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus
senecion
isWilld.
Bang
dane
h1256
Flow
erPain
relief(8)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
8A,C
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus
squa
rrosus
Griff.
Bang
dane
h1257
Who
leplant
Pain
relief(8)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
8A,C
Solanaceae
Lycium
barbarum
L.Ze
el1260
Fruit
Sleeplessness(4)
NER-N
Eatas
fruit
Oral
8B,C
Solanaceae
Lycium
depressum
Stocks
Zeel1261
Fruit
Anticon
vulsant(11)
OTH
-A,N
ER-N
Decoctio
nOral
11B
Solanaceae
Lycium
shaw
iiRo
em.&
Schu
lt.Dahir1262
Leaf
Vision
enhancem
ent(2)
EYE-F
Crashed
Juice
Topical
2B,C
Solanaceae
Physalisalkekeng
iL.
Aroosak-e
posht-epardeh
1265
Fruit
Kidn
eydiseases
(3),Laxative(5),Expe
ctorant(2)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,RES-R
Edible
Oral
10B,C
Solanaceae
Solanu
mnigrum
var.villosum
L.Ro
opas
1268
Fruit
Febrifuge
(6),Bloo
dcoagulation(5),Pain
relief(4)
OTH
-A,Blood
-B,N
ER-
NDecoctio
nOral
15A
Solanaceae
Solanu
mlycopersicum
L.Gew
jeh1251
Fruit
Infectious
wou
nds(5)
DER-S
Poultice
Topical
5B,C
Solanaceae
Withan
iasomnifera
(L.)Dun
alKahken
j1270
Aerialp
arts
Nerve
tonic(5)
NER-N
Decoctio
nOral
5A
Tamaricaceae
Tamarixap
hylla
(L.)Karst.
Koor
gaz1350
Latexof
burning
stem
Eczema(16),Skindisease(8)
DER-S,D
ER-S
Poultice
Topical
24B,C
Tamaricaceae
TamarixkotschyiBu
nge
Golekist1351
Latexof
burning
stem
Eczema(16),Skindisease(8)
DER-S,D
ER-S
Poultice
Topical
24B,C
1Thymelaeaceae
Dap
hnemucrona
taRo
yale
Terveet704
Leaf
Influen
za(3),Arthritis(3),Bloo
dcancer
(1)
MET-T,RES-R,SKE-L,
CAN-C
Decoctio
n,Dressing
Oral,
Topical
7A
Thym
elaeaceae
Dap
hneoleoides
Schreb
.Terveet705
Foliage
Tradition
aldyeing
(10),N
aturalcolorfortextile
(10)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A
Decoctio
n,Fume
-24
B,C
Foliage
Con
stipation(4)
GAS-D
Decoctio
nOral
Thym
elaeaceae
Dap
hnestap
fiiBo
rnm.&
Keisslere.
Terveet706
Fruit
Influen
za(3),Arthritis(3)
MET-T,RES-R,SKE-L
Decoctio
n,Fume,
Poultice
Oral,Inhale,
Topical
6B,C
Thym
elaeaceae
Diarthron
lessertii(W
ikstr.)
KitTan
Golebidi
708
Leaf
and
flowering
branches
Stom
achache(2),Stom
achandliver
tonic(2),Arthritis(2)
GAS-D,G
AS-D,SKE-L
Aromatic
water,
Poultice
Oral,
Topical
6B,C
Urticaceae
Parietaria
juda
icaL.
Goo
sheMoo
sh323
Leaf
and
flower
Diuretic
(3),Acute
pulm
onaryem
bolism
(4)
URO
-U,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
7B,C
Urticaceae
Urticadioica
L.Sooson
akoo
320
Leaf
and
flower
Urin
aryston
e(7),Redu
cebloo
dsugar(4)
URO
-U,M
ET-T
Infusion
Oral
11A
Urticaceae
UrticaurensL.
Sooson
akoo
321
Aerialp
arts
Febrifuge
(5),Gastrointestin
alpains(4),Relaxing
(2),Anti
parasite
(2),Toothache(3)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,N
ER-
N,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
n,Aromatic
water
Oral
15B,C
Violaceae
Violaod
orataL.
Gol-e
banafshe
h1370
Leaf
and
flower
Laxative(8),Chron
iccoug
h(5),Expe
ctorant(3)
GAS-D,RES-R,RES-R
Decoctio
nOral
16B,C
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 27 of 35
Table
3Med
icinalplantsused
byethn
iccommun
ities
intheKerm
anprovince
(Con
tinued)
Family
Scientificna
me
Localn
ame
(Persian
);Vou
cher
no.
Plan
tpart
used
Med
icinal
use(UR)
ICPC
category
Prep
aration
Mod
eof
application
(UR)
A,B
,C
Verben
aceae
VerbenaofficinalisL.
Shahpasand
1380
Aerialp
arts
Febrifuge
(3),Nerve
tonic(7)
OTH
-A,N
ER-N
Poultice,
Decoctio
nTopical
10A
Vitaceae
Vitis
vinifera
L.Maviz1390
DriedFruit
Mem
oryim
provem
ent(5)
NER-N
Nuts
Oral
5A
Xantho
rrho
eaceae
Aloe
vera
(L.)Bu
rm.f.
Alovera
1500
glazed
materials
Diabe
ticwou
nd(7),Eczema(22)
DER-S,D
ER-S
Poultice
Topical
29A
Xantho
rrho
eaceae
Asph
odelus
tenu
ifoliusCav.
Peem
azoo
1505
Seed
Diuretic
(15)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
17A
Root
Herbaladh
esive(2)
OTH
-ACrushed
extract
-
Xantho
rrho
eaceae
Erem
urus
kopetdag
hensisM.Pop
.ex
B.Fedtsch.
Horisho
o1510
Root,Leaf
andflower
Herbaladh
esive(4),Vege
table(8),Jaun
dice
(6),Liver
Disease
(5),Disinfectant(4)
OTH
-A,O
TH-A,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,O
TH-A
Vege
table,
Decoctio
n.Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
27B,C
Xantho
rrho
eaceae
Erem
urus
persicus
(Jaub.
&Spach)
Boiss.
Serisho
o1511
Leaf
and
flower
Flavoringof
food
(15),Laxative(6),Herbaladh
esive(4),
Vege
table(7),Disinfectant(3),Jaun
dice
(6),Liverand
kidn
eyDisease
(2)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,O
TH-
A,O
TH-A,O
TH-A,
GAS-D,G
AS-D
Powde
r,Vege
table,
Decoctio
n.Po
ultice
Topical,
Oral
52B,C
Root
Liverandstom
achdiscom
fort(31)
GAS-D
Powde
rOral
Zygo
phyllaceae
Fago
niabrug
uieriD
C.
Alafkharoo
1550
Aerialp
arts
App
etizing(2),Verm
icide(2),Carminative(5)
OTH
-A,G
AS-D,G
AS-
DDecoctio
n,infusion
Oral
9A
Zygo
phyllaceae
Tribulus
terrestrisL.
Kharkhesak
1555
Aerialp
arts
Kidn
eyston
e(43)
URO
-UDecoctio
nOral
43A
Zygo
phyllaceae
Zygo
phyllum
eurypterum
Boiss.&
Buhse.
Gich1560
Seed
Lactiferous
(4),Anti-n
ausea(3),Stom
achtonic(4),Laxa-
tive(4),Verm
icide(3)
PRE-W,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
18B,C
Zygo
phyllaceae
Zygo
phyllum
faba
goL.
Gich1561
Seed
Lactiferous
(4),Anti-n
ausea(3),Stom
achtonic(4),Laxa-
tive(4),Verm
icide(3)
PRE-W,G
AS-D,G
AS-
D,G
AS-D,G
AS-D
Decoctio
nOral
18B,C
C:ind
icatethemed
icinal
plan
tswhich
repo
rted
inthisregion
forthefirst.A
:ind
icatetheethn
o-med
icinal
uses
ofthemed
icinal
plan
tswhich
quoted
inthein
thePe
rsianethn
obotan
y,B:
was
notqu
oted
inthein
thePe
rsianethn
obotan
y.
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 28 of 35
development of natural and traditional products, couldplay an important role in shaping people’s inclination to-wards traditional medicine [34]. Moreover, the medicinalplants’ availability, low cost, positive experiences, and re-liable Iranian references like Avicenna could be theother reasons to form positive attitudes. Kerman prov-ince is a pivotal state in the ancient Iran (Persia) and itis estimated that the human civilization emerged fromJiroft in the south of this province [11]. Therefore, witha rich history, it has developed a sound traditional healthcare system.
Plant parts usedTo prepare crude drugs (Fig. 3) from 15 plant parts, themost common plant parts used were leaf, flower, fruit,and seeds with 26.03, 15.36, 13.85, and 12.73 percent-ages, respectively. According to many reports, the leaf isthe most common medicinal plant part used in the eth-nopharmacological applications [35, 36]. Field discussion
and other similar reports [30] indicated that availability,abundance, efficiency of use, and attention to the con-servation points are the main reasons for the maximumusage of the leaves by local healers. In fact, local infor-mants believed that different parts of the medicinalplants could have different therapeutic effects. In otherwords, plant organs have received varying degrees of at-tention based on traditional herbal medicine experiencesof the ethnic communities. For instance, the root of Ber-beris integerrima is decocted and taken orally to treatdiabetes while its leaf is used to treat hypertension. Inaddition, latex of Calotropis procera was used to cure ec-zema but its leaf is taken in the form of poultice to treatbruise and diabetes.
Preparation and application modesThe medicinal herbs were prepared in 14 forms includ-ing decoction, poultice, infusion, aromatic water, pow-der, vegetable, maceration, syrup, mask, fume, brush,
Fig. 3 Plant parts used in traditional herbal drug preparation and the number of use reports
Fig. 2 Top dominants medicinally utilized plant families
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 29 of 35
and shampoo by local communities. The most commonform of the crude drug was decoction (52.99%), followedby poultice (18.32%) and infusion (7.56%) (Fig. 4). Thelocal informants of Kerman province believed that bydecocting the medicinal plants parts, their extract be-comes more concentrated and obtains better taste andstronger efficacy. Based on various reports [9, 16, 37–40], decoction is the most common method to prepareherbal medicine.The medicinal drugs administrated in six categories
included oral, topical, dressing, eye drop, inhale, andbath. Analyzing the ethnobotanical data showed that themost common administration route was oral, followedby topical (Fig. 5). Other ethnobotanical studies in Iranand other countries revealed that ethnic communitiesmostly prefer these two methods of preparation [5, 10,41]. But some plant species such as Lawsonia inermis,Juniperus excels, Rhazya stricta, and Pistacia atlanticaare utilized in both topical and oral administrationroutes. For example, bath with the aqueous extract ofLawsonia inermis leaves is known as an effective methodfor the treatment of jaundice. The poultice of this plantis used to cure skin disorders like eczema and woundscar while its root is decocted and used orally as a diur-etic and for the treatment of bronchitis.
Informant consensus factors (ICF)The ICF values for different ailment categories treatedby the local informants in this survey ranged from 0.25to 0.92 (Table 4). Endocrine (diabetes), dermatology,gastrointestinal, and respiratory with 0.92, 0.91, 0.90,and 0.89 ICF, respectively, were ranked as the mostpopular ailment categories for medicinal plants in thisregion.
Diabetes disorder scored the highest ICF (0.92). Thisunexpected result is due to the high use report of fewmedicinal plants for treating diabetes mellitus such asCitrullus colocynthis, Berberis integerrima, and Teco-mella undulata with 91, 61, and 41 use reports, respect-ively. In this case, C. colocynthis, a reputed medicinalplant in Kerman province, is well known due to its anti-diabetic properties [42]. Moreover, in this case, the localsextremely used the root of Berberis integerrima and stembark of T. undulata in treating diabetes mellitus. Fieldsurveys and discussion with herbalists revealed thatstress caused by poor economic conditions and job pres-sures can be one of the reasons for the high prevalenceof diabetes in this region, but it needs moreinvestigation.Second ICF was found in dermatological ailment cat-
egory with 1563 use reports. These findings are due tohigh use reports for plant species such as Calotropis pro-cera, Pergularia tomentosa, Rhazya srticta, and Teco-mella undulata in the treatment of eczema, woundhealing, and other skin disorders. High ICF of dermato-logical disorders in this region might be due to high andlong-term sunlight exposure, which caused skin disor-ders [10]. In addition, based on the field surveys, someenvironmental problems such as dust and wind associ-ated with the particles of sands especially in the cities ofShahdad, Roodbar, Bam, Baravat, Qale Ganj, and Fahrajcan be considered critical risk factors. Heidari et al. re-ported that the main reason for the skin diseases in thedesert areas of the Kerman province like city of Bam isthe dusty winds [43].The third highest ICF (0.90) was found in gastrointes-
tinal ailment category for 243 medicinal plant species.Species like Artemisa spp. Glycyrrhiza glabra and Ne-peta cataria were typical medicinal herbs for
Fig. 4 Crude drug type and the number use reports
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 30 of 35
gastrointestinal disorders. Such findings indicated therich and high level of informant consensus on the varietyof medicinal herbs used to treat gastrointestinal ail-ments, and confirmed the prevalence of gastrointestinalailments among people who lived in a specific region[30]. Moreover, ITM (e.g., Canon) has attracted consid-erable attention for the treatment of gastrointestinal dis-orders [44, 45]. Several studies in Iran and othercountries reported that the species Nepeta cataria [46,47], Glycyrrhiza glabra [48, 49], and Artemisa spp. [50,51] were traditionally used to treat gastrointestinaldiseases.The 4th disease category with ICF value of 0.89 was
respiratory disorders. Zataria multiflora, Thymusfedtschenkoi, and Cionura erecta were major plant spe-cies for cough with 104, 102, and 87 use reports, re-spectively. The large number of use reports forrespiratory disorder category might be attributed to un-desirable working conditions of local populations, likeagriculture and husbandry in the dry and dusty regionswithout quick access to the health care systems. In con-firmation of the present findings, Khanjani et al. studiedthe relationship between air pollution and respiratorydiseases in Kerman from 2006 to 2010 and reported thatsandstorms and the dust content increase of the atmos-phere exacerbate respiratory diseases in this region [52].
Use reportMedicinal plants of the families Lamiaceae (such as Ne-peta cataria and Zataria multiflora), Asteraceae (likeArtemisia persica and Launaea acanthodes), and Apia-ceae (such as Bunium persicum) had the largest numberof use report in this area. Bibak and Moghbeli, andSadat-Hosseini et al. studied the medicinal plants of theJiroft and Kanuj in the south of Kerman and, similar tothe findings of the current study, confirmed the
importance of traditional medication of these three fam-ilies [10, 16]. In addition, plant species of the Apocyna-ceae family (like Cionura erecta, Rhazya stricta, andCalotropis procera) were ranked with a high use report.In this case, Cionura erecta is a well-known medicinalplant in the southern regions of Kerman for the treat-ment of sore throat and cough with no official records.
Cultural importance and relative frequency of citationindexThe highest CI was found for Nepeta cataria, Zatariamultiflora, Teucrium polium, Rydingia persica, and Thy-mus fedtschenkoi. The second highest CI was found forDracocephalum polychaetum and Pistacia atlantica.These findings revealed that the first CI of the medicinalplants in Kerman province belonged to the Lamiaceaefamily. Additionally, Pistacia atlantica was ranked as animportant medicinal plant with high CI index in this re-gion. High CI values show that these medicinal plantsare either highly utilized, or their uses are rising in trad-itional herbal medicine in a specific region [53].However, for the RFC index, Lawsonia inermis, Arte-
misia persica, Zataria multiflora, and Nepeta catariawere classified as the first rank. In other words, the men-tioned medicinal plants were referred by most of the in-formants. RFC value specifies the usefulness ofmedicinal plant species [5]. Table 5 shows the rankingbased on each index (CI and RFC) for 20 dominant me-dicinal plant species with the highest CI and RFCindices.Based on the independent samples t-test, women had
more knowledge about the medicinal plants (t = 1.87, p= 0.04). Based on the field surveys, women in Kermanprovince are the preparers of the plant species for themedicinal applications, and it can be concluded thatwomen had more practical experience in traditional
Fig. 5 Mode of herbal drug administration and the number of use reports
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 31 of 35
medicine in this region. The findings of Sadat-Hosseiniet al. in the southern part of this region also confirmedour results [10].The results of ANOVA showed that there were signifi-
cant differences between the three age groups (F = 3.17,p = 0.02), and different levels of education (F = 2.56, p =0.03). Also, based on Duncan’s test, the two older agegroups (older than 45 years old) with low level of educa-tion had more traditional knowledge about the medi-cinal plants. Based on these results and other reportslike that of Hu et al., despite the importance of the tra-ditional medicine for the older inhabitants, the youngergeneration does not show interest, which means thatthe ethnobotanical knowledge does not further flourish[2].
Finally, based on the results of ANOVA and Duncan’stests, occupation of the informants had a significant ef-fect on their traditional medicinal knowledge (F = 4.19,p = 0.01), and genuine information belonged to theherbal healers, nomadic people, and villagers, respect-ively. Field surveys revealed that herbal healers, due totheir job requirement, record and learn the relevantknowledge of the other ethnic groups like nomadic andvillagers and usually have more comprehensive trad-itional knowledge.
Ethnopharmacological knowledge of tribes and differentareaIn the hot and dry regions of Kerman province like Kah-nuj, Roodbar, Anbarabad, Qale Ganj, Manojan, Faryab,
Table 4 Informant consensus agreement for ailment categories in the Kerman province
ICPC categories Recorded ailments Nt* Nur** ICF value***
General and Unspecified(OTH-A)
Health and body tonic (88), Fever (279), Disinfectant (116),Detoxification (51), Sore throat (142), Allergy (13), Back pain(6), Undefined illness (59), No diseases (344)
136 1052 0.87
Digestive (GAS-D) Constipation (146), Toothache (127), Gastritis (395), Intestinalworm (69), Diarrhea (492), Jaundice (191), Nausea (54),Stomachic (781), Tooth germ (2), Liver ailment (115),Carminative (229), Vomiting (16), Digestive (32)
243 2609 0.90
Ophthalmological (EYE-F) Eye Sight enhancement (5), Pterygium (2), Eye diseases (8) 6 15 0.64
Ear (Ear-H) Earache (9), Ear diseases (5) 5 14 0.69
Cardiovascular (CAR-K) Blood pressure (105), Hemorrhoids (13), Heart tonic (13),Cardiovascular disease (6), Blood purifier (115)
37 252 0.85
Blood, Blood FormingOrgans and ImmuneMechanism (Blood-B)
Anemia (42), Blood coagulation (14), Blood fat (31) 87 16 0.82
Musculoskeletal (SKE-L) Bone and Joint pains (215), Anti-inflammation (74), Muscularcramps (2), Rheumatism (58), Arthritis (9), Waist pain (6)
60 364 0.83
Neurological (NER-N) Dizziness (9), Nervous problems (115), Migraine (7),Antispasmodic (93), Pain relief (161), Relaxing (246),Sleeplessness (33) Alzheimer (5), Memory Improvement (18),Depression (5), Headache (40), Leaving addiction (100),Anticonvulsant (7)
112 852 0.86
Psychological (Psy-P) Anorexia (10) 4 10 0.66
Respiratory (RES-R) Cough (445), Asthma (37), Respiratory diseases (112),Colds (454), Bronchitis (48), Itchy throat (8), Acutepulmonary embolism (18), Influenza (6)
121 1128 0.89
Skin (DER-S) Bites (32), Bruise (138), Burn (144), Wound (317),Eczema (368), Skin ailments (105), Skin rash (50),Beauty of skin and hair (13), Acne (22), Scar (61),Blister (5), Skin patches (2), Skin bur, (22)Hair tonic (208), Dandruff (29), Hair leprosy (36),Warts (11)
132 1563 0.91
Endocrine/ Metabolic and Nutritional (MET-T) Diabetes (310) 25 310 0.92
Urological (URO-U) Urinary problems (75), Kidney stone (77), Kidney diseases (14) 32 191 0.83
Pregnancy, Childbearing,Family Planning (PRE-W)
Male infertility (11), Lactiferous (13) 6 24 0.78
Female Genital (GYN-X) Menstrual irregular (79), Women infection (31), Ovarian augmentation (3) 113 16 0.86
Cancer (CAN-C) Tumorous cancer (9), Blood cancer (1) 7 9 0.25
Nt= number of plant species used in each ailment category; NUR= number of mentions in each used category; ICF= Informant Consensus actor.
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 32 of 35
Bam, Fahraj, Narmashir, Rigan, and plain part of Jiroft,most inhabitants are from Baluch tribe and the nativesof Jiroft and Kahnooj. Based on the results, medicinalplants such as Berberis integerrima, R. persica, Calotropisprocera, and R. stricta are widely used to treat dermato-logical diseases. The rate of drug abuse in these regionsis more than in mountainous areas because these citiesare in the neighborhood of Afghanistan and the avail-ability of drugs is thus higher. Hence, medicinal plantssuch as the plant from the genus Achillea (A. wilhelmsii,A. eriophora, A. santolinoides), Berberis integerrima, andR. persica are used individually or in combination by thelocals for stopping drug abuse.Tribal communities and folk people, who live in the
mountainous areas such as Hezar, Sirch, and Jebal barez,mainly use the herbal medicine for the treatment ofgastrointestinal disorders. Based on the field surveys anddiscussion with the herbal healers, the main food of thenomadic people is milk and its derivatives especiallycurd and buttermilk, and they do not have a diverse diet.There is a significant relationship between the consump-tion of low-diversity diets and the risk of non-communicable diseases [54, 55].
New traditional medicinal usesAccording to the in-depth comparison of the currentethnobotanical findings with previous national reports, a
large volume of unrecorded traditional medicine know-ledge was gathered. A major implication of the currentstudy is identification of traditional medicinal use of 292plants in the Kerman province and 201 plants species inthe Persian ethnobotany for the first time. This unre-corded knowledge is summarized based on the plantfamilies as follows:Amaranthaceae (Amaranthus retroflexus for the treat-
ment of jaundice; Anabasis aphylla and Seidlitzia ros-marinus as traditional washing powders), Apiaceae(Eryngium billardieri and Eryngium bungei in pain relief,Prangos ferulacea as parasite repellents); Apocynaceae(Cionura erecta for sore throat and cough, Rhazyastricta for joint pains and body ache, Calotropis procerain the healing of skin disorders like eczema); Asteraceae(Launaea acanthodes as intestinal parasite repellents,Artemisia spp. for the treatment of gastric infection andstomachache, Calendula officinalis for the treatment ofpterygium); Boraginaceae (Cordia myxa for commoncold, sore throat and kidney stone); Ephedraceae (Eph-edra distachya and Ephedra foliata for peptic ulcer andas materials in traditional tannery), Euphorbiaceae (Eu-phorbia serpens for eczema); Fabaceae (Astracanthalateritia for hair tonic and eczema, Prosopis cineraria foreczema and in traditional tannery, Prosopis farcta in pre-venting nose bleeding) Lamiaceae (Dracocephalum poly-chaetum as potent and multipurpose medicinal plant);
Table 5 Comparison of dominant plants by using indices and species ranking based on each index (RFC and CI)
Family Scientific name RFC CI RFC ranking CI ranking
Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L) Schrad. 0.42 0.55 4 4
Asteraceae Launaea acanthodes (Boiss.) Kuntze 0.37 0.58 4 4
Fabaceae Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 0.56 0.64 3 4
Cupressaceae Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. 0.41 0.66 4 4
Apocynaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. 0.63 0.70 2 4
Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) L. 0.49 0.74 3 3
Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L. 0.77 0.76 1 3
Apocynaceae Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. 0.31 0.77 4 3
Apocynaceae Rhazya stricta Decne. 0.63 0.80 2 3
Asteraceae Artemisia persica Boiss. 0.79 0.82 1 3
Berberidaceae Berberis integerrima Bunge 0.66 0.84 2 3
Apiaceae Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch. 0.73 0.85 2 3
Bignoniaceae Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. 0.51 0.89 3 3
Anacardiaceae Pistacia atlantica Desf. 0.75 0.96 2 2
Lamiaceae Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. 0.64 1.00 2 2
Lamiaceae Thymus fedtschenkoi Ronneger. 0.86 1.11 1 1
Lamiaceae Rydingia persica (Burm.f.) Scheen &V.A.Albort 0.67 1.17 2 1
Lamiaceae Teucrium polium L. 0.72 1.20 2 1
Lamiaceae Zataria multiflora Boiss. 0.87 1.29 1 1
Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria L. 0.89 1.51 1 1
Hosseini et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2021) 17:31 Page 33 of 35
Plantaginaceae (Plantago amplexicaulis, Plantago gentia-noides and Plantago indica for constipation and jaun-dice); Polygonaceae (Pteropyrum aucheri in healing ofinfectious wounds); Ranunculaceae (Clematis ispahanicain healing of eczema and psoriasis); Rosaceae (Rosamoschata as nerve tonic, Prunus scoparia in cancer pre-vention); Rubiaceae (Plocama aucheri in reducingrheumatic pain and blood sugar); Rutaceae (Citrus limonand Citrus aurantium for the treatment of eye diseasesand making the traditional kohl); Salvadoraceae (Salva-dora oleoides as parasite repellent). Tamaricaceae(Tamarix aphylla and Tamarix kotschyi in healing of ec-zema and skin disease); Thymelaeaceae (Daphne oleoidesin traditional dyeing); Violaceae (Viola odorata forchronic cough and as expectorant); and Zygophyllaceae(Zygophyllum eurypterum and Zygophyllum fabago aslactiferous and vermicide). These findings highlight theimportance of the documentation of such valuableethnobotanical information. Also, some of these medi-cinal plants can be targeted for pharmacological and bio-active studies with the aim of identifying phytochemicalcontent and therapeutic applications.
ConclusionOur extensive study in Kerman as the vastest provincein Iran with 23 cities, 171,993 square kilometers area,and 89 tribal communities revealed rich traditional me-dicinal knowledge of its local populations. Traditionally,they used 402 medicinal plant species in 73 families tomeet their pharmacological needs. Besides the commonoral and topical utilization of the crude herbal drugs,dressing and bath with the medicinal plants are the ex-ceptional mode of application in Kerman province. Thehighest ICF values belonged to diabetes, digestive, skin,and respiratory disorders, respectively.Our findings suggested that Asteraceae and Apiaceae
plants were dominantly used for the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders, Lamiaceae plants for respiratory andgastrointestinal ailments, and Apocynaceae plants fordermatological problems.For several medicinal plants with high use reports such
as Cionura erecta, Tecomella undulata, and Launaeaacanthodes, scanty pharmacological and phytochemicaldata has been reported. On the other hand, the top listincluded Rhazya stricta: wound healing; Calotropis pro-cera: eczema; Berberis integerrima: diabetes and addic-tion cessation; Dracocephalum polychaetum:stomachache, diarrhea, detoxification and strengtheningbody; Rydingia persica: leaving addiction; Launaeaacanthodes: parasite repellent; Cionura erecta: expector-ant; and Tecomella undulate: skin ailments, eczema, anddiabetes. These results highlight the need for furtherbioactive and phytochemical studies on the mentionedmedicinal plants. Finally, some frequently used medicinal
plants like Cionura erecta, Dracocephalum polychaetum,and Tecomella undulate are endangered and restrictedin small parts of their habitats. Therefore, urgent conser-vation measures are needed.
AbbreviationITM: Iranian traditional medicine
AcknowledgementsWe sincerely thank the ethnic communities and local herbal healers ofKerman province for their helps in data sampling and continuing support ofthis study. We would like to acknowledge the University of Jiroft for financialsupport.
Authors’ contributionsSHH and HB designed the work. AS, ARQ, and ASh participated in theorganization of the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological data. HBconducted the botanical analysis. SHH participated in all steps (designing,field work, data analysis, literature search, etc.). The authors read andapproved the final manuscript.
Authors’ informationThe authors have doctoral qualification in Medicinal plants, Plant systematic,Biology, Pharmacognosy, and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. This work isbased on the research project of SH, which is granted by the University ofJiroft.
FundingThis study was supported by research grants (No: 3818-97-6) from the Uni-versity of Jiroft. We thank the University of Jiroft for technical and financialsupport.
Availability of data and materialsAll data generated or analyzed during this survey are included in this article.
Ethics approval and consent to participateThis study was reviewed and approved by the Research Deputy at theUniversity of Jiroft. The organization of the institute does not involve anEthics Committee; therefore, there is no specific ethics code assigned to thisstudy. However, each research proposal, like the one corresponding to thecurrent study, is comprehensively reviewed by the university until anapproval code is granted (No: 3818-97-6). We would like to clarify that thisstudy did not involve any intervention and all questions from local infor-mants were performed with prior verbal consent.
Consent for publicationNot applicable.
Competing interestsAll the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author details1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.2Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 3NeurogenicInflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad, Iran. 4Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Received: 18 September 2020 Accepted: 4 February 2021
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